Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5, 279-285, 2005
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
2
Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
3
Laboratory of Solid Waste Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
4
IBM, HYDA/050-3 C202, 3605 Highway 52 North, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rhong@suda.edu.cn
Abstract Numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in a two-dimensional fluidized bed with an inclined jet was performed. The numerical model is based on the two-fluid model of gas and solids phase in which the solids constitutive
equations are based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. The improved ICE algorithm, which can be used for both low
and high-velocity fluid flow, were used to solve the model equations. The mechanism of jet formation was analyzed using
both numerical simulations and experiments. The emergence and movement of gas bubbles were captured numerically
and experimentally. The influences of jet velocity, nozzle diameter, nozzle inclination and jet position on jet penetration
length were obtained. A semi-empirical expression was derived and the parameters were correlated from experimental
data. The correlation equation, which can be easily used to obtain the inclined jet penetration length, was compared with
our experimental data and published correlation equations.
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
Fig. 1
Millet, silica sand 1# or silica sand 2# were used as fluidization material respectively in the experiments. Their
physical properties are shown in Table 1.
280
Table 1
Materials
Millet
Silica sand 1#
Silica sand 2#
dp /(mm)
1.43
2.25
1.43
b /(kgm-3)
878
808
817
s /(kgm-3)
1 042
1 354
1 582
-1
Ut/(ms )
7.6
11.7
8.2
Umf/(ms-1)
0.52
0.64
0.45
Parameters
Nozzle diameter/mm
Inclination angle
Jet position (m)
Q1/(m3h-1)
Q2=Q21+Q22/(m3h-1)
Q3/(m3h-1)
Uj/(ms-1)
No. of frames
Millet
5, 7, 8, 10
Silica sand 1#
Silica sand 2#
5, 7, 8, 10
5, 8, 10
10, 0, 10
0.043, 0.103, 0.163, 0.223
11
13
10.5
1024
1224
1224
7.921.9
7.417.4
7.917.9
26.2189.7
26.2218.0
35.0196.7
312
288
180
3. Two-Fluid Model
3.1 Governing equations
The equations of the two-fluid model (Hong et al., 1996;
Hong & Li, 1997; Hong et al., 2003; 2005; Ding & Gidaspow, 1990; Gidaspow, 1994), describing gas-solid
macroscopic flow in fluidized beds, are given as follows:
Continuity equations for phase k (k=g or s),
K
k'
+ k' U k = 0 ,
(1)
t
= 1.
g = 2 g g Sg ,
(3)
where
K T
K
1 K
1
Ug + Ug Ug I ,
3
2
Solid-phase stress tensor
JG
s = [ ps + s s U s ]I + 2 s s Ss ,
Sg =
(4)
(5)
where
Ss =
K
1 K
Us + Us
1 UK I ,
s
3
(6)
V
CD = 0.63 + 4.8 r was recommended by
Re
where
Hong, Li, Ding & Li: A Correlation Equation for Calculating Inclined Jet Penetration Length
eg
p
es
p
(9)
30
24
18
Lj/dj
281
12
0
20
48
76
104
132
160
Fig. 2
Lj/dj
Lj/dj
282
3
V
= 1.0 2 ,
Vm
Lj/cm
Fig. 5
Vj/(ms-1)
Fig. 6
Fig. 8
jd j2Vj2 = b 2V 2 ,
(11)
(12)
Hong, Li, Ding & Li: A Correlation Equation for Calculating Inclined Jet Penetration Length
2
V 2
1 dj
=
1.0 2 ,
2
A y + yj
jVj
(13)
3
dj
V
=
1.0 2 .
Vj y + y j
(14)
3
dj
Ve
=
1.0 2 .
Vj y + y j
(15)
r = 2.2
(16)
Lj
dj
1 jVj
,
A (1- ) sVb2
2
(17)
(19)
Fg = ds3 s g .
6
For a particle at the boundary of the jet (Merry, 1971),
Fg 4 sgd s
.
