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Harmony Rules
The first rule of Vowel Harmony concerns the vowels - A - and EMore about Vowel Harmony of SuffixesSome of the SuffixesThe
Particle de or da - and, also, tooA Note about Conversational
StressThe suffix -den or -dan - from, by, via, throughThe suffix -e ,
-ye or -a, -ya - to, towardsThe Second Rule concerns the Vowels - I,
and U, Vowel Harmony Examples for I, and U, The Four Forms
of the Suffix -I-These are the Complete Rules of Vowel
HarmonyVowel Harmony Rules according to Turkish Grammar1 Byk nl Uyumu - (Major Vowel Harmony)2 - Kk nl Uyumu
- (Minor Vowel Harmony)Examples of Vowel Harmony
You can see that in the plural we have added two suffixes -ler and
-de or - -lar and -da - and tagged them altogether to make one
word in Turkish.
The Locative Suffix de or da - in, on, at
Locative suffix is -de/-da and it shows concrete place (location):
Odadaym - [oda-da-ym]- I am in the room
Ali bey, evdeymi. -[ev-de-ymi] - Ali bey must be at home [imi inference]
In the sentence above we have put an English translation - "Ali
bey must be at home" - and it should be noted by our Turkish
readers that this use of "must" shows doubt to English speakers,
as it means - "Surely Ali bey must be at home". It does not
equate to obligation as in the Turkish - "Ali bey evde olmali."
Bahedeki ocuklar top ile oynuyorlar - The children (who
are) in the garden are playing with a ball.
With animate subjects the verb should be congruent with subject.
If the subject is singular, the verb should be singular, and if the
subject is plural, the verb should be plural.
But for inanimate subjects, the verb should be always singular.
ocuklar oynuyorlar. - The children are playing. - (Subject
Animate so verb is congruent)
Yapraklar dyor. - Leaves are falling. - (Subject Inanimate
so verb is singular)
Thanks to Bahaddin Cankurt for this explanation on verb usage. - Feb
2006
okul - school
okullar - [okul-lar] - their school(s)
okullar - [okul-lar-] - his schools
The Four Forms of the Suffix -IThe four forms of an -i- suffix such as -im, -m, -um, -m - my are as follows
Note that we take the suffix -im - my.. as an example. All other
suffixes with an internal -i- vowel will follow these Vowel Harmony
Rules:
The suffix form -im follows words whose last vowel is -e or
-i:
Harmonizing with final (Dotted Group Vowel) -e in the root word:
bilet - ticket
biletim - [bilet-im] - my ticket
Harmonising with final Dotted -i in the root word:
di - tooth
diim -[di-im] - my tooth
dilerim - [diler-im] - my teeth
In the table above we notice that the suffix -im must contain a
dotted -i- as it follows a vowel from the E-dotted Group. This is
also true of the plural form -ler
The suffix -m follows words whose last vowel is -a or -
Harmonizing with final (Undotted Group Vowel) -a in the root
word:
at - horse
atm - [at-m] - my horse
atlarm - [atlar-m] - my horses
Harmonizing with final Undotted - in the root word:
kz - girl
kzm - [kz-m] - my girl
kzlarm - [kzlar-m] - my girls
In the table above we notice that the suffix -m must contain an
undotted -- as it follows a vowel from the A-dotted Group. This
is also true of the plural form -lar
The suffix -m follows words whose last vowel is - or -
Harmonizing with final Dotted - in the root word:
gz - eye
gzm - [gz-m] - my eye
apkam - my hat
apkas [apka-s not apka-] - his/her hat
See Possessive Adjectives - for a full discussion on Possessive
Adjectives
.
nller u biimde snflandrlr:
A. k yeri ve dilin durumuna gre: (According to exit
position and tongue position)
a, , o, u.
2. nce nller: e, i, , .
1. Kaln nller:
, i, u, .
Kaln (Thick)
nce (Thin)
kald, kaldk,
kld, kldk,
kotu, kotuk,
vurdu, vurduk,
geldi, geldik,
bildi, bildik,
bld, bldk,
gld, gldk,