Chapter 1 - 5 Updated To Past Tense

CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background

Introduction
Children is one of the most vulnerable group to be abused in our society.
Some are forced to work at an early age, others are victims of sexual abuse.
Parents are expected to protect the welfare of their child as well as nurture them to
become responsible citizens. The awareness of parents about different types of
abuse or violence to child is very important for them to protect their child against
such threat. No less than the World Health Organization advocates the rights of
the child against any form of violence. According to the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of the Child every child has the right to protection against all forms
of violence, abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
1
According to Jay A. Yacat, save the Children denes child protection as
measures and structures to prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, exploitation

and violence affecting children in all settings. Such processes are essential to
ensuring childrens rights to survival, development and well-being in all settings at
all times. It is when children are not protected that their rights as well as their
families are most threatened. In addition, reaching the most vulnerable and
isolated populations helps ensure the health and well-being of all and is
indispensable in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). For
1
Jay A. Yacat, Child Protection in the Philippines
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children%20CP%20in%20the
%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf.
Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

1
example, children who are most at risk of extreme poverty and hunger are the
most vulnerable to violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination.
The Article XV Section 3 paragraph 2 of the 1987 Constitution states that
the State shall defend the right of children to assistance, including proper care
and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty,
exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their develment 2Child according to
the definition of RA 7610 or the Special Protection Against Child Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Law refers to persons below 18 years of age or
those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves from abuse, neglect,
cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability or
condition. 3The same definition was adopted in Republic Act 9262 or the Law
Against Violence on Women and their Child. Furthermore, RA 7610 defined child
abuse as the maltreatment, whether habitual or not, of the child which includes
any of the following:
(a) psychological and physical abuse, neglect, cruelty, sexual abuse, and
emotional maltreatment; (b) any act by deeds or words which debases, degrades
or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a human being; (c)
unreasonable deprivation of his basic needs for survival, such as food and shelter;
or (d) failure to immediately give medical treatment to an injured child resulting in
serious impairment of his growth and development or in his permanent incapacity
or death.
2
3
1987 Philippine Constitution

Republic Act 7610
2
In 2009, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

recorded 6,524 served cases of child abuse. In 2010, child abuse cases served
went down to 4,749. According to the DSWDs classification on child abuse
depending on the victims case, abandoned, sexually abused, neglected, and
sexually exploited, physical maltreatment, illegal child labor, illegal recruitment,
child trafficking, and victims of arm conflict. Most of the victims were age 10 and
18 years old. The most common type of abuse is abandonment and/or neglect
followed by sexually abused. Regions with the most cases served by DSWD in
relation to child abuse are the National Capital Region, Cagayan Valley, and
Zamboanga Peninsula4.
As a student taking up Bachelor of Science in Nursing this research caught
our attention and curiosity because the investigators are exposed to different
community and observe that in the exposure one of the disciplinary method used
by the parents is spanking, pinching, slapping etc. and verbal abuse which some
of the investigators also experience this kind of disciplinary method. So, the
investigators would like to know the Level of Awareness of Parents on Child
Abuse.
The study is very important, the data can serve as basis to strengthen
information dissemination to parents. Furthermore, the research can help
determine whether there are cases on any form of child abuse in Puerto Princesa
City particularly in Purok Paglaum II Brgy. Mangingisda. This area is composed of
Romulo A. Virola, Abused Children. www.ncsb.gov.ph, Date accessed:
Nov. 26, 2015
4
62 households containing 230 populations. The Researchers choose Paglaum II

because they observe parents tend to inflict physical harm, verbal abuse to their
children as a form of discipline method and deprivation on food and other needs
such as clothing, right to education etc. which if to base the law on the protection
on children is prohibited. The investigators also choose this area because it fit the
criteria of this research and it is accessible and people are receptive.
The area of the study is selected not because the case of child abuse is
rampant but rather as a proactive measure. As future health care providers, the
researchers believed not to wait for such cases to increase before an inquiry is
conducted, to promote the well-being of the children a proactive measure to
prevent such occurrence, as the old saying goes, prevention is better than cure..
with this in mind, this study came into being.
Conceptual Framework
Abuse to children can be in any form, physical, verbal, emotional, and
psychological etc. Factors that contribute to such abusive behaviors of adult
include economic development, age, sex, status, and gender 5. Physical abuse
may include infliction of physical harm or injury such as pinching, slapping, kicking,
or punching and use of objects that may inflict physical injury. Verbal abuse may
include cursing the child, name calling etc. Psychological abuse on the other hand
is anything that creates bad perception that degrades a childs total self.
Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the independent expert for the United
Nations study on violence against children.
http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf Date accessed: Nov.
26, 2014
5
Negligence is an abuse that has physical and emotional impact to the child,
depriving the child of food or clothing or other material things that can lead to
his/her perception that he/she is not loved by his/her parents. Embarrassing the
child in front of his/her friends is a form of emotional abuse. Sexual abuse may
include touching of ones private areas without permission.
Most of the time child abuse commonly happens at home. The least visible
and least reported case of the child abuse is done by the parents themselves.
Children are helpless and highly vulnerable to abusive behaviour by adult due to
several factors such as unable to defend themselves, physically weak, can be
easily manipulated especially the younger ones. Children who are victims of
abusive behaviour such as inflicting physical pain and injury like hitting with broom
or stick, slapping, kicking or pinching at home tend to perceive that the act is a
normal phenomenon thus accept them as it is, that it is part of their growing up, a
form of disciplinary measure especially when the perpetrator are the parents. 6
Parents who are not aware about laws on the protection of children may
continue to inflict physical harm especially if the child does something that
displeases them. They perceive that infliction of physical harm is necessary in
order for the child to learn his/her mistakes and that the purpose of such is to
discipline, to make them more accountable for unruly behaviour inside their abode.
6
Alexander Buchart, Tony Kahane Preventing child maltreatment: a

guide to taking action and generating evidence / World Health Organization
and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf.
Date
accessed: Nov. 26, 2014
Moreover, Parents usually turn to physical harm because it is the same form of
discipline that was brought upon them during their days as child by their parents
and sees it as an effective solution to correcting the misbehaviour of their child.
The investigators conceptualized the level of awareness of parents on child abuse
is affected by their profile such age, number of years being parents, personal
childhood experience on child abuse, perception on child abuse, family income,
educational level, and religion.
The investigators further conceptualized that the parents level of

awareness on child abuse can be measured using the following rubric:
Measurement
Description
5 (very much aware)
Possess very much awareness or

perception of the situation or fact
that child abuse can be physical,
emotional, social, sexual,
psychological or financial in nature.
Possess much awareness or
perception of the situation or fact
that child abuse can be physical,
Possess awareness or perception of
the situation or fact that child abuse
can be physical, emotional, social,
sexual, psychological or financial in
nature.
Possess less awareness or
perception of a situation or fact that
child abuse maybe physical,
Unaware of the fact that child abuse
can be physical, emotional, social,
4 (much aware)
3 (Aware)
2 (less aware)
1 (unaware)
6
sexual, psychological or financial in

nature.
To illustrate the concept, the research Paradigm (Figure 1) is presented on
the next page.
Research Paradigm
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Parents
Level of Awareness
of Parents on
Child Abuse
Intervening Variable
Parents Profile
-Age
-No. of years being parents
-Personal childhood
Experience on abuse
-perception on child abuse
-family income
-educational level
-religion
5 Very much aware

4 Much aware
3 Aware
2 Less Aware
1 - Unaware
Figure 1. The paradigm reflects the relationship of the different variables. The
independent variable is the parents which directly affect the dependent variable
which is the Level of Awareness on Child Abuse. The relationship of the
independent and dependent variables is influenced by the intervening variables

which are the age, number of years of being parents, personal childhood
experiences on abuse, family income, educational level, religion and perception on
child abuse.
Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to investigate the level of awareness of parents in Purok
Paglaum II, Brgy. Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City on child abuse. Specifically,
the study sought to answer the following inquiries
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of
a. age;
b. number of years being parents;
c. personal childhood experience on child abuse;
d. perception on child abuse;
e. family income;
f. educational level;
g. religion
2. What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding
child abuse?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile
and the level of awareness on child abuse?
8
Hypothesis
The hypothesis that would be tested in this study was stated in the null
form: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the respondents profile and
their level of awareness on child abuse.
Significance of the Study

