New Century Maths 10: Stage 5.2/5.3 - Chapter 5

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.
fm Page 180 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM
Wordbank
The formal process of proving
something logically and reaching a conclusion by
reasoning from a general principle to a specific
result.
Z parallelogram A quadrilateral with both pairs of
opposite sides parallel.
Z rectangle A parallelogram with one angle a right
angle.
Z exterior angle The angle formed when one of the
sides of a polygon is extended.
Z deduction
05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 181 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM
deductive geometry
S PAC E AN D G E O M E T RY
In this chapter you will:
Z recognise
the types of triangles and quadrilaterals

and the properties of their sides, angles and diagonals
Z apply simple deductive reasoning to solving
numerical and non-numerical problems
Z construct and write geometrical arguments to prove
a geometrical result, giving reasons at each step of
the argument
Z apply angle sum results to find unknown angles in
convex polygons
Z write formal proofs of the congruence of triangles,
preserving the matching order of the vertices
Z prove properties of special triangles and
quadrilaterals from the formal definitions of the
shapes
Z prove and apply theorems related to triangles and
quadrilaterals
Z prove and apply tests for quadrilaterals
Z calculate unknown sides in a pair of similar triangles
Following from the previous result, another

word for therefore.
Z deductive geometry When geometrical results and
problems are proved or solved by a step-by-step
process or argument. Reasons are given at each step
of the argument.
Z test for quadrilaterals A property of a quadrilateral
that proves that it is a particular type of quadrilateral.
For example, if opposite angles in a quadrilateral are
equal, then it must be a parallelogram.
Z hence
Z determine
what information is needed to establish

that two triangles are similar
Z write formal proofs of the similarity of triangles,
preserving the matching order of the vertices,
identifyng the similarity factor when appropriate
Z solve Euclidian geometry problems
Z prove and apply further theorems using similarity
Think!
A square is a rhombus, but a rhombus is not
necessarily a square. Why not? Can a square be
considered as a rectangle?
test for triangles One of four tests

(SSS, SAS, AA, RHS) that prove that two triangles
are similar.
Z converse The reverse of a geometrical rule or
theorem, written in a back-to-front way. For
example, the converse of If lines are parallel,
corresponding angles are equal is If corresponding
angles are equal, then the lines are parallel.
Z similarity
CHAPTER 5
Start up
Worksheet
5-01
Brainstarters 5
1 Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagrams. Give reasons for your answers.
a
b
c
m
63
47
x
82
Skillsheet
5-01
Angles and
parallel lines
135
42
78
y
127
5a
38
37
152
4a
2 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons for each step.
a
b
c
d
4m
2h
66
127
88
f
81
m
w
k
72
104
p
3 Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagrams. Give reasons for your answers.
a
b
c
h
m
63
2h
124
35
71
5h
3h
83
137
3y
2y
27
105
3k
182
NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3
163
34
4 Which of these pairs of lines are parallel? Give reasons.

a
b
132
67
69
78
48
103
Deduction in geometry
Many results in geometry can be shown or demonstrated by construction and measurement. For
example, we can draw a triangle and measure the angles to show or demonstrate that the angle
sum of a triangle is 180. However this does not prove that the angle sum of any triangle is 180.
To prove this and other geometrical results we use a process called deduction, in which a
specic result is proved by reasoning logically from a general principle or known fact.
When setting out proofs, reasons must be given for each statement or each step of the argument.
The reasons are usually in brackets after the statements and should state the names of the
triangles, angles, or lines referred to.
Important results which have been proved and are then used as a rule or general principle are
called theorems.
Just for the record

Euclid and Euclidian geometry
Euclid was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria during the third century BC.
Euclids most famous written work was the thirteen-volume Elements, which he probably
wrote before the age of 25. This work presented a systematic treatment of all known
geometry, and actually covered most of the mathematics known at the time. There are 465
different propositions in Elements (Pythagoras theorem being number 47 in the rst volume).
Geometry using the methods from Euclids Elements is called Euclidian geometry and the
results and proofs that will be considered in the chapter are close to those of Euclid.
Other geometries were developed by Gauss, Lobachevsky, Rieman and others in the
early nineteenth century. Select one of these geometries and briey describe how it is
different from Euclidean geometry.
Example 1
Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagrams:
a
55
46
d
B
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
183
CHAPTER 5
Solution
a k + 55 + 55 = 180
k + 110 = 180
k = 70
b EDC = ECD = (180 46) 2
EDC = 67
EBC = 67
d + 67 = 180
d = 113
Skillsheet
5-02
Two-dimensional
shapes
(angle sum of isosceles triangle)
(angle sum of isosceles ECD)

(opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
(angle sum of a straight line)
Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

Triangles
Denitions of special triangles
An acute-angled triangle is a triangle with all angles acute.

An obtuse-angled triangle is a triangle with an obtuse angle.
A right-angled triangle is a triangle with a right angle.
A scalene triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in length.
An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides equal in length.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides equal in length.
Properties
The properties of the various types of triangles can be summarised as follows.
Scalene
no equal sides
no equal angles
no symmetry
Isosceles
two equal sides
two equal angles
one axis of symmetry
no rotational symmetry
Equilateral
three equal sides
three equal angles (60 each)
three axes of symmetry
has rotational symmetry
184
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane gure. A quadrilateral may be either convex or non-convex
(concave).
A convex quadrilateral has no interior angles greater than 180.
Worksheet
5-02
Naming
quadrilaterals
Worksheet
5-03
Investigating the
geometrical
constructions
Skillsheet
5-03
Geometrical
constructions
A convex quadrilateral
(all angles are less than 180)
A non-convex quadrilateral
(one interior angle is greater than 180)
The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the quadrilateral.

P
C
D
N
A
M
Diagonals AC and BD lie inside the

convex quadrilateral ABCD.
The diagonal MP does not lie inside the

non-convex quadrilateral LMNP.
In the work that follows, convex quadrilaterals will be simply referred to as quadrilaterals.
Denitions of special quadrilaterals
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle.
A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A kite is a convex quadrilateral with two pairs of equal adjacent sides.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
185
CHAPTER 5
Summary
The properties of the various types of quadrilaterals can be summarised as follows:
Trapezium
one pair of opposite sides parallel
Parallelogram
Rectangle
opposite sides parallel

opposite sides equal
opposite angles equal
diagonals bisect each other
opposite sides equal
all angles are right angles
diagonals are equal in length
diagonals bisect each other
two axes of symmetry
Square

all sides equal
all angles are right angles
diagonals equal in length
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
diagonals bisect the angles of the square
four axes of symmetry
Rhombus

all sides equal
opposite angles equal
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
diagonals bisect the angles of the rhombus
two axes of symmetry
Kite
two pairs of equal adjacent sides

one pair of opposite angles equal
one axis of symmetry
diagonals intersect at right angles
Working mathematically
Worksheet
5-02
Naming
quadrilaterals
Reasoning: Is a square a rhombus?