(20)
=
tan =
Fd 3 gCdVb2
be multiplied by (r / Lj )a .
Considering the influences of the nozzle inclination angle () and the nozzle position (h) on the inclined jet penetration length (Lj), and assuming the jet half angle constant,
Eq. (22) is modified to be
a1
jVj2
g
=C
dj
(1- ) s gds s
Lj
Lj
jVj2
1.64 106
(1)
gd
s
s
1.974
ds
dj
0.040
+ 2
0.148
h
h0
0.028
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fig. 9
(23)
g
s
40
(21)
d 2
dV
1
3
d s sV
= Cd g (Vg Vs )2 s .
6
d
2
4
0.327
(26)
Comparison of above equation with experimental data is
illustrated in Fig. 9, showing a maximum difference of less
than 25%.
0
0
3C tan
jVj2
= d 2
g .
(22)
d j 4 A
(1- ) sgd s s
For a spherical particle with diameter (ds) at high Reynolds number flow, the equation for steady motion of the
particle is assumed to be
+ 3.80 =
1
2
Lj
a3
a
5
d
4 h
s + . (25)
2 h0
dj
1
2
a2
Fd =
gd
4
Vb =
s s .
3C tan
g
d
Substitution of Eq. (21) into Eq. (17) yields
(24)
dj
1
2
sd s
.
g
fer between the gas and the particle phase (Merry, 1971).
Taking account of this momentum transfer, Eq. (22) should
283
284
Lj/dj
Acknowledgment
Jet velocity Vj /(ms-1)
Fig. 10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fig. 11
Comparison of Merry's correlation for horizontal jet penetration length with Eq. (26).
5. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present investigations:
(1) From numerical simulations for inclined jets in a 2-D
fluidized bed using a two-fluid model, it was found that
the inclined jet penetration length (Lj) was affected by
gas density ( g ), bed structure (), particle properties
( s , ds), jet characteristics ( j , Vj), jet diameter (dj)
and jet inclination angle (), and little by jet position
(h).
(2) The inclined jet penetration lengths (Lj) under various
conditions were obtained from numerical simulations
Nomenclature
ak
db
dj
dp
D
g
Hb
h0
K
Lj
M
T
p
ps
p'
Q1
Q2
Q3
Rep
t
bubble size, m
nozzle diameter, m
particle diameter, m
bed width, m
error of gas or solid phase continuity equation,
-3 -1
kgm s
-2
gravitational acceleration, ms
the fluidized bed height, m
jet position, m
2
-2
turbulent fluctuation kinetic energy, m m
jet penetration length, m
-1 -2
gas axial momentum, kgm s
temperature, K
gas phase pressure, Pa
solids phase pressure, Pa
pressure correction, Pa
3 -1
gas flow rate of separation column, m s
3 -1
gas flow rate of V-shaped gas distributor, m s
3 -1
gas flow rate of inclined jet, m s
particle Reynolds number
time, s
Sk
Ub
Uj
JJG
Uk
Uf
Umf
Vj
Vf
Vm
eg,es
yj
-1
-1
-1
-1
Greek letters
eg, es
g
g
s
Hong, Li, Ding & Li: A Correlation Equation for Calculating Inclined Jet Penetration Length
j
-3
Subscripts
g
j
p
s
gas phase
jet
particle
solids phase
Operators
gradient
divergent
References
Amtec Engineering, Inc. (1999). User's Manual, Tecplot Version
7.5. Bellevue, Washington.
Blake, T. R., Webb, H. & Sunderland, P. B. (1990). The nondimensionalization of equations describing fluidization with application to the correlation of jet penetration height. Chem. Eng.
Sci., 45(2), 365-371.
Dalla Valle, J. M. (1948). Micromeritics. London: Pitman.
Ding, J. & Gidaspow, D. (1990). A bubbling fluidization model
using kinetic theory of granular flow. AIChE J., 36(4), 523-538.
Garside, J. & Al-Dibouni, M. R. (1977). Velocity-voidage
285