The study would be significant to the following:
The parents who are the respondents of this study, to evaluate their level of
awareness on child abuse for them to further promote the welfare of their children
and being the number one protector of their children against child abuse.
To concerned government agencies task to promote the welfare of children
and protection against any form of abuse, the result of the study is very vital to
serve as one of their reference in the conduct of information drive to parents in the
promotion and protection of children.
To the Population Commission (POPCOM), who is tasked to conduct
orientation to couples desiring to settle down, the study can served as their basis
to include topics that are necessary especially for responsible parenthood, to give
emphasis on child protection against any form of abuse.
The general public, the result of the study would provide information to the
public that parents who have inadequate knowledge on child abuse may become
abuser and to increase their awareness on the protection of children against threat
of child abuse and report the same to concern authorities.
To the nursing profession, the result of the study might be used as
reference for enhancing the BSN curriculum regarding the parents level of
awareness on child abuse and promotion of childrens welfare at home and in the
community where they belong.
To future researchers who intend to conduct similar research topic, this
study could help them to serve as one of their reference and to further broaden the
scope of their research concerning the issue about the parents level of awareness
on child abuse.
Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study was limited to problem, respondent, locale, and its
time frame.
Problem: The study focused on describing the profile and awareness of the
parents on child abuse. It also investigated the significant relationship between the
profile and level of awareness of parents on child abuse. It would neither include
reasons for child abuse nor discuss child abuse. It would not include effects of
child abuse
10
Population: The respondents of the study are parents, of any age, with at
least 1 (one) year of parenthood, with personal childhood experience on child
abuse, source of income, of any family type (nuclear, extended, cohabitated etc),
of any marital status, and who are raising children below 18 years of age
regardless of their marital status.
Locale: The study was be conducted in Purok Paglaum II, Brgy,
Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City.
Time Frame: The study was conducted between June to October 2014.
Definition of Terms
To guide the investigators as well as basis for common understanding, the
following terms are operationally defined:
Abuse- is the improper usage or treatment of an entity. Often to unfairly or
improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as; physical or
verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or
other types of aggression.
Parent- is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species or one who
nurtures and raises the offspring either biological or not biologically related.
Child - A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal
age of majority.
Child abuse Is a physical, physiological, social, sexual, emotional
maltreatment or neglect Child including those financial in nature like depriving
medical case, depriving education, depriving clothing etc.
11
Descriptive statistics Is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main

features of a Collective of information or the quantitative description itself.
Purposively sampling also known as judgmental, selective or subjective

sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling technique that focuses on sampling
techniques where the units that are investigated are based on the judgment of
researcher.
Convenience sampling A statistical method of drawing representative
data by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting
units because of their availability or easy access.
Level of Awareness- is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious

of events, objects, or sensory patterns on the basic information about
child abuse. Numerically and verbally interpreted/described as:
5
4
3
2
1
Very much aware

Much aware
Aware
Less Aware
Unaware
12
Profile of respondents-Refers to the following:

a. Age-the number of years of existence since birth
b. Number of years being parents-refers to the number of years
starting when they become parents or legal guardian
c. Personal childhood experience on abuse.
d. Perception on child abuse-refers to respondents personal
view on child abuse
e. Family income-refers to monthly financial income of both
parents
f. Educational level-refers to the highest educational attainment
of a respondent
g. Religion-refers to religious belief and affiliation
Respondents-Refer to a parent/s raising children below 18 years old residing at
Purok Paglaum II, Brgy, Mangingisda Puerto Princesa City regardless of
their marital status and regardless of the biological relationship with the
child they raised (legal guardian included)
13
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Introduction
This chapter presented the synthesis of research that supported the level of
awareness of parents on child abuse. Included in this chapter were the foreign and
local literatures and studies.
Foreign Literature
Children have the right to good health and violence-free living. However,
millions of children around the world are victims of different types of violence. Child
abuse or maltreatment is a global dilemma that has greater impact on the physical
and mental health, well-being and the lifelong development of children and to the
society they belong. In 1999, child maltreatment prevention expert, David
Finkelhor commented about the lack of epidemiological data to determine the
location and source of child abuse and the lack of experimental studies to evaluate
new and existing practices on child abuse7.
In 2006, seven years after Finkelhors comments, UN agencies, NGOs, and
international professional groups made significant progress in increasing
awareness on the extent and severe consequences of the public on child
maltreatment, however, there is still small amount of epidemiological data and
Butchart, Alexander Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking

action and generating-evidence.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf . Date accessed: Nov. 26,
2014
77
13
conducted studies8. The Philippines together with other countries like Brazil, Chile,
Egypt, and India were participants in the WORLDSAFE epidemiological studies
conducted from 1997 to 2003.
Child maltreatment and child abuse are used by various authors but
regardless of the terms they are using they have one and the same objective,
protection of children. Violence affecting children are categorized into three (1)
self-directed violence, (2) interpersonal violence, and (3) collective violence. Selfdirected violence is the infliction of harm/injury to ones self while interpersonal
violence refers to violence between relationships which is sub-divided into family,
intimate partner, and community violence. Collective violence refers to violence
done in large scale and is sub-divided into social, political and economic violence 9.
Nature of violence for both interpersonal and collective include physical, sexual,
psychological, and deprivation or neglect and Self-directed violence. 10
The World Health Organization identified risk factors that contribute to child
abuse or maltreatment such as the age of the child, under four year old or is an
adolescent, the child is unplanned, the child did not meet the expectation of the
parents, and has needs related to his/her condition especially those with physical
Butchart, Alexander Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action

and generating evidence. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf .
Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014 Ibid p. 8
9
and generating evidence.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov.
26, 2014 Ibid p. 11
10
Ibid p.12. Butchart, Alexander Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking
action and generating evidence.
26, 2014 Ibid p. 11
8
14
abnormalities. For parents and caregivers, common characteristics that lead to

commit child maltreatment or abuse include bonding difficulties with the child, had
experienced child abuse during their childhood days, less consciousness of child
development, drug or alcohol abuser, involvement in criminal activity and has
monetary problems11. Societal risk factors include gender and social inequality,
inadequate housing or social services to support families and institution, high
unemployment rate or poverty, accessibility of alcohol and drugs, inadequate
policies and programs to prevent child abuse, social and cultural norms that
promote or glorify violence towards others, support the use of corporal
punishment, demand rigid gender roles, or diminish the status of the child in
parentchild relationships; social, economic, health and education policies that
lead to poor living standards, or to socioeconomic inequality or instability 12.
Relationships within the family or among intimate partners, friends, and
peers can create risk towards committing child abuse which include physical,
developmental or mental health problems of family members, (b) family
breakdown or violence between other family members, (c) being isolated in the
community or lacking a support network, (d) a breakdown of support in child
rearing from the extended family13.
11
WHO medical centre, Child Maltreatment Fact Sheet,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/. Date accessed: December 16,
2014.
26, 2014
13
12
15
Local Literature
Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls in Palawan according to ABSCBNnews.com posted last January 26, 2012 at 12:08 PM reported by Jay
Zabanal, ABS-CBN News Palawan. A Russian national was arrested for allegedly
molesting 2 girls in Palawan. Aleksi Tirisin, 47, allegedly lured the 2 victims with
money to go to a forest in Puerto Princesa City to carry out the molestation. A
witness saw Tirisin naked with the two girls, prompting him to alert the authorities.
The two girls, aged 10 and 6 years old, said they were befriended by the Russian
after they approached him while he was working out in front of his house. The two
victims undergo a medical examination to determine if they had been raped.
Tirisin, meanwhile, is facing a charge of child abuse. Puerto PrincesaCity social
workers said they had recorded 36 cases of child molestation in the city in 2011. 14
Foreign Studies
According to Pervin Walji-Moloo who conducted a study on Awareness and

Views Regarding Child Abuse and Child Rights in selected communities in Kenya
showed that in both rural and urban Kenya, covering 4 districts representing rural
26, 2014 Ibid.
14
Jay Zabanal ABS-CBN Newsreport, Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls
in Palawan http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/26/12/russiannabbed-molesting-2-girls-palawan (January 26, 2012).
16
population and Nairobi representing urban population, a total number of 1195

respondents were interviewed (501 were children and 694 were adults.)
The findings showed that the level of awareness and knowledge about
abuse increased among the people interviewed, both adults (parents) and
children. Thus, 96% of adults and 80% of children interviewed had heard about
child abuse and were able to identify forms of child abuse such as verbal, physical
and sexual abuse, without any guidance 15. And as a result of their study, there was
a real need to enforce laws related to children as a long term measure of curbing
child abuse and ensuring the realization of child abuse in Kenya.
Referring to the Cognitive Structure of Parenthood by Carolyn Moore
Newberger she stated that parenthood is often thought of as a natural or
instinctive process. With the birth of a baby, the parent is expected somehow to be
fully equipped to raise a child with love and skill, Yet increasing awareness of the
magnitude of such problems as child abuse and neglect, emotional disturbances in
children, and adolescent pregnancies and runaways has forced the realization that
parenthood is at best a difficult process and at worst an experience of failure and a
source of stress and disability for many families. In response to this awareness,
many programs and approaches for aiding parents in their tasks and roles are
being offered. But despite the proliferation of child rearing literature and parent
education enterprises, knowledge of the fundamental processes that under lie the
parent~child relationship, and upon which intervention should be based, is limited.
This study proved that the awareness of child abuse is developed throughout the
Dr. Pervin Walji-Moloo, Awareness and Views regarding Child Abuse and
Child Rights in selected communities in Kenya. (ANPPCAN; February 200) p2.
15
17
process of parenthood and is manifested by them to their children, which also our
study is trying to test, if there is significant relationship between our respondents
profile which included childhood experiences on child abuse, and the parents level
of awarenes on child abuse. The difference in the studies is that at the end of this
study the investigators would only refer the findings to the proper governing
officials of the area and not the investigators trying to resolve the problems of child
abuse.
Local Studies
16
The study entitled, Level of Awareness and Perception of Housewives in
Selected Municipalities of Palawan regarding R.A. 9262 was conducted to