Looking at the denitions of the quadrilaterals above, we see that a parallelogram can also
be classied as a trapezium since it has at least one pair of opposite sides parallel. This
means that trapeziums are inclusive of parallelograms. Similarly parallelograms are
inclusive of rectangles and rhombuses and these are inclusive of squares. This can be
represented by a Venn diagram as shown on the next page.
186
1 a Why is a rectangle a
special type of
parallelogram but a
parallelogram is not
always a rectangle?
b How can you use the
Venn diagram to answer
part a?
quadrilaterals
trapeziums
parallelograms
rhombuses
rectangles squares
2 The kite is not included in the

Venn diagram. Where would
you put kites on the diagram?
Example 2
STAGE
Prove that the exterior opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
5.3
Solution
To prove FBC = FDE
Proof:
FBC = A
(corresponding angles, AD || BF)
and FDE = A
(corresponding angles, AB || DF)
FBC = FDE
Exterior opposite angles of a parallelogram equal.
D
E
Skillsheet
5-03
Geometrical
constructions
Using technology
Geometric constructions: Bisectors
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides and angles of a triangle have some interesting
properties. You can do these constructions using compasses and a ruler, but it is more fun to
use a dynamic geometry program such as Geometers Sketchpad or Cabri Geometry.
Construction 1
Step 1: Draw a triangle and label it ABC.
Step 2: Construct the perpendicular bisectors of sides AB and
BC. (In Geometers Sketchpad you will need to nd
the midpoint of the side rst.)
Step 3: Construct the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors and label it O.
Step 4: Construct a circle with centre O and a radius OA.
Step 5: Construct the perpendicular bisector of side AC.
Skillsheet
5-04
Starting
Geometers
Sketchpad
O
C
Skillsheet
5-05
Starting Cabri
Geometry
Geometry
5-01
Side bisectors
1 What do you notice about the circle you have drawn?

2 Do all three bisectors meet at point O?
3 Do point O and the circles change in a signicant way when you drag a vertex or side of
ABC?
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
187
CHAPTER 5
4 The circle is called the circumcircle, and point O is called the circumcentre of the triangle.
What does circum mean?
5 Can you explain why this construction produces the circumcentre?
Geometry
5-02
Angle bisectors
Construction 2
Step 1: Draw another triangle and label it PQR.
Step 2: Construct the bisectors of PQR and RPQ.
Step 3: Construct the point of intersection of the two angle
bisectors and label it O.
Step 4: Use the drawing tool to draw a circle, with centre O,
just touching QR.
Step 5: Construct the bisector QRP.
O
R
P
6 What do you notice about the circle you have drawn?

7 Do all three bisectors meet at point O?
8 Do point O and the circles change in a signicant way when you drag a vertex or side of
PQR?
9 The circle is called the in-circle, and point O is called the in-centre of the triangle. Explain.
10 Can you explain why this construction produces the in-centre?
Extension
11 Find the radius of the in-circle of the isosceles triangle with sides 10 cm, 10 cm and 4 cm.
Exercise 5-01
Example 1
1 Calculate the size of the angle indicated by the pronumeral in each of the following. (Give
reasons for your answer.)
a
80
36
h
y
x
a
188
3d
i
h
130
42
70
2 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. (Give reasons for your answers.)
a
55
127
53
65
134
71
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving reasons for each step:
a
c
y
40
43
78
w
k
115
D
a
C
78
h
65
56
32
34
A
120
58
74
B
X
110
70 p
4 a Find the value of p, q and w in the diagram on the

right. (Give reasons.)
b What type of triangle is XYZ? (Give reasons for
your answer.)
q
Z
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
189
CHAPTER 5
5 State whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F):

a A rectangle is a parallelogram.
b An equilateral triangle has three axes of symmetry.
c The diagonals of a rhombus are equal.
d A scalene triangle has two equal sides.
e A square has four axes of symmetry.
f Opposite sides of a trapezium are equal.
g The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are equal.
h Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
i The diagonals of a square, a rhombus and a rectangle bisect each other at right angles.
j A scalene triangle has no equal sides but one axis of symmetry.
k A rectangle and a rhombus both have only two axes of symmetry.
l An equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.
m The diagonals of a parallelogram are equal.
n The angles of a square and a rectangle are equal to 90.
STAGE
5.3
6 KL = ML and MN = MP. Find the value of x, giving

reasons for each step.
K
P
x
L
7 Segment YP bisects XYW, segment WP bisects TWY

and YX || WT.
Prove that YPW = 90.
N
Y
P
W
Example 2
8 BDF is an isosceles triangle and BF || CE.

Prove that CDE is isosceles.
T
B
C
9 Segment NK bisects HKL. Find the size of

NHK, giving reasons.
N
93
190
147
L
10 AC || DE, BC = BE and CD = CE.

a Find k, giving reasons.
b Find m, giving reasons.
42
11 Find the value of x and y. (Give reasons for your answers.)

a U
y
Z x
x y
x
40
y
Y
I
33
y
J
f
T
y
B
x
Q
54
20
67
C
108
K
12 In the gure on the right, AC || ED, AE || BD and BE || CD.

Also, CB = CD.
Prove that ABE is an isosceles triangle.
13 In the gure on the right, LP bisects KLN and LM = LN.

Prove LP || MN.
B
P
14 In the gure on the right, AC = BC and DC = EC.

Prove AB || DE.
B
E
C
D
A
15 UXY is an equilateral triangle and WX = XU.

Prove that WUY is a right angle.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
191
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
16 In the gure on the right, WY || PQ.

Prove that the angle sum of PQT is 180.
17 Segment AC bisects FAB and AD bisects HAB.

Prove CAD = 90.
Q
B
D
F
Worksheet
5-04
Angles in
polygons
Properties of convex polygons

The general name for any plane gure bounded by straight sides is a polygon.
A convex polygon has no interior angles greater than 180. All the diagonals of a convex polygon
lie inside the polygon.
Worksheet
5-05
Find the missing
angle
Convex polygon
Non-convex polygon
In the work that follows, convex polygons will be simply referred to as polygons.
Regular polygons
A regular polygon has all sides equal and all angles equal. The rst eight regular polygons are:
3 sides
4 sides
5 sides
6 sides
Equilateral triangle
Square
Pentagon
Hexagon
7 sides
8 sides
9 sides
10 sides
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon
Decagon
192
Just for the record

Canberra: The national capital
Canberra is located in the northern part of
the ACT, 300 km south-west of Sydney and
650 km north-east of Melbourne.
The city was designed by an American
architect, Walter Burley Grifn, and
construction began in 1913. The centre of
Canberra is based on an equilateral
triangle, bounded by the sides
(Commonwealth Avenue, Kings Avenue
and Constitution Avenue). The smaller
Parliamentary triangle is bounded by
Commonwealth Avenue, Kings Avenue and King Edward Terrace. The axis of symmetry of the
triangle runs from Parliament House across Lake Burley Grifn directly along Anzac Parade to
the Australian War Memorial.
What other geometrical features can you see in Canberras design?
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
193
CHAPTER 5
Angle sum of a convex polygon

