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Mechanical system
Introduction
Drive
1.
2.
Electric motor
I.C.E
Diesel Eng.
Benzene Eng.
3. E.C.E
Boiler
Steam Turbine
Gas Turbine
Jet Eng
4. Water power
5. Wind energy
6. Solar energy
7. Chemical energy
8. Tidal energy
9. Nuclear energy
10. Geothermal energy
11. Fossil Fuels
Connection
1-Coupling
Driven
Any Machine
2-Clutch
3-Break
4-Belt
5-Chain
6- Gear
Chapter 1
Drive
Drive may be one of the following
1. Electric motor
2. I.C.E ( internal combustion engine )
Diesel Eng.
Benzene Eng.
Four-stork engine
Boiler
Steam Turbine
Gas Turbine
Jet engine
4. Water power
Frances turbine
Pelton wheel
where:
5. Wind energy
6. Solar energy
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Solar collector
Solar cell
Solar reflector
7. Chemical energy
Dry battery
Wet battery
Rechargeable battery
8. Tidal energy
Natural gas
Petrol oil
Wood
coal
Chapter 2
Coupling Clutch break
2-1 Terms
1. Coupling: device used for permanent connection of two
shafts, so that the two shafts are forced to run at equal speed.
2. Clutch: device used for connection of two shafts which
permits rapid connection and disconnection.
3. Brake: device used for deceleration of rotating bodies.
2-2 Coupling
Types of coupling are
1. Rigid coupling:
Rigid coupling applied only if
a) Both shafts have constantly the same.
b) The axial distance between the shafts is constant.
And can be used in the following shafts position
Design rules
The pins are stressed on shear. And Maximum torque can be transmitted is
c) Flanged coupling
For transmission of big torques
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Flexible-disk coupling
b) Periflex coupling
Both rigid parts of coupling are connected by rubber member
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4. Safety couplings
These coupling limit the transmitted torque, and when torque exceed the limit , the coupling will slip or
be disconnected.
a) Shearing pin coupling
Pins transmits torque and will break at a certain torque. It must be replaced before the coupling
is used again.
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2-3 CLUTCHES
Clutch is a machine member used to connect the driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the driven shaft
may be started or stopped at will, without stopping the driving shaft. A clutch thus provides an
interruptible connection between two rotating shafts. Clutches allow a high inertia load to be stated
with a small power.
Mechanical Model
Two inertias I1and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities I and 2, and one of which may be
zero, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging. Slippage occurs because the two elements are
running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in temperature rise. 2
1 1 1 2 Clutch or brake Dynamic Representation of Clutch or Brake
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TYPES OF CLUTCHES
1. Positive clutches
a) Jaw Clutch
The teeth of the mating sets of jaws are brought into engagement by sliding one or both members
axially. The teeth may be straight-sided or triangular, or they may incorporate some smooth curve to
facilitate engagement. Once the teeth are engaged, there is a positive transmission of torque. The jaw
clutch is normally engaged while the system is stopped or is running very slowly.
b) Toothed clutch
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2. Friction clutches
An axial clutch is one in which the mating frictional members are moved in a direction parallel to
the shaft. A typical clutch is illustrated in the figure below. It consist of a driving disc connected
to the drive shaft and a driven disc co9nnected to the driven shaft. A friction plate is attached to
one of the members. Actuating spring keeps both the members in contact and power/motion is
transmitted from one member to the other. When the power of motion is to be interrupted the
driven disc is moved axially creating a gap between the members as shown in the figure.
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b) Multi-disk clutch
pressure
coefficient of frication
c) Cone clutch
3. Hydraulic clutche
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2-4 BRAKES
TYPES OF BRAKES
A brake decelerates a system by transferring power from it. A clutch such as that illustrated (for the
most part) accelerates a system by transferring power to it. The two devices in rotary applications are
thus very similar as they both transmit torque whilst supporting a varying speed difference across them.
1. Shoe brake
Before examining a practical twin-shoe brake we must understand the behavior of a single shoe.
Various shoe configurations are illustrated. Each consists of a body whose motion is braked together
with a shoe which can swing freely about a fixed hinge H. A lining is attached to the shoe and contacts
the braked body. The actuation force P applied to the shoe gives rise to a normal pressure and
corresponding braking friction distributed over the area A of contact between lining and braked body.