determine the level of awareness and perception of housewives in selected
municipalities of Palawan regarding R.A. 9262. Specifically, it aimed to determine
the demographic characteristics of the respondents; to identify the level of
awareness of housewives regarding R.A. 9262; and to find out their perception
regarding the act. Seven municipalities which include Aborlan, Narra, Brookes
Point, Quezon, Riza, Bataraza and El Nido were the study sites. One hundred
women (parents) from each municipality were purposely selected that served as
respondents with a total of 700. Those considered were married, with a husband
16
Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, Awareness and Perception of
Housewives in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (AntiViolence against Women and their Children Act of 2004
http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf
Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014.
18
at present and who has children. Results revealed that the mean age of the
respondents was 38.39 years old and the mean number of children was 3.63. In
addition, most of the respondents were plain housewives who had 3-4 children,
high school graduated and within the Php 5,000.00 and below bracket of monthly
income. With regards to the level of awareness, majority of the respondents were
moderately aware of the provisions of RA 9262. As to the perception of the
respondents, they strongly agree that the provisions or statements are considered
act of violence against women and their children, thus increasing their awareness
on child abuse.17
Synthesis
The literature presented used several terms that the topic of the study used.
Violence against children, child abuse and child maltreatment were used but all of
them points to one direction. However, the literatures presented here supported
the variables that the investigators wanted to investigate. Furthermore, researches
that pointed to parents level of awareness were seldom conducted or not even
conducted at all. Child abuse is a multisectoral affair thus requires the involvement
of everyone.
17
Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, Awareness and Perception of
Housewives in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (AntiViolence against Women and their Children Act of 2004
http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014.
19
Most of the studies were directed at policies, management, compliance

among others, and it is not the parents who were being asked, the victims
themselves. However, the investigators believed that this study would generate
information on the Parents level of awareness on child abuse and correlated
variables in the parents profile.
20
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter presented the research design, population and sampling,
instrumentation, collection procedure, and statistical treatment to be used in the study.
Research Design
This study utilized the descriptive-correlational method of research. It is
descriptive because it described and measured the level of awareness of parents
regarding child abuse. The study is also correlational because it investigated the
existing relationship between the level of awareness of the parents on child abuse and
the profile of parents.
Research and Sampling

The respondents of the research are parents of any age, with at least 1 (one)
year of parenthood, with personal childhood experience on child abuse, source of
income, of any family type (nuclear, extended, cohabitated etc), of any civil status, and
who are raising children below 18 years of age regardless of their civil status of age
residing at Purok Paglaum II, Brgy Mangingisda Puerto Princesa City They have been
selected using systematic sampling. From the selected Purok, the investigators chose
at least 50 households with parents that fit the criteria as respondent for part of the
study.
21
Instrumentation
In order to gather the necessary data for this study, the investigator used a selfmade guide questionnaire to interview the participants. Part I of the questionnaire
gather information about the respondents profile, Part II of the questionnaire measured
the respondents level of awareness on child abuse. To measure the level of awareness,
the investigators used a rubric and personally conducted face to face interview. The
rubric is design to elicit respondents awareness on child abuse.
Data Gathering Procedures

After gathering all the data for this research, the investigators then asked
permission from the college dean, research development office, university president and
Brgy Capt. of Mangingisda to let them conduct this study on the said area of
Mangingisda. Survey questionnaire is used to gather data. The survey was created
using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed
by the investigators. The Survey Questionnaire was comprised of 40 questions, which
were related to the respondents perception regarding the level of awareness of parents
on child abuse. A rubric was also formulated to determine the responds level of
awareness using the scale1 to 5, 1 being not aware and 5 being very much aware. The
questionnaire and rubric were validated using parents in HTU who fit the selection
criteria. After validation the questionnaire and rubrics were refined and checked. The
questionnaires and rubrics were floated to samples/respondents in Purok Paglaum II,
Brgy. Mangingisda through face to face interactions.
22
The investigators also understand that the peoples consciousness may also
affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the questionnaire, and so, the
investigators gave participants option of being anonymous. Participants were given time
to respond and then the investigators collected questionnaire and rubrics. No incentives
were offered for participating in the research and then the data gathered was
consolidated subjected to statistical treatment and interpreted for analysis. Final draft
was made.
Statistical Treatment
The following statistical tools were used to treat the gathered data:
1. Frequency and percentages were used to describe the profile of the respondents
in terms of age, number of years being parents, personal childhood experience,
perception on child abuse, family income, educational level, and religion.
2. Means for grouped data was employed to determine the average age of the
respondents.
3. Weighted mean was utilized to convert qualitative data into quantitative one. This
was particularly applied to determine the extent of parents level of awareness on
child abuse.
4. Ranking was used to determine the positional importance of the variables
affecting the respondents level of awareness on child abuse.
Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
23
This chapter presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of the data. The
presentation follows the sequence of the problems as presented in Chapter I.
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age and Religion, Number of Years Being
Parents and Family Income, and Educational Level, Personal Childhood
Experience and Perception on Child Abuse.
Problem 1
What describes the respondents personal profile in terms of:
a age
b number of years being parents
c personal childhood experiences on child abuse
d perception on child abuse
e family income
f educational level and
g religion
Table 1.A
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age
Variables
F
24
Percentage (%)
AGE
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39
40 44
45 49
50 54
55 59
60 64
65 69
7
8
13
9
8
8
5
0
3
1
11.29
12.90
20.97
14.52
12.90
12.90
8.06
0
4.84
1.61
Total
62
100
Mean x
38
As shown in table 1.A, majority of the respondents have ages that are between
the brackets of 30 34. Thirteen (13) or 20.97 percent of them belong to this group.
This is followed by the frequency of 9 or 14.52 percent that fall within the bracket of 3539. There are 4 or 6.45 percent of the respondents whose age are 60 and above or they
belong to the senior citizen group. It can also be gleaned from the table that 21 or 33.87
percent of the total respondents belong to 40 and above age category and 15
respondents are below 30 years old.
In general, the average age of the 62 respondents is 37.80 or 38. This figure
signifies that the respondents mean age is below the middle age category which is 40
years old and shows that majority of our respondents have lived for a significant amount
of time to experience challenges in life that may aide in the respondents level of
awareness pertaining to child abuse.
Table 1.B
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Religion
25
Variables
RELIGION
Percentage (%)
Roman Catholic
Christian & Missionary Alliance
Iglesia ni Cristo
Baptist
LRC
Pentecostal
Total
46
2
8
2
1
3
62
74.19
3.23
12.90
3.23
1.61
4.84
100
As shown in table 1.B, majority of the respondents have religions, 46 or 76.19

percent claimed that they are Catholic. There are 8 or 12.90 percent of them are Iglesia
ni Cristo and the rest are compose of other Christian such as Christian and Missionary
Alliance, Baptist, LRC and Pentecostal. This means that 100 percent of the respondents
are Christians since all 6 religions are branched out from Christianity, which bases its
doctrine on the love of oneself, love of God, and on the love of others, which signifies
that practices brought out by the religion plays a significant role in how the respondents
manage what they may or may not view as child abuse.
Table 1.C
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Number of Years
Being Parents
Variables
NUMBER OF YEARS BEING PARENTS
26
Percentage (%)
1 year below
3
4.84
1 3 yrs
4
6.45
46
6
9.67
79
8
12.90
10 12
9
14.52
13 15
9
14.52
16 18
7
11.29
19 21
8
12.90
22 and above
8
12.90
Total
62
100
Mean x
13
Table 1.C shows that the average years of the respondents as being parents is
12.79 or 13 years. As to the details, there are 9 or 14.52 percent who claimed that they
are already parents for 10-12 years and 13 -15 years. Whereas 8 or 12.90 percent
attested that they are being parents for 7-9 years, 19-21 years and 22 years and above.
The least in number who claimed that they are parents is 4 or 6.45. This figure fell within
the bracket of 3 years and below.
The data imply that the respondents are being parents for 13 years already and
shows that the respondents are not new to parenting but rather on the other hand, are
experienced in the matter. Which signifies that practices leading to child abuse may
have been repeated over time as the respondents and contribute to their level of
awareness on child abuse.
Table 1.D
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of
Family Income
Variables
FAMILY INCOME
Percentage (%)
5,999 and below
53
85.48
27
6,000 14,999
9
14.52
15,000 and above
0
Total
62
100
Mean x
13
Table 1.D shows that majority of the respondents have monthly income of Php
5,999 and below. This is reflected by the frequency of 53 or 85.48 percent. Only 9
respondents claimed that their family income is 6,000 to 14,999. There is no respondent
that earn 15,000 and above. The data imply that the selected respondents earn Php
5,999 monthly and below only for their living. Which signifies that the respondents are at
poverty level in terms of income that supports the family. With poverty comes hardship
that many face with, especially in financial terms, which may contribute to child abuse
and affects to the respondents level of awareness on child abuse.
The next table presents the profile of the respondents in terms of educational
level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse.
Table 1.E
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Educational Level
Variables
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
Percentage (%)
Elementary Level
Elementary Graduate
High School Level
High School Graduate
9
9
22
14
14.52
14.52
35.48
22.58
28
College Level
College Graduate
Total
7
1
62
11.29
1.61
100
As shown in Table 1.E, as to the educational level of the respondents, majority of

them have reached high school level. This is supported by the frequency of 22 which is
about 35.48 percent of the total respondents. Nine (9) of them have reached elementary
level and same frequency of nine (9) claimed that they graduated elementary education.
Fourteen (14) of them or 22.58 percent attested that they finished high school. While
only 7 have reached college level and only one (1) respondent finished college
education.
The information implies that majority of the respondents in the research locale
only reach high school level of education and provides that the respondents have not
completed 11 years of education (kindergarten to 10 th Grade) provided by the Philippine
Government, Which may lead to the possibility that the respondents level of awareness
on child abuse may have been affected by the respondents level of education to the
date of when the questionnaire survey was finished.
Table 1.F
Personal Childhood Experience on Child Abuse
Variables
Personal Childhood Experience on Child Abuse
Percentage (%)
1. Spanked/pinched/kicked/hit
2. Shouted/humiliated/embarrassed/criticized
58
20
93.55
32.26
29
3. Prohibited from communicating with other