The angle sum of a convex polygon with n sides is given by:
Angle sum = (n 2) 180
Example 3
Find the angle sum of a polygon with 16 sides.
Solution
Angle sum = (16 2) 180

= 14 180
= 2520
The size of each angle of a regular polygon with n sides is given by the following formula.
angle sum
One angle = ------------------------ , where n is the number of sides
n
(n 2) 180
= ---------------------------------n
Example 4
1 Find the size of an angle of a regular octagon.
Solution
Angle sum = (8 2) 180

= 6 180
= 1080
1080
Each angle = -------------8
= 135
or
(8 2) 180
Each angle = ---------------------------------8
= 135
2 The sum of the angles of a regular polygon is 3960.

a How many sides does the polygon have?
b Find the size of each angle.
Solution
a (n 2) 180 = 3960
3960
n 2 = -----------180
n 2 = 22
n = 24
Number of sides is 24.
3960
b Each angle = -----------24
= 165
Exterior angle sum of a convex polygon

The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360.
194
Example 5
1 The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 18. How many sides does the polygon have?
Solution
Let n be the number of sides of the polygon.
Sum of exterior angles = n 18 = 360
18n = 360
360
n = --------18
= 20
The polygon has 20 sides.
2 Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 140. How many sides does the polygon have?
Solution
Method 1:
Exterior angle = 180 140
(since exterior angle + interior angle = 180)
= 40
Number of exterior angles = 360 40
=9
The polygon has 9 sides.
Method 2:
(n 2) 180
-------------------------------- = 140
n
(n 2) 180
n -------------------------------- = n 140
n1
(n 2) 180 = 140n
So: 180n 360 = 140n
180n = 140n + 360
180n 140n = 140n + 360 140n
40n = 360
n=9
Geometry
5-03
Exterior angles
of a polygon
Using technology
Exterior angle sum of a convex polygon
Step 1: Use your drawing program to copy the diagram on the right.
Step 2: Measure the exterior angles indicated and calculate
their sum.
Step 3: Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for a quadrilateral, a pentagon
and a hexagon. What is the sum of the exterior angles
of a convex polygon?
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
195
CHAPTER 5
Exercise 5-02
Example 3
1 Use the rule, Angle sum = (n 2) 180, to nd the angle sum of a polygon with:
a 20 sides
b 10 sides
c 15 sides
d 24 sides
e 30 sides
f 12 sides
2 Find the number of sides for a polygon that has an angle sum of:
a 4680
b 1800
c 900
d 6840
e 2160
f 1260
Example 4
3 Find the size of each interior angle of a regular:

a pentagon
b nonagon
c dodecagon (12 sides)
4 Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon which has:
a 30 sides
b 45 sides
c 7 sides
Example 5
d 60 sides
5 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon which has each of its exterior angles equal to:
a 20
b 15
c 45
d 8
e 30
6 Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular:
a hexagon
b 12-sided polygon
c 30-sided polygon
7 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon which has each of its interior angles equal to:
a 120
b 165
c 172
d 135
e 156
8 The interior angle of a regular polygon is 11 times the size of an exterior angle. How many
sides has the polygon?
Skillbank 5A
Converting fractions and decimals to percentages
SkillTest
5-01
Converting
fractions and
decimals to
percentages
To convert a fraction or decimal to a percentage, multiply it by 100%.

1 Examine these examples:
20
2 2
2
--- = --- 100% = --- 100% = 2 20% = 40%
5 5
51
4
18 18
18
b ------ = ------ 100% = ------ 100% = 18 4% = 72%
25 25
251
20
24 24
24
3
------ = ------ 100% = ------ 100% = --- 100% = 3 20% = 60%
40 40
405
51
4
21 21
21
21
d ------ = ------ 100% = ------ 100% = ------ 4% = 7 4% = 28%
75 75
753
31
2 Now convert these fractions to percentages:
7
33
27
a -----b -----c -----10
50
60
30
-----40
15
k -----50
f
196
g
l
60
-----75
16
-----20
4
h --5
54
m -----60
22
d -----25
11
-----20
18
n -----40
e
j
o
24
-----32
28
-----80
13
-----25
3 Examine these examples:

a 0.41 = 0.41 100% = 0.41 = 41%
c 0.9 = 0.9 100% = 0.90 = 90%
4 Now convert these decimals to percentages:
a 0.25
b 0.68
c 0.17
f 0.333
g 0.59
h 0.702
k 0.428
l 0.055
m 0.91
b 0.08 = 0.08 100% = 0.08 = 8%

d 0.375 = 0.375 100% = 0.375 = 37.5%
d 0.6
i 0.84
n 0.7825
e 0.1
j 0.7
o 0.314
Proving congruent triangles

Congruent gures have exactly the same size and shape.
The symbol for is congruent to is .
In congruent gures, matching sides are equal and matching angles are equal.
There are four sets of conditions that can be used to determine if two triangles are congruent.
These are known as the four tests for congruent triangles.
1 Side, Side, Side (SSS)
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.
Worksheet
5-06
Congruent
triangles proofs
Geometry
5-04
Congruent
triangles
2 Side, Angle, Side (SAS)

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are respectively equal to two
sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
3 Angle, Angle, Side (AAS)

If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles and
the matching side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
4 Right angle, Hypotenuse, Side (RHS)

If the hypotenuse and a second side of one right-angled triangle are respectively
equal to the hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
197
CHAPTER 5
Example 6
Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS, or RHS) can be used to prove that each of these pairs
of triangles are congruent?
a
b
48
30 mm
35
48
35
30 mm
Solution
a AAS
STAGE
5.3
b SAS
Example 7
In the diagram on the right, W = V and TX WV.
Prove:
a WXT VXT
b X is the midpoint of WV.
Solution
a In WXT and VXT

W = V
WXT = VXT
TX is common
WXT VXT
b WX = VX
X is the midpoint of WV
(given)
(TX WV)
(AAS)
(matching sides of congruent triangles)
Exercise 5-03
Example 6
1 Test whether each of the following pairs of triangles are congruent. If they are, which test
(SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would prove them congruent?
a
10 cm
4 cm
5 cm
8 cm
8 cm
4 cm
10 cm
5 cm
70
7 cm
40
9 cm
40
9 cm
198
70
15 cm
15 cm
7 cm
60
70
10 cm
55
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
70
55
60
2 For these pairs of congruent triangles, nd the value of the pronumerals:

a
b
40
31 mm
d mm
40
50 50
58
58
25 k
12 cm
w
d
a
9 cm
p cm
33
25
y cm
f
53 mm
35 mm
109
35 mm
9 cm
k cm
30 mm
53 mm
60
60
p
9 cm
30 mm
11 cm
For Questions 3 and 4 following, identify matching vertices before writing the proof.
3 a AB = CB and EB = DB.
Prove ABE CBD.
A
b QT WT, PW WT and QW = PT.