The brake torque of the complete brake To is the sum of the torque contributions of the two shoes. The
shoes are operated by a single brake actuation source Po which may be a force in a brake rod or an
hydraulic pressure for example. This source is converted into the individual shoe actuations by some
actuating linkage, examples of which are shown at the beginning of the chapter. Since the two shoes
usually behave differently - one leading while the other trails - the actuating linkage is arranged to have
different transformation ratios between the source and the shoes so that the linings' peak pressures and
lives are not too different.
3. Band brake
A band brake consists of a flexible band faced with friction material bearing on the periphery of a drum
which may rotate in either direction.
The actuation force P is applied to the band's extremities through an actuation linkage such as the
cranked lever illustrated. Tension build-up in the band is identical to that in a stationary flat belt.
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These are external rigid shoe brakes - rigid because the shoes with attached linings are rigidly connected
to the pivoted posts; external because they lie outside the rotating drum. An actuation linkage
distributes the actuation force to the posts thereby causing them both to rotate towards the drum - the
linings thus contract around the drum and develop a friction braking torque.
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contact only when there is relative motion between lining and drum l the wheel bearing at O, taken to
be essentially frictionless so that the sole effect here is the bearing reaction RO.
5. Disk brake
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Chapter 3
Belts Chains Gears
3 -1 Terms
Mechanical power may be transmitted between shafts , which have no common axis, by the following ways :
Belts
Chains
Gears
2. material of belts
Round belt
Flat belt
V- belt
Timing belt
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Open drive
Crossed drive
Half-crossed drive
Drive with giude rollers
Drive with stop pullys
Drive with fixed pulle and idler pulley
Drive with belt tensining pulley
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Symetric hub
One piece
Asymetric hub
Holes in web
Welded pulley
Two pieces
7. V- belts drive
A v-belt drive has some imported advantage compered with flat belt
Extremely small slip
Higher transmittible power at equal maximum tension
Soft starting
Small angel of contact
Little space
8. V- belt pulleys
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Speed ratio
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1. characteristic
-
Inside width: distance between the two opposite inner sides of the inner link plates
roller chain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
silent chain
1. roller link plate
2. center plate
3. pin
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These verification may be useful to identify the load capacity of a chain installed on a mechanism
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Casting
Drop forged
Machined
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Straight
Helical
Parellel
External
Curved
Double helical
Intersction
Skew
Internal
Rack-super
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Solved problem
1. Drives
1-1 What are the possible types of drive can used in mechanical
system?
1-2 Calculate the power generated from water turbine, if waterfall
from 80 m height, with flow rate equal 500 m3/hr. if turbine
efficiency is about 80%.
( answer : 87200 watt/sec).
1-3 Calculate wind turbine power , if sweep area of blade equal
10m2, and wind velocity 30m/sec. ( answer: 46.125 watt/sec).
1-4 Calculate maximum tidal energy can be generated if seawater
level difference can reach to 20m and average flow rate
5000m3/sec.
( answer: 200000 watt/sec).
2. Coupling
2-1 What are the main differences between the following devices?
1- Coupling
2- clutch
3- brake
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3. Clutch
3-1 What are the main types of clutch?
3-2 Draw free hand sketch to show
A ) The different types of Jew clutch.
b) Friction clutch
c) Cone clutch
4. Break
4-1 Draw only the following types of brake
1- Shoe brake
2- Band brake
3- Disk brake
4- Draw brake
5. Belt
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
3. V- belt
4. Timing belt
Single belt drive:
Because
Where
(
(
)
)
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2) Diameter d4.
Solution:
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(Answer 1)
(Answer 2)
5-8 In double belt derive system shown below find I1, I2, I3,
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6. Chain
6-1 What are the main types of power chain
7. Gears
7-1 What are the main advantages of using gear drive?
7-2 Draw a free hand sketch to show types of gears.
1) Single gear drive:
2-Number of teeth
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Solution:
Solution: 1. i =
2.
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Circumference of circle
Where
t= m. x
Solution: 1.
i=
i= 1:0.75
n2 =
2.
3. c=
=
Good luck
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