people
4. Forced to engage in sexual act.
Total
3.23
1.61
1
Multiple
100
response
As shown in Table 1.F, In line with the personal childhood experience on child
abuse of the respondents, 58 or 93.55 percent of them have experience spanking,

pinching, kicking or hitting. Twenty or 32.26 percent of the respondents claimed that
they had experience shouting, humiliating, embarrassing and criticizing during their
childhood. While two (2) of them claimed that they experience being prohibited from
communicating with other people and there is one respondent who experienced being
forced to engage in sexual act.
The data mean that almost 100 percent of the respondents in the research local
have personally experience abuse in the form of spanking, pinching, kicking and hitting
during their childhood which signifies that the respondents themselves have
experienced forms of abuse not commonly accepted in society which may have been
practiced on their children, Thus contributing to the respondents level of awareness on
child abuse.
Table 1.G
Perception on Child Abuse
Variables
PERCEPTION ON CHILD ABUSE
Percentage (%)
1. I understand that child abuse is deliberately

hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises,
broken bones, burns, or cuts.
48
77.42
30
2. I understand that child abuse is the ongoing

emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of
a child.
3. I understand that child abuse is preventing a
child from having contact with relatives,
friends, service providers and other people or
restricting the persons activities.
4. I understand that child abuse is forcing or
persuading a child to take part in sexual
activities.
Total
18
29.03
12
19.35
16
25.81
Multiple
response
As shown in Table 1.G, In terms of the respondents perception on child abuse,
77.42 percent or 48 of them confirm that they understand that child abuse is deliberately
hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns or cuts. Eighteen
(18) or 29.03 percent of them attested that
they understand that child abuse is the
ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of a child. They also understand

that child abuse is forcing or persuading a child to take part in sexual activities. This is
supported by the frequency of 16 or 25.81 percent of them. On the other hand, there are
12 respondents or 19.35 percent affirmed that they understand that child abuse is
preventing a child from having contact with relatives, friends, service providers and
other people or restricting the persons activities.
The data suggest that majority of the respondents have understanding that child
abuse is more on physical abuse. Which aided in the initial ocular surveying of the area
in selection for this study, since forms of physical abuse were much easier
acknowledged by the respondents than the remaining three forms. This signifies that
the respondents may unknowingly abuse their children in terms of emotional, social and
sexual abuse and limit their perception on the level of awareness on child abuse.
31
Description of the level of awareness of the respondents regarding child abuse in

terms of Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Social Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.
Problem 2
What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding child abuse?
Table 2.A
Level of Awareness of the Respondents Regarding Child
Abuse Along Physical Abuse
Indicators
wx
32
Rank
1. Hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or

the like when he/she is mischievous.
2. Slapping the child in the butt or anywhere in the body
when he/she is mischievous.
3. Kicking the child when he/she is mischievous.
4. Pulling/grabbing the childs hair or ears when he/she is
mischievous.
5. Making the child kneel on salt/monggo beans/pebbles/hot
wax when he/she is mischievous.
6. Locking the child in a room for an hour or so when he/she
is mischievous.
7. Tying toddler or mischievous child to a chair or post so
he/she does not go far/go away.
8. Depriving the child of snacks or meal when he/she
misbehaves.
9. Doing nothing to the childs somatic complaints.
(Headache, toothache, abdominal pain etc.)
10. Leaving infants / toddlers / preschoolers / schoolers/
adolescents at home for hours or so to attend meetings or
social gatherings
wx
2.95
2.42
LA
10
3.83
3.86
MA
MA
3
2
3.65
MA
3.47
4.45
MA
3.52
MA
3.61
MA
3.71
MA
3.55
MA
Legend:
Numerical Weight
5
4
3
2
1
wx- weighted mean
Interval Estimate
4.51 5.50
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
0.52 1.50
Description
Very Much Aware (VMA)
Much Aware (MA)
Aware (A)
Less Aware (LA)
Not Aware (NA)
D - description
As shown in Table 2.A, In general, the respondents are much aware regarding
child abuse along physical abuse. This is supported by the weighted mean value of
3.55.
Scrutinizing the details, the respondents are much aware about the child physical
abuse particularly tying the toddler or mischievous child to a chair or post so he/she
33
does not go far or go away. This rank first among the listed indicators with weighted
mean 4.45. This is followed by the indicator of pulling or grabbing the childs hair or
ears when he/she is mischievous (wx= 3.86). Respondent are also much aware of
physical abuse by way of kicking the child when he/she is mischievous (wx= 3.83, rank
third). The fourth in rank indicator which the respondents are much aware is the leaving
infants/toddlers/preschoolers/schoolers/adolescents at home for hours or so to attend
meetings or social gatherings (wx= 3.71). Making the child kneel on salt/monggo
beans/pebbles/hot wax when he/she is mischievous is the fifth in rank among the
mentioned indicators of physical abuse (wx= 3.65). The respondents are much aware
on this abuse.
The respondents are aware on the child physical abuse about the locking the
child in a room for an hour or so when she/he is mischievous (wx= 3.47); and
hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or the like when he/she
mischievous (wx= 2.95). Further, they affirmed that they are less aware about the
slapping the child in the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she mischievous. This is
reflected in the weighted mean value of 2.42. These three least indicators are ranked
eight, nine at ten respectively.
The data imply the respondents are much aware of hurting the child physically
particularly on the tying toddler child to a chair or post so he/she does not go far or go
away; pulling/grabbing the childs hair or ears when he/she is mischievous and kicking
the child when she/he is mischievous. While they are less aware of slapping the child in
the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she is mischievous.
34
Table 2.B
Abuse Along Emotional Abuse
Indicators
1. Shouting/yelling at the child for misbehavior or mischief.

2. Cursing the child for misbehavior or mischief.
3. Calling the child stupid or simpleton when he/she makes
mistake.
4. Calling the child ugly, flirt, shorty, nog-nog. etc.
5. Snarling at the mischievous child.
6. Blackmailing the child when he/she misbehaves.
(Threatening to remove childs pet, destroying
favorite/cherished objects)
7. Pressuring child to choose between the mother and the
father when parents quarrel.
8. Blaming the child needlessly.
9. Telling the child that he/she will be abandoned/given to
35
wx
Rank
2.76
3.48
3.11
A
A
A
7
2
4
3.10
2.60
2.47
A
A
LA
5
9
10
3.06
3.56
2.65
MA
A
1
8
others/sold when he/she is mischievous.

10. Ignoring or indifferent to the child who is in distress or in
need.
3.18
wx
3.00
Legend:
Numerical Weight
5
4
3
2
1
Interval Estimate
4.51 5.50
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
0.52 1.50
Description
Much Aware (MA)
Aware (A)
Less Aware (LA)
Not Aware (NA)
wx- weighted mean

D - description
In terms of emotional abuse, as shown in the table 2.B, the respondents are
much aware about blaming the child needlessly (wx= 3.56). This ranks first among the
listed indicators of emotional abuse. They claimed that they are aware of emotional
abuse cursing the child for misbehavior or mischief (wx= 3.44, rank second); ignoring or
indifferent to the child who is in distress or in need ((wx= 3.18, rank third). The
respondents are also aware of the emotional abuse in terms of calling the child stupid or
simpleton when he/she makes mistakes (wx= 3.11, rank fourth); and calling the child the
child ugly, flirt, shortly, nog-nog, etc. (wx= 3.10, rank fifth).
This means that the respondents are much aware about the emotional abuse to
the child particularly in blaming the child needlessly. They are just aware about cursing
the child for mischievous behavior or mischief and ignoring or indifferent to the child
who is in distress or in need.
36
The respondents on the other hand claimed that they are less aware about the
emotional abuse on the child in terms of blackmailing the child when she/he
misbehaves such as threatening to remove childs pet destroying favorite/cherished
objects. This is affirmed by the weighted mean 2.46 and rank ten respectively. However,
they are aware about telling the child that he/she will be abandoned/given to others/sold
when he/she is mischievous (wx= 2.65, rank eight) and snarling at the child when
he/she is mischievous (wx= 2.60, rank nine).
This implies that the respondents are less conscious regarding the emotional
abuse on the child particularly blackmailing them, threatening to abandon them and
snarling at them.
Table 2.C
Abuse Along Social Abuse
Indicators
wx
37
Rank
1. Isolating the child from family members or friends when