Prove QTW PWT.
P
Example 7
B
E
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
199
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
c CH || EG, DH || FG and CH = EG.

Prove CDH EFG.
H
d YX bisects UXW and UX = WX.

Prove UXY WXY.
U
X
C
F
W
e ABCD is a square and AY = CX.

Prove ABY CBX.
X
LM = NP and LP = NM.
Prove LMP NPM.
Y
A
g O is the centre of the circles.

Prove AOB COD.
h FGH is an isosceles triangle, so

FH = FG. HN FG and GM FH.
Prove FHN FGM.
G
B
C
O
A
D
4 a PQR is isosceles and QA = RB.

Prove:
i PQA PRB
ii PAB is isosceles.
b TP = XP and AP = CP.
Prove:
i TAP XCP
ii TA || XC.
T
C
Q
200
c AB || CD and AD || CB.
Prove:
i ABD CDB
ii AD = CB and AB = CD.
D
d A and B are the centres of two circles

which intersect at C and D.
Prove:
i ADB ACB
ii AB bisects DAC.
D
A
e HEF = GFE and EH = FG.

Prove:
i HEF GFE
ii EHF = FGE.
H
O is the centre of the circle and

LT = MN.
Prove:
i LOT MON
ii LOT MON.
N
G
K
g O is the centre of the circle and

OD CE.
Prove:
i OCD OED
ii OD bisects CE.
h AB = AD and CB = CD.
Prove:
i ABC ADC
ii BCA = DCA
iii BCY DCY
iv BY = DY.
B
O
A
C
Proving properties of triangles and

quadrilaterals
The congruence tests can be used not only to solve numerical problems but also to establish
properties of triangles and special quadrilaterals.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
201
CHAPTER 5
Using the word hence

When the word hence is used, it means use or follow on from the previous result.
For example, if a question states:
a Prove ABC DBC
b Hence prove A = D,
then part b follows from what was proved in part a and the nal statement in the proof would be:
A = D
(matching angles of congruent triangles)
STAGE
5.3
Example 8
ABCD is a rectangle.
a Prove that ABD BAC.
b Hence show that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
Solution
a In ABD and BAC:

AD = BC
AB is common.
DAB = CBA = 90
ABD BAC
(opposite sides of a rectangle)

(angles in a rectangle)
(SAS)
b BD = AC
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
Using technology
Geometry
5-05
Properties of
triangles and
quadrilaterals
Worksheet
5-03
Investigating the
geometrical
constructions
Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

Isosceles triangle 1
Step 1: Use your drawing program to construct isosceles triangle ABC, so that
AB = AC.
Step 2: Measure B and C.
1 What can you say about the angles opposite the equal sides?
Step 3: Construct a line from A through T, the midpoint of BC.
B
Step 4: Measure ATB and ATC.
2 What can you say about AT and BC?
Step 5: Measure BAT and CAT.
3 Does AT bisect BAC?
Isosceles triangle 2
Step 1: Use your drawing program to construct isosceles triangle BEW, so that
BE = BW.
Step 2: Construct the perpendicular bisector of EW.
4 Which point does the perpendicular bisector pass through?
5 Does the perpendicular bisector of EW bisect EBW?
E
202
Rhombus
Step 1: Construct rhombus ABCD with all sides equal.
Step 2: Construct the diagonal AC.
Step 3: Construct the perpendicular bisector of AC.
6 Does the perpendicular bisector pass through B and D?
Step 4: Measure ACD, and ACB.

7 Does AC bisect DCB?
8 What properties of a rhombus have you demonstrated with this construction of a
rhombus?
9 Construct a parallelogram and, by drawing the diagonals and using the Measure
tool, demonstrate the properties of a parallelogram.
Exercise 5-04
1 XYT is isosceles, so TX = TY. TW is drawn so that XW = WY.
a Prove TXW TYW.
b Hence prove that the angles opposite the equal sides of XYT
are equal (that is, show X = Y).
2 LMNP is a rhombus (all sides are equal).

a Prove LMN LPN.
b By drawing the diagonal PM, prove
PMN PML.
c Hence prove that the angles of a
rhombus are bisected by the diagonals.
Example 8
3 ABCD is a parallelogram, so AB || DC and

AD || BC.
a Prove ABD CDB.
b Hence prove that the opposite sides of
a parallelogram are equal.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
203
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
4 ABC is an equilateral triangle (AC = AB = BC). CX is drawn so that

AX = BX. Show that each angle is 60.
a Prove:
i AXC BXC
ii A = B
b Now draw the interval BY, so that CY = AY (as shown). Prove:

i AYB CYB
ii A = C
c Hence calculate the size of an angle in an equilateral triangle.
5 WXYV is a parallelogram, so WX || VY and

WV || XY.
a Prove WXY YVW.
b By drawing the diagonal XV, prove VWX XYV.
c Hence prove that the opposite angles of a
parallelogram are equal.
6 DEFG is a parallelogram, so DE || FG, DG || EF,

DE = FG, and EF = GD (as proved in Question 3).
a Prove DEX FGX.
b Hence prove that the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other.
7 XYW is an isosceles triangle. The perpendicular

line (the altitude) from the vertex X to side WY, bisects that side. Prove
this result by following the steps below:
a Show XWT XYT.
b Hence show WT = YT.
8 ABC is isosceles, so AB = AC. If AX bisects BAC, then AX BC.

Prove this result for an isosceles triangle by answering the
following:
a Prove AXB AXC.
A
b Hence show AXB = AXC.
c Hence prove AX BC
(show AXB = AXC = 90).
204
Y
B
9 In TPR, P = R and TX PR.

a Prove PXT RXT.
b Hence prove that the sides opposite the equal angles are equal
(that is, prove TP = TR).
10 CDEF is a rhombus.
a Prove CBF EBF.
b Explain why the diagonal CE is bisected.
c Explain how the diagonal DF can be shown to be bisected.
d
i Explain why CBF = EBF.
ii Hence prove FD CE.
e What property of a rhombus has been proved?
R
E
11 LMNP is a kite, with LM = LP and NM = NP.