child misbehaves.
2. Disallowing the child to talk/communicate with other
children/friends when child misbehaves.
3. Prohibiting the child in attending family gatherings when
child misbehaves.
4. Preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of
friends.
5. Disallowing the child from meeting other people.
6. Instructing family members to ignore/avoid continuously
(for 2 days or more) the child when he/she misbehaves.
7. Disallowing the child to play with others inside or outside
the house during playtime when child misbehaves.
8. Alienates child in front of friends/visitors when child
misbehaves.
9. Criticizing destructively the childs physical appearance or
ability in front of other people.
10. Forcing the child to reject social contact.
wx
2.97
4.5
2.82
2.77
2.50
LA
10
2.92
2.97
A
A
7
4.5
2.94
3.44
3.92
MA
3.71
3.10
MA
A
Legend:
Numerical Weight
5
4
3
2
1
wx- weighted mean
Interval Estimate
4.51 5.50
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
0.52 1.50
Description
Much Aware (MA)
Aware (A)
Less Aware (LA)
Not Aware (NA)
D - description
As to the level of awareness of the respondents regarding the child abuse along
social abuse, they declared that they are aware about this. This is supported by the
weighted mean 3.10 as shown in Table 2.C.
Examining the different indicators mentioned in the table, the respondents are
much aware regarding criticizing destructively the childs physical appearance or ability
in front of other people. This is reflected in the weighted mean 3.92 and rank first. This
is followed by the indicator of forcing the child to reject social contact (wx= 3.71, rank
38
second) and they are aware on alienating the child in front of friends/visitors when child
misbehaves (wx= 3.44, rank third). The respondents are aware of the following
indicators on social abuse with shared rank of 4.5: isolating the child from family
members or friends when child misbehaves and instructing family members to
ignore/avoid continuously (for 2 days or more) the child when he/she misbehaves.
The least indicators in terms of rank mentioned in the table, the respondents are
aware of the social abuse of the child particularly disallowing the child to
talk/communicate with other children/friends when child misbehaves (wx= 2.82, rank
eight); prohibiting the child in attending family gatherings when child misbehaves (wx=
2.77); and the respondents asserted that they are less aware on the social abuse of the
child in preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of friends (wx= 2.50, rank
ten).
The data suggest that respondents are much aware of the social abuse on the
child particularly criticizing destructively the childs physical appearance or ability in front
of other people and forcing the child to reject social contact. While they are less aware
of the social abuse by way of preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of
friends.
Table 2.D
Abuse Along Sexual Abuse
Indicators
wx
39
Rank
1. Touching the child in private parts.

2. Making the child wear sexy/seductive clothes.
3. Telling the child to pose naked or seductively before a
camera/for a prize.
4. Instructing the child to touch/kiss private parts of other
person.
5. Telling the child to dance sexily or seductively before
guest/audience/in front of a camera or for a prize.
6. Calling the child in indecent term.
7. Forcing the child to strip naked to heighten or initiate
sexual pleasure of others.
8. Showing private parts to the child for lustful reasons.
9. Dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate sexual
pleasure.
10. Allowing child to be exposed or involved in prostitution.
wx
4.48
3.76
4.63
MA
MA
VMA
7
10
3.5
4.53
VMA
4.44
MA
4.03
4.56
MA
VMA
9
5
4.79
4.63
VMA
VMA
1
3.5
4.71
4.46
VMA
MA
Legend:
Numerical Weight
5
4
3
2
1
Interval Estimate
4.51 5.50
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
0.52 1.50
Description
Much Aware (MA)
Aware (A)
Less Aware (LA)
Not Aware (NA)
wx- weighted mean

D - description
In terms of sexual abuse of the child, the respondents level of awareness is

described as much aware. This is supported by the over-all weighted mean of 4.46 as
shown in Table 2.D.
40
Analyzing the details of the tables regarding sexual abuse, the respondents
claimed that they are very much aware about showing private parts to the child for
lustful reasons (wx= 4.79, rank first); allowing the child to be exposed or involved in
prostitution (wx= 4.71, rank second); telling the child to pose naked or seductively
before a camera/for a prize (wx= 4.63) and dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate
sexual pleasure (wx= 4.63). These shared the rank of 3.5. They are also very much
aware on forcing the child to strip naked to heighten or initiate sexual pleasure (wx=
4.56, rank fifth).
This imply that respondents are very much aware regarding sexual abuse
particularly the showing of private parts to the child for lustful reasons, allowing the child
to be exposed or involved in prostitution and telling the child to pose naked or
seductively before a camera for a prize or dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate
sexual pleasure.
The least indicators in terms of rank, though the respondents are still much
aware are the following: telling the child to dance sexily or seductively before
guests/audience/ in front of a camera or for a prize (wx= 4.44, rank eight); calling the
child in indecent term (wx= 4.03, rank nine); and making the child wear sexy or
seductive clothes (wx= 3.76, rank ten).
Correlation between the Respondents Profile, in terms of Age and Religion,
Number of Years Being Parents and Family Income, and Educational Level,
Personal Childhood Experience and Perception on Child Abuse, and their level of
Awareness Regarding Child Abuse, in terms of Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse,
Social Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.
41
Problem 3
Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and their level
of awareness on child abuse?
Null hypothesis
There is no significant correlation between the respondents profile and their level
of awareness on child abuse.
Table 3.A below shows the correlation between the respondents profile and their
level of awareness on child abuse.
Table 3.A
Correlation between the Respondents Profile and Their Level
of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along
Physical Abuse
Respondents Profile
Level of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse

Along Physical Abuse
Compute
Critical
rd tdf
t-value
Decision
value value
(0.05)
Age
0.054
0.223
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
Religion
0.310
1.220
14
2.131
Ho: Accept
Number of Years Being

Parents
0.595
3.052
17
2.110
Ho: Reject
42
Family Income
0.297
0.984
10
2.228
Ho: Accept
Educational Level
0.353
1.4116
14
2.145
Ho: Accept
Personal Childhood
Experience on Child Abuse
0.596
2.571
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
0.612
2.681
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
Legend:
Interpretation for Correlation
Interval Estimate
1.00
0.70 - 0.99
0.40 - 0.69
0.20 - 0.39
0.01 - 0.19
0.00
Interpretation
-
Perfect Correlation
Very High Correlation
Substantial Correlation
Low Correlation
Negligible Correlation
Zero/No Correlation
As gleaned from Table 3.A, the profiles of the respondents are correlated to their
level of awareness regarding child abuse along physical abuse. The respondents level
of awareness regarding physical abuse is significantly correlated to their profile as to
number of years being parents (t = 3.052 > 2.110, df = 17); to their personal childhood
experience on child abuse (t = 2.571 > 2.179, df = 12) and their perception on child
abuse. This is because the computed t-values exceeded than the tabular values at 0.05
level of significance. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant
relationship between the profiles of the respondents as to number of years being
parents, personal childhood experience and perception on child abuse and their level of
awareness regarding child abuse in terms of physical abuse is rejected.
On the other hand, the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of physical
abuse is not significantly correlated to their profile as to age (t = 0.223 < 2.110, df = 17);
religion (t = 1.220 < 2.145, df = 14); family income (t = 0.984 < 2.228, df = 10); and their
43
educational level (t =1.4116 < 2.145, df = 14). This is due to the fact that the computed
t-values did not reached or exceed the required tabular t-values at 0.05 level of
significance. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship
between the profiles of the respondents as to age, religion, family income and
educational level and their level of awareness regarding child abuse in terms of physical
abuse is accepted.
This implies that the number of years being parents of the respondents, their
personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse are factors
or determinants of their level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse. While
the respondents age, religion, family income and their educational level are not
determinants of their level of awareness on child abuse in terms of physical abuse.
Table 3.B
Correlation Between the Respondents Profile and Their Level
Emotional Abuse
Respondents Profile

Along Emotional Abuse
Compute
Critical
rd tDf
t-value
Decision
value value
(0.05)
Age
0.012
0.049
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
Religion
0.181
0.688
14
2.131
Ho: Accept
0.327
1.426
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
44
Parents
Family Income
0.766
3.768
10
2.228
Ho: Reject
Educational Level
0.569
2.589
14
2.145
Ho: Reject
Personal Childhood
0.556
2.317
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
0.722
3.614
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
Legend:
Interval Estimate
1.00
0.70 - 0.99
0.40 - 0.69
0.20 - 0.39
0.01 - 0.19
0.00
Interpretation
-
Perfect Correlation
Low Correlation
Zero/No Correlation
As reflected in Table 3.B, there is significant relationship between the

respondents level of awareness on child abuse regarding emotional abuse and their
profile in terms of family income (t = 3.768 > 2.228, df = 10); educational level (t = 2.589
> 2.145, df = 14), personal childhood experience on child abuse (t = 2.317 > 2.179, df =
12) and perception on child abuse (t = 3.614 > 2.179, df = 12). This is supported by the
higher computed t-values than the required tabular values. This leads to the rejection of
the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance level.
The computed t-values between age and level of awareness in terms of
emotional abuse (t = 0.049 < 2.110, df = 17); religion (t = 0.688 < 2.145, df = 14) and
number of years being parents (t = 1.426 < 2.110, df = 17) are lesser than the required
45
tabular values at given degrees of freedom (df) at 0.05 level of significance. This means
the acceptance of the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant
relationship between the respondents profile in terms of age, religion and number of
years being parents and their level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.
The data suggest that the respondents level of awareness on child abuse
regarding emotional abuse is related with their profile in terms of family income,
educational level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child
abuse. Whereas, their age, religion, number of years being parents are not factors to
affect their level of awareness on child abuse regarding emotional abuse.
Table 3.C
Social Abuse
Respondents Profile

Along Social Abuse
Compute
Critical
rd tdf
t-value
Decision
value value
(0.05)
Age
0.839
6.357
17
2.110
Ho: Reject
Religion
0.387
1.570
14
2.131
Ho: Accept

Parents
0.218
0.921
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
Family Income
0.996
35.258
10
2.228
Ho: Reject
46
Educational Level
0.582
2.678
14
2.145
Ho: Reject
Personal Childhood
0.812
4.819
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
0.684
3.248
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
Legend:
Interval Estimate
1.00
0.70 - 0.99
0.40 - 0.69
0.20 - 0.39
0.01 - 0.19
0.00
Interpretation
- Perfect Correlation
Low Correlation
Zero/No Correlation
As reflected in Table 3.C, the age of the respondents is significantly correlated to

their level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse (t = 6.357 > 2.110, df = 17),
respondents family income and level of awareness (t = 35.258 > 2.228, df = 10);
respondents educational level and level of awareness (t = 2.678 > 2.145, df = 14);
personal childhood experience on child abuse and level of awareness (t = 4.819 >
2.179, df = 12); and respondents perception on child abuse and their level of
awareness (t = 3.248 > 2.179, df = 12). This is because the computed t-values between
these variables exceeded than the required tabular t-values at its corresponding
degrees of freedom. The null hypothesis for this purpose is rejected at 0.05 level of
significance.
47
On the other hand, the respondents religion and number of years being parents
are not significantly correlated to their level of awareness on child abuse regarding
social abuse because the computed t-values of 1.570 is lesser than 2.145 and 0.921 is
lesser than 2.110 with the degrees of freedom of 14 and 17. The null hypothesis is
accepted for these findings at 0.05 level of significance.
The data imply that the respondents profile in terms of their age, family income,
educational level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child
abuse are factors or determinants that affect their level of awareness regarding child
abuse as to social abuse. However, respondents religion and number of years as
parents are not factors to affect their level of awareness about child abuse as to social
abuse.
Table 3.D
Sexual Abuse
Respondents Profile

Along Sexual Abuse
Compute
Critical
rd tdf
t-value
Decision
value value
(0.05)
Age
0.276
1.184
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
Religion
0.402
1.642
14
2.131
Ho: Accept
0.266
1.137
17
2.110
Ho: Accept
48
Parents
Family Income
0.201
0.649
10
2.228
Ho: Accept
Educational Level
0.599
2.799
14
2.145
Ho: Reject
Personal Childhood
0.541
2.228
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
0.904
7.326
12
2.179
Ho: Reject
Legend:
Interval Estimate
1.00
0.70 - 0.99
0.40 - 0.69
0.20 - 0.39
0.01 - 0.19
0.00
Interpretation
-
Perfect Correlation
Low Correlation
Zero/No Correlation
As reflected in Table 3.D, The null hypothesis which states that there is no
significant relationship between respondents level of awareness regarding child abuse
along sexual abuse and their educational level (t = 2.799 > 2.145, df = 14), personal
childhood experience on child abuse (t = 2.228 > 2.179, df = 12) and perception on child
abuse (t = 7.326 > 2.179) is rejected at 0.05 level of significance. This is because the
computed t-values between these variables exceeded the required tabular at 0.05 level
of significance.
This means that the respondents level of awareness on child abuse regarding
sexual abuse is associated with their profile in terms of educational level, personal
childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse.
49
There is no significant relationship is observed between the respondents level of

awareness as to sexual abuse and their age (t = 1.184 < 2.110, df = 17), their religion (t
= 1.642 < 2.145, df = 14), number of years being parents (t = 1.137 < 2.110, df = 17)
and family income (t = 0.649 < 2.228, df = 10). This is due to the fact that the computed
t-values between variables are lesser than the required tabular at 0.05 level of
significance.
This implies that the respondents profile in terms of age, religion, number of
years being parents and gamily family income are not factors that influence their level of
awareness on the child abuse regarding sexual abuse.
Overall, regardless of the type of abuse be it physical, emotional, social and
sexual abuse, the level of awareness and the profile of the parents in terms of their
perception on child abuse and personal experience on child abuse are significantly
correlated.
Meaning that if the parents have personally experienced abuse as a child and
their understanding of what happened when they were abused are determinants of their
level of awareness of what constitutes child abuse.
The educational level of the parents is also a determinant to their level of
awareness regarding emotional, social and sexual child abuse.
50
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This Chapter presents the summary of the findings of this study, the conclusions drawn
from them, and the recommendations offered.
The presentation of the summary of the findings of this study is arranged according to
presentation of the problems in Chapter 1.
Summary
This research is descriptive correlational. Its respondents were selected sixty two
parents of Purok Paglaum 2, Barangay Mangingisda. It made use of researchers self-made
questionnaire. To statistically treat the data, weighted mean, and correlation ratio.
Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. age;
b. number of years being parents;
c. personal childhood experience on child abuse;
d. perception on child abuse;
e. family income;
51
f.
educational level; and
g. religion;
2. What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding child abuse?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of awareness
on child abuse?
Findings
The findings are summarized as follows:
1.
20.97 percent of the respondents have ages that are between the bracket of 30
2.
76.19 percent claimed that they are Roman Catholic.
3.
12.79 percent of the respondents as being parents is 13 years.
4.
85.48 percent of the respondents are earning their living that is 5,999 and below.
5.
35.48 percent of them have reached high school level.
6.
93.55 percent of them have experience spanking, pinching, kicking or hitting.
7.
77.42 percent of them confirm that they understand that child abuse is
34.
deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns or cuts.
8.
The respondents are much aware regarding child abuse in the following areas:
physical abuse (wx= 3.55 MA) and sexual abuse (wx= 4.46 MA).
9.
There is no significant relationship between the respondents profile in terms of
age, religion, family income, and educational level and the level of awareness on child abuse
along physical abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents profile in
terms of numbers of years being parents, personal childhood experience, and perception on
child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse.
10.
age, religion, and number of years being parents and the level of awareness on child abuse
52
along emotional abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents profile
in terms of family income, educational level, personal childhood experience and perception on
child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.
11.
religion and number of years being parents and the level of awareness on child abuse along
social abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents profile in terms of
age, family income, educational level, personal childhood experience, and perception on child
abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse.
12.
age, religion, number of years being parents, and family income and the level of awareness on
child abuse along sexual abuse while there is a significant relationship between the
respondents profile in terms of educational level, personal childhood experience, and
perception on child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along sexual abuse.
13.
The general weighted mean that describes the level of awareness of
respondents regarding child abuse is wx= 3.55.

14.
Null hypothesis is accepted on level of awareness regarding child abuse.
Conclusions
Based on the summary of the findings of this study the following conclusions have been
made:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The respondents are middle aged.

The respondents are Christians.
The respondents are being parents for 13 years already.
The respondents earn 5,999 and below for their living.
The respondents reach high school level of education.
The respondents have personally experience spanking, pinching, kicking and
7.
hitting during their childhood.

The respondents are much aware that child abuse is more on physical abuse.
53
8.
Respondents profile in terms of age, religion, family income, and educational

level do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse
while respondents profile in terms of numbers of years being parents, personal
childhood experience, and perception on child abuse influence the level of
9.
awareness on child abuse along physical abuse.

Respondents profile in terms of age, religion, and number of years being parents
do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse
while respondents profile in terms of family income, educational level, personal
childhood experience and perception on child abuse influence the level of
10.
awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.

Respondents profile in terms of religion and number of years being parents do
not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse while
respondents profile in terms of age, family income, educational level, personal
11.
awareness on child abuse along social abuse.

Respondents profile in terms of age, religion, number of years being parents,
and family income do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along
sexual abuse while respondents profile in terms of educational level, personal
12.
13.
awareness on child abuse along sexual abuse.

In general, the respondents are much aware regarding child abuse.
There is significant relationship between the respondents profile on personal
experience on child abuse and perception of child abuse and the respondents
level of awareness of child abuse.

Recommendations
Considering the conclusions drawn from this study, the following recommendations are
offered for consideration:
54
1.
Since the respondents are more aware on physical abuse because they
personally experience spanking, pinching, kicking and hitting during their
childhood, it is recommended that even if they havent experienced other types
of abuse, they should be more aware also on emotional, social and sexual
abuse by attending relevant seminars.
2.
In as much as the respondents are middle aged, being parents for 13 years, and
reached high school level of education, they are able to be more aware on
physical and sexual abuse. Hence it is recommended that the respondents
should be middle aged, being parents for at least 13 years, and reach high
educational attainment to be able to be more aware also on emotional and social
3.
abuse.
In as much as despite the respondents are more aware on physical and sexual
abuse still they are just aware on emotional and social abuse, it is recommended
that the respondents should undergo sessions such as home visit where they
4.
can be more aware on awareness on emotional and social abuse.

In as much as the respondents profile (age; number of years being parents;
personal childhood experience on child abuse; perception on child abuse; family
income; educational level; and religion) are determinants of respondents level of
awareness on child abuse, it is suggested that the respondents should undergo
seminars which will train them to be more aware on other types of child abuse
5.
aside from physical abuse.

There is a correlation but the profile on personal childhood experience on child
abuse and perception on child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse.
Bibliography
A. Journal Reference
Walji-Moloo, Pervin, Awareness and Views regarding Child Abuse and Child
Rights in selected communities in Kenya. (ANPPCAN; February 200) p2.
B. Electronic Reference
55
Yakat, Jay. Child Protection in the Philippines.