a Use congruent triangles to prove:
i LMN = LPN
ii MLP and MNP are bisected by the diagonal LN.
b Prove that LMT LPT and, hence, show that the diagonal MP is
bisected at right angles by the diagonal LN.
D
L
M
Communicating and applying strategies: The converse (true or false)?
The converse is the reverse of a geometrical rule or theorem written in a back-to-front way.
The converse of a statement or rule is not necessarily true. Consider the following example:
If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then both pairs of opposite sides are equal.
The converse is If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the
quadrilateral is a rectangle. This is false. (The quadrilateral could be a parallelogram.)
For the geometrical result, If lines are parallel, then the alternate angles are equal, the
converse is If alternate angles are equal, then the lines are parallel.
The converse is also true and is often used to test if two lines are parallel (see Start up,
Question 4 on page 183).
1 a For each of the following, write the converse statement and decide whether the
converse is also true:
i If two angles are co-interior they have a sum of 180.
ii If two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite those sides are equal.
iii In a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides.
iv If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.
v If a quadrilateral is a square, then the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
vi If the quadrilateral is a rectangle, then the diagonals bisect each other.
b Compare your answers with those of other students.
2 The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular and one bisects the other.
Write the converse to this theorem and prove it to be true.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
205
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
Worksheet
5-02
Naming
quadrilaterals
Tests for quadrilaterals

The properties of special quadrilaterals (such as the parallelogram, rectangle, and so on) can be used
as minimum conditions to prove or test whether a given quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle,
square or rhombus.
Example 9
ABCD is a quadrilateral on which AD = BC and AB = CD. BD is a
diagonal. Prove that, if the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Solution
In triangles ABD and CDB,
AD = CB
(given)
AB = CD
(given)
BD is common to both triangles.
ABD CDB
(SSS)
ABD = CDB
AB || CD
(alternate angles ABD and CDB are equal)
Also, ADB = CBD
AD || CB
(alternate angles ADB and CBD are equal)
ABCD is a parallelogram (opposite sides are parallel)
Exercise 5-05
Example 9
1 a ABCD is a quadrilateral in which A = C and B = D.

Prove that, if the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
b LMNP is a quadrilateral in which LM = NP and LM || NP. PM is

a diagonal. Prove that, if a pair of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are equal and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
c FGHL is a quadrilateral and the diagonals LG and FH bisect

each other. Prove that, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
L
M
206
d PQRT is a quadrilateral with all sides equal. PR is a diagonal.

Prove that, if the sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then it is a
rhombus.
e CDEF is a quadrilateral and the diagonals CE and FD bisect

each other at right angles. Prove that, if the diagonals of a
quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a
rhombus.
H
D
WXYV is a quadrilateral. The diagonals WY and VX are

equal and bisect each other. Prove that, if the diagonals of a
quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other, then it is a
rectangle.
Y
T
g ABCD is a quadrilateral in which A = B = C = D = 90.

Prove that, if the four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles,
then it is a rectangle.
X
D
h TWME is a quadrilateral with all sides equal and M = 90. Prove

that, if the sides of a quadrilateral are equal and one angle is a right
angle, then it is a square.
GHKL is a quadrilateral. G = H = K = L = 90 and GH = GL.

L
Prove that, if the angles of a quadrilateral are right angles and a pair of
adjacent sides are equal, then it is a square.
MNPT is a quadrilateral. The diagonals MP and TN are equal and bisect T

each other at right angles. Prove that, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral
bisect each other at right angles and are equal, then it is a square.
X
M
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
207
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
2 a ABCD is a parallelogram and BX = DY. Prove:

i ABX CDY
ii AXCY is a parallelogram.
b AECD is a rhombus. AE = EB. Prove:

i CBE DAE
ii BCDE is a parallelogram.
c ABCD is a parallelogram. AP = AS = CQ = CR. Prove:

i RQ = PS and PQ = RS
ii PQRS is a parallelogram.
d AC and DB are diameters of concentric circles, centre O.

Prove ABCD is a parallelogram.
A
E
B
O
D
F
C
e PR and SQ are diameters of concentric circles, centre O.

TU SQ. Prove PQRS is a rhombus.
T
P
O
R
U
DEFG is a rectangle. W, X, Y and Z are the midpoints of

the sides. Prove:
i WXYZ is a parallelogram
ii WXYZ is a rhombus.
208
Summary of tests for quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is:
a a parallelogram if
both pairs of opposite angles are equal, or
both pairs of opposite sides are equal, or
both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, or
one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel, or
the diagonals bisect each other.
b a rectangle if
all angles are 90, or
diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
c a rhombus if
all sides are equal, or
diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
d a square if
all sides are equal and one angle is 90, or
all angles are 90 and two adjacent sides are equal, or
diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
Geometry
5-06
Islamic design
Reecting: Islamic designs
The Islamic rules for art were collected in the Hadith, a ninth-century text. Islamic art
derives its unique style from combining the art of the Byzantines, the Copts, the Romans and
the Sassanids.
Islam believes in the balance and harmony of all things in existence. One of the vital beliefs
is that the totality of things, all good and evil, proceed from the Lord of all being.
There are strict rules against depicting humans or animals, which might result in idol
worship, so an art form developed that was based on geometric designs and calligraphy,
which are often interwoven.
Geometric patterns appear in architecture and interiors to organise space and to beautify the
environment. All patterns
reect the pure beauty of
numbers, considered to be of
divine origin. By their very
nature, geometric patterns
show variation and order as
expressions of unity, which is
an attribute of God.
Islamic geometric designs
are constructed with skillful
use of ruler and compasses
(skills that you now have).
Interactive geometry enables
you to be exact with your
constructions.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
209
CHAPTER 5
Construction
This Islamic design starts with the drawing
of a square.
Step 1: Use axes and a grid to draw a 6 cm
square.
Step 2: Construct a point at the centre of
each side and construct the
diagonals of the square.
Step 3: Construct a circle with centre at the
intersection of the two diagonals and
with the side midpoints on the
circumference.
Step 4: Continue to construct the gure
shown on the right.
1 Are there other patterns you could have drawn using the construction lines?
2 Can you tessellate the pattern you have drawn?
Skillbank 5B
SkillTest
5-02
Converting
decimals and
percentages to
fractions
Converting decimals and percentages to fractions

To convert a decimal to fraction form, rst count the number of decimal places in the decimal.
If there is one decimal place, then write the decimal part over 10 and simplify.
If there are two decimal places, then write the decimal part over 100 and simplify.
1 Examine these examples.
7
35
7
a 0.35 = --------- = -----100
20
20
(two decimal places, two 0s in the denominator)
4
8
4
b 0.8 = ------ = --10
5
5
(one decimal place, one 0 in the denominator)
16
64
16
0.64 = --------- = -----100
25
25
11
22
11
d 0.22 = --------- = -----50
50 100
2 Now convert these decimals to fraction form:
a 0.75
b 0.28
c 0.3
f 0.85
g 0.32
h 0.49
k 0.72
l 0.65
m 0.2
210
d 0.14
i 0.56
n 0.24
e 0.06
j 0.9
o 0.53
3 To convert a percentage to a fraction, we write it over 100 and simplify. Examine these
examples.
13
26
13
a 26% = --------- = -----100
50
50
2
8
2
8% = --------- = -----100
25
25
4 Now convert these percentages to fractions:

a 76%
b 10%
c 80%
f 56%
g 75%
h 31%
k 60%
l 54%
m 6%
40
2
b 40% = --------- = --100
5
5
19
95
19
d 95% = --------- = -----100
20
20
d 45%
i 68%
n 49%
e 88%
j 5%
o 82%
Properties of
similar figures
Skillsheet
5-06
Finding sides in
similar triangles
Similar gures are the same shape, but

not necessarily the same size.
The symbol for is similar to is |||.
Enlarging or reducing a given gure
will always produce a similar gure
and the amount by which a gure is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale
factor or similarity factor.
image length
Scale factor = ----------------------------------original length
If two gures are similar, then:

the matching angles are equal
the matching sides are in the same ratio.
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
211
CHAPTER 5
Example 10
If ABC ||| DEF, nd the value of k.
C
20 mm
25 mm
A
40 mm
k mm
Solution
k
25
------ = -----40 20
(matching sides in the same ratio)
25
k = ------ 40
20
= 50
Exercise 5-06
Geometry
5-07
Similar triangles
1 Are the gures similar in each of the following pairs?

a
9 cm
4 cm
70
5 cm
6 cm
8 cm
3 cm
12 cm
70
6 cm
d
8 cm
10 cm
8 cm
5 cm
4 cm
6.4 cm
6 cm
3 cm
2 cm
4 cm
5 cm
10 cm
10 cm
4 cm
Example 10
2 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following pairs of similar gures:
a
12
7
4
27
15
10
18
k
212
m
6
15
22
15
6
14
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following pairs of similar triangles:
a
12
y
30
45
30
30
11
35
35
8
35
14
10
25
18
f
30
24
20
26
26
16
70
w
22
22
e
16
12
70
15
4 Find the similar gures and determine the scale factor:

a
18 cm
60 6 cm
B
10 cm
A
20 mm
C
25 mm
24 mm
32 mm
20 cm
13 mm
60
7.5 cm
10 mm
16 mm
60
8 cm
6.25 cm
60
C 5 cm
D
48 mm
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
213
CHAPTER 5
5 ABC is similar to ADE. Find m,

correct to one decimal place.
A
8
9
B
C
6
E
V
10
6 XYW is similar to XZV. Find p, correct to one decimal place.
W
p
X
7 Colin, who is 1.83 m tall, casts a

shadow 1.2 m long. At the same time
a light tower casts a shadow 14 m long.
What is the height of the tower?
1.83 m
1.2 m
14 m
8 State whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F).

a The angles of similar gures are equal.
b All circles are similar.
c The sides of similar gures are in the same ratio.
d If two triangles have two pairs of matching angles equal, they are similar.
e Since the angles of two rectangles are equal, they must be similar.
f All squares are similar.
g All equilateral triangles are similar.
h Any two isosceles triangles are always similar.
STAGE
5.3
Tests for similar triangles

There are four conditions or tests for proving that two triangles are similar.
Tests for similar triangles

1 Side, Side, Side (SSS)
If the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are similar.
Worksheet
5-07
Congruent and
similar triangle
proofs
10
2
A
214
B
D
2 Side, Angle, Side (SAS)

If two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides of another triangle, and the
included angles are equal, then the two triangles are similar.
F
50
C
5
B
E
30
3 Angle, Angle (AA)

If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle,
then the two triangles are similar.
C
A
B
4 Right angle, Hypotenuse, Side (RHS)

If the hypotenuse and a second side of a right-angled triangle are proportional to the
hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle, then the two triangles
are similar.
15
2
Example 11
Prove that the triangles in each of the following pairs are similar:
a
E
6
9
D
12
50
M
T
12
4
F
6
50
P
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
215
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
Solution
a In CDE and FTG:
ED
-------- = 6--- = 3--
4
2
GT
CE
-------- = 9--- = 3--
FG 6 2
CD 12 3
-------- = ------ = --
8
2
FT
(ratios of matching sides)
ED CE CD
-------- = -------- = -------GT
FG
FT
CDE ||| FTG
(matching sides are in the same ratio or SSS)
b In MWN and BPR:

MW
---------- = 6--- = 3--8
4
BP
MN
9
3
--------- = ----- = --12
4
BR
MW
MN
---------- = --------BP
BR
M = B = 50
MWN ||| BPR
(included angles are equal)

(two pairs of matching sides are in the same ratio and the included
angles are equal or SAS)
Example 12
Prove ABE ||| ACD.
D
E
Solution
In ABE and ACD:

A is common
AEB = ADC
ABE ||| ACD
(corresponding angles, BE || CD)

(two pairs of matching angles equal or AA)
Example 13
a Prove MRP ||| XRW.
12
b Find the value of k.
R
k
Solution
a In MRP and XRW:

P = W
(alternate angles, PM || XW)
M = X
(alternate angles, PM || XW)
MRP ||| XRW (two pairs of matching angles are equal or AA)
b
k
-----12
8
-----20
k = 12
= 4.8
216
(matching sides in similar triangles)

8
-----20
20
M
8
W
Exercise 5-07
1 Which similarity test (SSS, AA, SAS, RHS) can be used to prove that each of the following
pairs of triangles are similar? Where possible state the similarity factor (scale factor) between
the triangles.
a
b
c
12
60
27
Example 11
9
8
40
18
4.8
42
8
9.6
10
16
12
75
30
42
63
16.875
18
30
30
9.6
10.8
7.5
12
25
15
2.4
2 a Prove XYW ||| XLM.
b Prove ABC ||| EDC.
c Prove PLM ||| PTW.
D
6
10
C
7.5
d Prove TYX ||| KGX.

G
e Prove GMK ||| LHK.
18
Prove WYZ ||| ZYX.

Z
12
T
Example 12
X
7.5 K
K
W
28.8
M
Y
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
217
CHAPTER 5
Example 13
STAGE
5.3
3 a
i Prove GKF ||| HKM.

ii Find the value of m.
i Prove CDE ||| FGE.

ii Find the value of k.
16
M
18
12
10
m
G
c Prove BCF ||| DCE and, hence, nd

the value of x.
d Prove AXM ||| AYN and, hence, nd

the length of AX.
N
M
10
x
8
D
15
X 8 Y
i Prove that TFR ||| TPD.

ii If FR = 9 cm, DP = 5 cm and
TD = 8 cm, nd the length of TR.
ABCD is a parallelogram.
i Prove EFC ||| EAB.
ii Prove EAB ||| AFD.
iii Prove EFC ||| AFD.
iv If EF = 20 cm, FC = 8 cm and
AF = 16 cm, nd the length of AB.
D
D
T
4 In PWT, W = 90 and WN PT.

a Prove PWN ||| WTN.
b If PN = 4 cm, NT = 9 cm, nd the lengths of WN, WP and WT.
5 a Prove that EFG ||| HFE.