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children
%20CP%20in%20the%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf. Nov. 26, 2014
Republic Act 7610
1987 Philippine Constitution
Virola, Romulo. Abused Children. www.ncsb.gov.ph, Nov. 26, 2015
Pinheiro, Paulo Sergio. Report of the independent expert for the United Nations
study on violence against children.
http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf Nov. 26,
2014
Buchart, Alexander Tony Kahane Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to
taking action and generating evidence / World Health Organization and
International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Nov. 26, 2014
Zabanal ,Jay Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls in Palawan http://www.abscbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/26/12/russian-nabbed-molesting-2-girls-palawan

(January 26, 2012).
Santiago, Cecillia and Espernza Aya, Awareness and Perception of Housewives
in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (Anti-Violence against
Women and their Children Act of 2004. http://oaji.net/articles/2014/15431418706584.pdf Nov. 26, 2014.
Holy Trinity University

Appendix A
Letter of Permission to Conduct Study
October 30, 2014
HON. CAPT. ROMEO ELIJAN
Barangay Captain
Barangay Mangingisda
Puerto Princesa City, 5300
Dear Sir:
56
Greeting of Peace!
The Group II, Level IV Students of Nursing Research 2 from the College of Nursing &
Health Sciences, is about to conduct a research entitled Parents Level of Awareness
on Child Abuse.
Objectives of the study as follows:
1. To determine the extent of parental awareness on child abuse.
2. To serve as the basis for the future plans of action by the society with regards to
the necessary actions for the betterment of the parental awareness on child
abuse of the respondents.
In line with this, we would like to seek for your approval for us to conduct the research
here in Bgy. Mangingisda, we are going to ask a minimum of 50 or maximum of 80
participants that are parents here in your barangay. Thus we assure that no name or
any personal information will be disclosed to the public. We are looking forward to your
favourable response!
Thank you and God bless!
Sincerely yours,
Noted by:
JAMIDA D. JAVAREZ
Team Leader Group II
College of Nursing & Health Sciences
MARIA CELINA G. CASIS, RN, MSN

College Dean
College of Nursing & Health Sciences

Appendix B
Cover Letter
March, 2015
Dear Respondent:
57
We are conducting a study entitled Level of Awareness of Parents

on Child Abuse.
We are then asking for your cooperation by answering the questionnaire as
honestly as you can. We assure you that any information you would give will not affect
you in anyway and they will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your cooperation.
Respectfully yours,
PAULA SARAH MAE M. COLBE
GRAYZALYN T. EVANGELISTA
JAMIDA D. JAVAREZ
MANILYN L. RABANG
ALBERT M. TERBIO III
APPENDIX C
Study Questionnaire
HOLY TRINITY INIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND HEALTH
Puerto Princsa City, Palawan
Questionnaire for the Study entitled:

Parents level of awareness on Child Abuse
58
I.
Profile of the Adolescent Parents:
Instructions: Please fill in the blanks with the correct information.

Name (optional):_______________________________________
Age:______________________
Religion:__________________________
Instructions: Please check one box that best reflect your action.
A. Number of years being Parents:
7-10 years
B. Socioeconomic Status:
<1 year
1-3 years
4-7 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
>20 years
High (monthly income Php. 15,000 & Above)

Middle (monthly income Php. 14,,999 & 6,000)
Low (monthly income Php. 5,999 & Below)
C. Educational Attainment:
Elementary Level
College Level
Elementary Graduate
College Graduate
A. Karanasan na kung saan ay nagkaroon ng personal na na-abuso nong

kabataan..
Pinapalo/Kinukurot/Sinisipa/Sinusuntok.
Sinisigawan/Pinapahiya/Nilalait.
Pinagbabawalang makipag-usap sa ibang tao.
Sapilitang pinapagawa ng malalaswang bagay.
B. Pagkaunawa/Pagkaintindi sa Pang-aabuso :
Nuuunawaan ko na ang pang aabuso sa mga bata ay pananakit na maaring
maging sanhi ng mga pasa,bukol,pilay sugat at iba pa.
Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay ang patuloy na emosyonal na
pang-aapi o emosyonal na kapabayaan.
59
Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay ang pagbawal na

makipagusap o makipag komunikasyon sa mga kamag-anak, kaibigan, at iba
pang tao
Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay pagpilit o hikayat upang
makisali sa sekswal na gawain.
I.
Sukatan
Kamalayan sa Pang-aabuso ng Bata

Paglalarawan:
5 (VMA) = Mas higit kong alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.

4 (MA) = Higit kong alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.
3 (A)
= Alam ko na itoy pang-aabuso sa bata.
2 (LA)
= Medyo hindi ko alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.
1 (NA) =Hindi ko alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.
Direksyon: Lagyan ng tsek ang sukatan ng kamalayan sa pang-aabuso sa bata na
nagpapahiwatig ng iyong kasagutan.
Ayon sa aking kaalaman at sa
aking pag-oobserba, ang mga
sumusunod ay kalakip sa
pang-aabuso sa bata:
Pagsukat sa Libel ng kaalaman

5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
60
A. Pisikal na Pang-aabuso
1. Pamamalo/Panghahampas
sa bata gamit ang tsinelas,
sinturon, walis kapag itoy
nang-aasar/makulit
2. Paghampas sa pwet o kahit
saang parte ng katawan
kapag itoy nangaasar/makulit
3. Paninipa sa bata kapag itoy
nang-aasar/makulit.
4. Paghila/Pagsabunot sa buhok
ng bata kapag itoy nangaasar/makulit.
5. Pagpaluhod sa
asin/kandila/monggo/bato at
iba pa sa bata kapag itoy
nang-aasar/makulit.
6. Ikinukulong ang bata sa
kwarto sa loob ng isang oras
o higit pa kapag itoy nangaasar/makulit
7. Itinatali ang bata sa upuan o
sa poste upang hindi
makalayo o makapunta sa
ibang lugar.
8. Hindi pagbibigay ng pagkain
sa bata kapag itoy makulit.
9. Pagsasawalang bahala sa
karamdaman ng bata (sakit
ng ulo, tiyan at iba pa.)
10. Pagsasawalang bahala sa
karamdaman ng bata (sakit
ng ulo, tiyan at iba pa.)
61

sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang
aabuso sa bata:

5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
62
B. Emosyonal na Pangaabuso
1. Sinisigawan ang bata kung
masama ang asal
2. Pagmumura sa bata kung ito
ay maraskal.
3. Tinatawag na ugok ang bata
kapag ito ay may ginagawang
pagkakamali.
4. Tinatawag ang bata na
pangit ,malandi, pandak,
nog-nog, etc.
5. Singhalan ang bata kapag ito
ay makulit/nangaasar
6. Bantaan ang bata kapag ito
ay may ginawang maraskal
(takotin na aalisin ang
kanyang alaga o sisirain ang
paboritong laruan)
7. Pagpilit sa bata na pumili sa
pagitan ng ina at ama kapag
nag aaway ang magulang.
8. Paninisi sa bata kahit walang
kasalanan.
9. Sabihan ang bata na ito ay
iiwan at ipamimigay sa iba
kung ito ay maraskal.
10. Pagsawalang kibo sa batang
nababagabag/nababalisa
Total:

63
sumusunod ay kalakip sa
pang-aabuso sa bata:
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
C. Sosyal na Pang-aabuso
1. Ihiwalay ang bata mula sa
myembro ng pamilya o mga
kaibigan kapag ito ay
maraskal/makulit.
2. Hindi pagpayag sa bata na
makipag-usap/makipagugnayan sa ibang bata kapag
ito ay makulit/maraskal.
3. Pagbabawal sa bata na
dumalo sa pagtitipon ng
pamilya kapag ito ay
maraskal/makulit.
4. Pag-iwas sa bata sa pagpili
ng kanyang kaibigan.
5. Pagbawalan ang bata
makipagkita sa ibang tao.
6. Sabihan ang ibang myembro
ng pamilya na wag pansinin
ang bata tuloy tuloy ( 2 na
araw o higit pa) kung ang
bata ay makulit/maraskal.
7. Pagbawalan ang bata na
maglaro sa loob o sa labas ng
bahay kapag oras ng laro.
8. Ilayo ang loob/damdamin ng
bata sa mga
kaibigan/bisita/kamag-anak.
9. Panlalait sa bata sa harap ng
ibang tao.
10. Pagpwersa sa bata na
tanggihan ang pakikipag
salamuha/pakikipag-usap sa
64
ibang tao.
Total:

sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang
aabuso sa bata:

5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
D. Sekswal na Pangaabuso
1. Paghawak sa masisilang
bahagi ng katawan ng bata.
2. Pagpapasuot ng malalaswa/
nakakapang-akit na damit sa
bata.
3. Pag-utos sa batang mag
hubad sa harap ng camera
upang mag karoon ng premyo
o iba pang bagay.
4. Pag-utos sa batang halikan o
hawakan ang masisilang
bahagi ng katawan ng ibang
tao.
5. Pag-utos sa bata na
sumayaw ng malalaswa at
nakakapang-akit sa harap ng
mga bisita/ibang tao o
camera.
6. Pag tawag sa bata gamit ang
malalaswang pangalan.
7. Pag pwersa sa batang
sumayaw sa harap ng ibang
tao upang maging simula ng
pagtatalik o anumang sekswal
65
na gawain.
8. Pagpapakita ng mga
masisilang bahagi ng katawan
sa bata.
9. Pakikipag-usap sa bata ng
mga malalaswang bagay
upang pagsimulan ng
pagtatalik o anumang sekswal
na gawain.
10. Payagan ang bata sa
prostitusyong gawain.
Total:
66
HOLY TRINITY INIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND HEALTH
Puerto Princsa City, Palawan
Questionnaire for the Study entitled:

Parents level of awareness on Child Abuse
II.
Profile of the Adolescent Parents:
Instructions: Please fill in the blanks with the correct information.