b If FG = 16 cm and EF = 20 cm, nd the length of FH.
218
Proving geometrical results

General geometrical results can be proved by writing a geometrical argument, where reasons are
given at each step of the argument. Many of the following proofs involve congruent or similar
triangles.
Example 14
AB is the diameter of a circle, with centre O. P is any point on the
circumference. Prove that APB, the angle in a semi-circle, is a
right angle.
Worksheet
5-08
Geometrical
proofs order
activity
Worksheet
5-09
Complete the
proofs
Solution
Let OAP = x
OPA = x
(OAP is isosceles, equal radii)
BOP = 2x
(exterior angle of OAP)
OPB + OBP = (180 2x) (angle sum of OPB)
But OPB = OBP
(OPB is isosceles, equal radii)
OPB = (180 2x) 2
= (90 x)
APB = OPA + OPB
= x + (90 x)
= 90
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
x
O
Example 15
ABCD is a parallelogram. HG is any interval joining parallel sides
AB and DC and passing through the midpoint, T, of diagonal BD.
Prove that the interval through the midpoint of a diagonal of a
parallelogram divides opposite sides equally. (That is, prove
DG = BH.)
G
T
Solution
Congruent triangles are used to prove this result.

In DGT and BHT:
DT = BT
(T is the midpoint of BD)
DGH = BHT
(alternate angles, DC || AB)
GDT = HBT
(alternate angles, DC || AB)
DGT BHT
(AAS)
DG = BH
A
Example 16
Prove that the interval joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and is half its length.
B
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
219
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
Solution
Similar triangles are used to prove this result.
In ADE and ABC:
AD
-------- =
AB
1
--2
AE
-------- =
AC
1
--2
(since D and E are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively)
AD
AE
-------- = -------AB
AC
A is common.
ADE ||| ABC
ADE = ABC
DE || BC
DE
AD
Also -------- = -------BC
AB
AD
But -------- =
AB
1
--2
DE
-------- =
BC
1
--2
DE =
1
--2
(two pairs of matching sides are in the same ratio and the included
angles are equal or SAS)
(matching angles of similar triangles)
(corresponding angles proved equal)
(matching sides of similar triangles)
BC
The interval joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is
half its length.
Pythagoras theorem
Pythagoras theorem can be stated as follows:
The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides.
Applying strategies and reasoning: Proving Pythagoras
There are many proofs of Pythagoras theorem and they are based on:
algebra
geometry
dissection of areas
220
Geometry
5-08
Pythagorean
dissection
1 Proof by dissection
b
C
b
B
Explain how this dissection proves Pythagoras theorem.

2 Find two other proofs of Pythagoras theorem by dissection of areas.
The converse of Pythagoras theorem

The converse of Pythagoras theorem is as follows:
If the square on one side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares on the other two
sides, then the angle between these other two sides is a right angle.
Proof of the converse of Pythagoras theorem

Given:
ABC where AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2
Aim:
To prove ABC = 90
Construction:
Draw PQR where QR = BC,

PQ = AB, and PQR = 90.
Proof:
In PQR,
PR2 = PQ 2 + QR2 (Pythagoras theorem)
= AB 2 + BC 2 (since PQ = AB, QR = BC)
= AC 2
(given)
2
2
PR = AC
PR = AC
So, in triangles ABC and PQR,
PQ = AB
(by construction)
QR = BC
(by construction)
and PR = AC
(proved)
PQR ABC
(SSS)
PQR = ABC
(corresponding angles of congruent triangles)
ABC = 90
(since PQR = 90)
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
221
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
Example 17
C
1 Determine whether ABC, shown, is right-angled at C.
99 cm
20 cm
Solution
202 + 992 = 400 + 9801

= 10 201
= 1012
The angle between AC and BC is a right angle.
C = 90
2 PQTS is a square with SQ = 10 cm.
Find:
a the length of PQ
b the area of PQTS
Q
10 cm
Solution
a
101 cm
Let PQ = x cm
PS = x cm
x2 + x2 = 102 (by Pythagoras theorem)
2x2 = 100
x2 = 50
x = 50
=5 2
PQ = 5 2 cm
Area = PQ PS
= (5 2) (5 2)
= 50 cm2
or since PQTS is a rhombus (why?)
b
Area =
=
1
--2
1
--2
SQ PT
10 10
= 50 cm2
Exercise 5-08
Geometry
Example 14
(Using dynamic geometry software, rst conrm each result by construction and measurement
before proving the result.)
1 Prove that the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
interior opposite angles (that is, prove CBD = CAB + ACB).
222
Example 15
2 The line joining the centres of two intersecting circles is the

perpendicular bisector of the common chord. Prove this
result by working through the following:
a Prove that AXB AYB and, hence, prove that
XAC = YAC.
b Prove that XAC YAC.
c Hence, show that XC = YC and AB XY.
X
C
Y
Example 16
3 The line through the midpoint of a side of a triangle parallel

to another side bisects the third side. (This result is the converse of
the result in Example 16.) Follow the steps below to prove this
result.
a In the diagram, Q is the midpoint of PM and QR || MN. Show
that PQR ||| PMN.
b Hence, show that PR = RN.
Q
R
M
N
4 In a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is

equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
Prove Pythagoras theorem using the following steps.
a Consider ABC with ABC = 90 and CD AB. Show
ADC ||| ACB and, hence, that AC 2 = AB AD (using
the ratio of matching sides).
b Show BDC ||| BCA and, hence, that BC 2 = AB DB.
c Hence, show that AC 2 + BC 2 = AB 2.
5 DEF is a triangle and DG EF. Prove, using Pythagoras

theorem, that:
DE 2 + GF 2 = DF 2 + EG 2.
6 Determine whether these are right-angled triangles:

3_
a
b
135
I
Y
2
153
71
1_
2
5_
8
J
2
Z
E
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
223
CHAPTER 5
STAGE
5.3
7 Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the following. (Express your answers in surd form
where necessary.)
a Calculate the length of the diagonal of a rectangle with sides 28 cm and 45 cm.
b A square has diagonals of length 24 m. Calculate the side length.
c Find the altitudes of an equilateral triangle with sides 10 cm.
d A rhombus has sides of 52 m and one diagonal 40 m. Find the length of the other diagonal.
8 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular then the
sums of the squares on opposite sides are equal. Prove this
result by the following steps.
a Use Pythagoras theorem to write expressions for AB2,
BC 2, CD2 and AD2.
b Hence, show AB2 + CD2 = BC 2 + AD2.
A
D
X
C
B
9 a For the diagram on the right, prove ABC ||| EDC.

b Find the value of m.
D
4
E
5
10
Power plus
1 a Use Pythagoras theorem to prove that the area of the semi-circle on the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the semi-circles on the other two
sides.
b Prove that, in any right-angled triangle, the area of the equilateral triangle on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the equilateral triangles on the other two
sides.
C
2 The median is a line joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of
the opposite side. Prove that the medians of a triangle are concurrent
(that is, they meet at one intersection point).
A
224
Language of maths
AA
argument
congruence test
deductive
hence
kite
opposite
perpendicular
ratio
rhombus
SAS
similarity factor
test
AAS
axis of symmetry
congruent ()
diagonal
hypotenuse
matching
order
polygon
reason
RHS
scale factor
similarity test
trapezium
acute-angled
bisect
converse
equilateral
interior angle
midpoint
parallel
Pythagoras theorem
rectangle
right-angled
scalene
square
triangle
angle sum
concurrent
convex
exterior angle
isosceles
obtuse-angled
parallelogram
quadrilateral
regular polygon
rotational symmetry
similar (|||)
SSS
vertices
Worksheet
5-10
Geometry
crossword
1 What is the formal denition of a trapezium?

2 What word in the list above has the same meaning as therefore?
3 What is the most general name for a shape with four equal sides?
4 What does a test for a quadrilateral do? Give an example of one.
5 Copy and complete: Matching sides in similar gures are in the same _______.
6 Are all squares similar?
7 What does AA mean?
8 Write the converse of Pythagoras theorem.
Topic overview
Worksheet
5-11
Geometry
summary poster
Copy and complete the table below.

The best part of
this chapter was
The worst part was
New work
I need help with
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
225
CHAPTER 5
Copy and complete this overview of the topic into your workbook. Add extra words and use
pictures to make the overview useful to you. Have your overview checked by other students or
by your teacher to make sure nothing is missing or incorrect.
Properties
of triangles
and quadrilaterals
Convex polygons
angle sum = 180 or 360 or 540 or
regular polygons
DEDUCTIVE
GEOMETRY
Similarity
Congruence
Scale
SSS
SAS
Tests for congruent triangles

AAS
RHS
Tests for similar triangles: SSS

SAS
AA
RHS
Geometrical proofs using congruence/similarity

c
226
factor
c 2 = a2 + b2
Chapter 5
Topic test
Chapter 5
Review
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. (Give reasons for your answers.)
C
E F
c
c
36
4w
B
110
Ex 5-01
114
2 a In PRT, PR = PT. PR is produced to M so that RM = RT.

Prove PTR = 2 MTR.
Ex 5-01
b BCD is equilateral, DBA is isosceles with BD = AB.

Prove AD CD.
M
D
3 a Show that the exterior angle of a regular dodecagon (12 sides) is 30.
b The size of an interior angle in a regular polygon is 175. How many sides has the
polygon?
Ex 5-02
4 Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) can be used to prove that the triangles in
each of these pairs are congruent?
Ex 5-03
b
8 5
5
78 60
8 cm
78
8 cm
60
5 Which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent? Give reasons.

a
Ex 5-03
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
227
CHAPTER 5
Ex 5-03
6 a KMNP is a square and XMN is equilateral.

Prove:
i KMX PNX
ii KPX is isosceles.
b In the diagram, DEFG is a quadrilateral.

DG = EF and DF = EG.
i Prove that DEF EDG.
ii Prove that DEY is isosceles.
iii Hence, prove that FGY is isosceles.
iv Show that DE || GF.
Ex 5-04
Ex 5-05
Ex 5-06
F
Y
D
7 ABCD is a parallelogram. BC = BY = DX.

a Explain why DAX = BCY.
b Show that AD = DX.
c Prove that DAX BCY.
d Hence, prove that BXDY is a parallelogram.
8 If the diagonals of a quadrilatral bisect each angle at a vertex, then

the quadrilateral is a rhombus. Prove this result by following these
steps.
a Show + + + = 180.
b Prove = 180 ( + + ) using ABD and, hence, prove
that = .
c Hence, show = and that AB = BC.
d Now prove ABCD is a rhombus.
X
D
B
C
9 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following if the plane shapes in each pair
are similar.
a
9 cm
4 mm
7 cm
d mm
6 mm
9 mm
k cm
10 cm
d
7
11
6
10
y
3
m
228
10 If ABC is similar to AED nd y (correct to one

decimal place).
Ex 5-06
A
12
E
y
D
5
B
15
11 ABE is similar to ACD. Find the value of d.
7 cm
C
Ex 5-06
9 cm
5 cm
B
d cm
12 AC bisects BAD. Prove ACD ||| ABC.
Ex 5-07
D
8
3.2
20
13 ABCD is a square.
a Prove WBA ||| CYD.
b Prove WA DY = AB CD and, hence, that AD2 = WA DY.
Ex 5-07
D
C
A
W
14 a JKLM is a rhombus. Show JL2 + KM2 = 4JK2.
b PQMN is a square and AM = BQ. Prove that NPC is

isosceles.
X
L
Ex 5-08
K
N
M
A
C
B
DE DUCTIVE GEOMETRY
229
CHAPTER 5

New Century Maths 10: Stage 5.2/5.3 - Chapter 5

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05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.

fm Page 180 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 181 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

the types of triangles and quadrilaterals

Following from the previous result, another

what information is needed to establish

test for triangles One of four tests

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 182 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 183 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

4 Which of these pairs of lines are parallel? Give reasons.

Just for the record

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 184 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

(angle sum of isosceles triangle)

(angle sum of isosceles ECD)

Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

An acute-angled triangle is a triangle with all angles acute.

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 185 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the quadrilateral.

Diagonals AC and BD lie inside the

The diagonal MP does not lie inside the

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 186 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

opposite sides parallel

opposite sides parallel

opposite sides parallel

two pairs of equal adjacent sides

Reasoning: Is a square a rhombus?

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 187 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

2 The kite is not included in the

Prove that the exterior opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

1 What do you notice about the circle you have drawn?

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 188 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

6 What do you notice about the circle you have drawn?

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 189 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

4 a Find the value of p, q and w in the diagram on the

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 190 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

5 State whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F):

6 KL = ML and MN = MP. Find the value of x, giving

7 Segment YP bisects XYW, segment WP bisects TWY

8 BDF is an isosceles triangle and BF || CE.

9 Segment NK bisects HKL. Find the size of

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 191 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

10 AC || DE, BC = BE and CD = CE.

11 Find the value of x and y. (Give reasons for your answers.)

12 In the gure on the right, AC || ED, AE || BD and BE || CD.

13 In the gure on the right, LP bisects KLN and LM = LN.

14 In the gure on the right, AC = BC and DC = EC.

15 UXY is an equilateral triangle and WX = XU.

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 192 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

16 In the gure on the right, WY || PQ.

17 Segment AC bisects FAB and AD bisects HAB.

Properties of convex polygons

NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 193 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

Just for the record

05_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 194 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:45 PM

Angle sum of a convex polygon

Angle sum = (16 2) 180

Angle sum = (8 2) 180

2 The sum of the angles of a regular polygon is 3960.