Name (optional):_______________________________________
Age:______________________
Religion:__________________________
Instructions: Please check one box that best reflect your action.
D. Number of years being Parents:
7-10 years
E. Socioeconomic Status:
<1 year
1-3 years
4-7 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
>20 years
High (monthly income Php. 15,000 & Above)

Middle (monthly income Php. 14,,999 & 6,000)
Low (monthly income Php. 5,999 & Below)
F. Educational Attainment:
Elementary Level
College Level
Elementary Graduate
College Graduate
Instruct: Please check one or more box that best reflect your answer.
67
A. Personal childhood experience on child abuse:

Spanked/pinched/kicked/hit
Shouted/humiliated/embarrassed/criticized
Prohibited from communicating with the other people
Forced to engage in sexual act.
B. Perception on child abuse :

I understand that child abuse is deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such
as bruises, broken bones, burns, or cuts
I understand that child abuse is the ongoing emotional maltreatment or
emotional neglect of a child.
I understand that child abuse is preventing a child from having contact with
relatives, friends, service providers and other people or restricting the persons
activities.
I understand that child abuse is forcing or persuading a child to take part in
sexual activities
III.
Scale
Awareness on Child Abuse

Description:
68
5 (VMA) = I am very much aware about it being child abuse

4 (MA) = I am much aware about it being child abuse
3 (A)
= I am aware about it being child abuse
2 (LA) = I am less aware about it being child abuse
1 (NA) = I am not aware about it being child abuse
Directions: Place a check mark on the box to measure your level of awareness on
child abuse using the scale below.
Based on my knowledge and
observation, the following may
constitute child abuse:
MEASUREMENT OF LEVEL OF AWARENESS

5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
A. Physical Abuse
1.Hitting/beating the child with a
belt, slipper, broomstick or the
like when he/she mischievous
2.Slapping the child in the butt or
anywhere in the body when
he/she is mischievous.
3.Kicking the child when he/she
is mischievous.
4.Pulling/grabbing the childs hair
or ears when he/she
mischievous.
5. Making the child kneel on
salt/monggo beans/pebbles/hot
wax when he/she is mischievous.


5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
69
A. Physical Abuse
6.Locking the child in a room for
an hour or so when he/she is
mischievous.
7.Tying toddler or mischievous
child to a chair or post so he/she
does not go far/go away
8.Depriving the child ao snacks
or meal when he/she misbehaves
9.Doing nothing to the childs
somatic complaints. (Headache,
toothache, abdominal pain etc.)
10.Leaving infants / toddlers /
preschool / schooler / adolescent
at home for hours or so to attend
meetings or social gatherings


5
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)
B. Emotional Abuse
1. Shouting/yelling at the child for
misbehaviour or mischief
2. Cursing the child for misbehaviour
70
or mischief
3. Calling the child stupid or
simpleton when he/she makes
mistake.
4. Calling the child ugly, flirt,
shorty, nog-nog.etc.
5. Snarling at the mischievous child
6. Blackmailing the child when he/she
misbehaves. (threatening to remove
childs pet, destroying favourite/
cherished objects)
7. Pressuring child to choose
between the mother and father when
parents quarrel.
8. Blaming the child needlessly.
9. Telling the child that he/she will be
abandoned/given to others/sold when
he/she is mischievous.
10.Ignoring or indifferent to the child
who is in distress or in need.
71
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)

C. Social Abuse
1. Isolating the child from family
members or friends when child
misbehaves.
2. Disallowing the child to
talk/communicate with other
children/friends when child
misbehaves.
3. Prohibiting the child in
attending family gatherings when
child misbehaves.
4. Preventing the child from
choosing his/her own sets of
friends.
5. Disallowing the child from
meeting other people.
6. Encouraging the child to reject
friends or social
contact/invitations.
7.Disallowing the child to play
with other inside or outside the.
72
8. Alienates child in front of

friends/visitors when child
misbehaves
9.Criticizing destructively the
childs physical appearance or
ability in front of other people.
10.Disallowing child to participate
in community activities when
misbehave.
(VMA)
(MA)
(A)
(LA)
(NA)

D. Sexual Abuse
1. Touching the child in private parts.
2. Making the child wear
sexy/seductive clothes.
73
3. Telling the child to pose naked or

seductively before a camera/for a
prize
4. Instructing the child to touch/kiss
private parts of other person.
5. Telling the child to dance sexily or
seductively before guest/audience/in
front of a camera or for a prize.
6. Calling the child in indecent term.
7. Forcing the child to strip naked to

heighten or initiate sexual pleasure of
others.
8.Showing private parts to the child
for lustful reasons.
9. Dirty talking to the child to heighten
or initiate sexual pleasure.
10. Allowing child to be exposed
involved in prostitution.
74
Appendix D
Curriculum Vitae
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Colbe, Paula Sarah Mae M.
Date of Birth: May 25, 1992
Place of Birth: Poblacion San Vicente, Palawan
Address: Bgy. San Pedro, Puerto Princesa City
Father: Colbe, Sergio A.
Mother: Colbe, Euvica M.
EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND
Primary: San Vicente Central School

(1999-2005)
75
Secondary: San Vicente National High School

(2005-2009)
Tertiary: Holy Trinity University

(2009-2015)

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Evangelista, Grayzalyn T.
Date of Birth: January 14, 1994
Place of Birth: Balabac Palawan.
Address: Brgy. Mandaragat New Buncag Puerto Princesa City Palawan.
Father: Evangelista, Urbano R.
Mother: Toroy, Lailane
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Primary:
Balabac Central School

Balabac Palawan
(2001-2006)
Secondary:
Balabac National School

Balabac Palawan
(2006)
Palawan National School
Puerto Princesa City Palawan
76
(2007-2010)
Tertiary:
Palawan State University

Puerto Princesa City Palawan
(2010-2011)
Puerto Princesa City Palawan.
(2011-2015)
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Javarez, Jamida D.
Date of Birth: December 1, 1994
Place of Birth: Puerto Princesa City
Address: Employees Village, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Father: Javarez, Jamero R.
Mother: Javarez, Darleen D.
Primary: Holy Trinity University

(2003-2007)
Secondary: Holy Trinity University

(2007-2011)

(2011-2015)
77

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Rabang, Manilyn L.
Date of Birth: February 12, 1994
Place of Birth: Roxas Palawan
Address: Brgy. Tiniguiban Puerto Princesa City Palawan.
Father: Rabang, Romy L.
Mother: Rabang, Marianita L.
Primary:
New Cuyo Elementary School

(2001-2006)
Secondary:
Roxas National Comprehensive High School

(2006-2010)
Tertiary:

(2011-2015)
78

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Terbio, Albert M.
Date of Birth: May 1, 1990
Place of Birth: Guam, USA
Address: Lexus Terminal New Market, Brgy. San Jose, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Father: Terbio, Albert A.
Mother: Terbio, Ruby M.
Primary: Wettengel Elementary School

(1995-2001)
Secondary: Benevente Middle School

(2001-2004)
John F. Kennedy High School
(2004-2008)
Okkodo High School
(2008-2009)

79
(2010-2015)
80

Chapter 1 - 5 Updated To Past Tense

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CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

According to Jay A. Yacat, save the Children denes child protection as

measures and structures to prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, exploitation

Jay A. Yacat, Child Protection in the Philippines

Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

1987 Philippine Constitution

In 2009, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

62 households containing 230 populations. The Researchers choose Paglaum II

Alexander Buchart, Tony Kahane Preventing child maltreatment: a

The investigators further conceptualized that the parents level of

5 (very much aware)

Possess very much awareness or

sexual, psychological or financial in

5 Very much aware

independent and dependent variables is influenced by the intervening variables

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

Descriptive statistics Is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main

Purposively sampling also known as judgmental, selective or subjective

Level of Awareness- is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious

Very much aware

Profile of respondents-Refers to the following:

Butchart, Alexander Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking

Butchart, Alexander Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action

abnormalities. For parents and caregivers, common characteristics that lead to

WHO medical centre, Child Maltreatment Fact Sheet,

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/. Date accessed: December 16,

According to Pervin Walji-Moloo who conducted a study on Awareness and

population and Nairobi representing urban population, a total number of 1195

The study entitled, Level of Awareness and Perception of Housewives in

Selected Municipalities of Palawan regarding R.A. 9262 was conducted to

Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, Awareness and Perception of

Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014.

Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, Awareness and Perception of

Most of the studies were directed at policies, management, compliance

Research and Sampling

Data Gathering Procedures

As shown in table 1.B, majority of the respondents have religions, 46 or 76.19

5,999 and below

As shown in Table 1.E, as to the educational level of the respondents, majority of

3. Prohibited from communicating with other

abuse of the respondents, 58 or 93.55 percent of them have experience spanking,

1. I understand that child abuse is deliberately

2. I understand that child abuse is the ongoing

they understand that child abuse is the

ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of a child. They also understand

Description of the level of awareness of the respondents regarding child abuse in

1. Hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or

1. Shouting/yelling at the child for misbehavior or mischief.

others/sold when he/she is mischievous.

wx- weighted mean

1. Isolating the child from family members or friends when

1. Touching the child in private parts.

wx- weighted mean

In terms of sexual abuse of the child, the respondents level of awareness is

Level of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse

Number of Years Being

Perception on Child Abuse

Level of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse

Number of Years Being

Perception on Child Abuse