Vocabulary Terms

Thaddeus Stevens

Andrew Johnson

Congressional Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877

Jourdon Anderson
Dawes Act

Wounded Knee

Crazy Horse

A Republican leader and one of the most

powerful members of the United States
House of Representatives. He was
chairman of the House Ways and Means
Committee and a witty, sarcastic speaker
and flamboyant party leader who
dominated the House from 1861 until his
death and wrote much of the financial
legislation that paid for the American Civil
War.
A political leader of the nineteenth century.
He was elected vice president in 1864 and
became president when Abraham Lincoln
was assassinated in 1865. He is one of two
presidents to have been impeached; the
House of Representatives charged him with
illegally dismissing a government official.
The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted
by only one vote.
Unwritten deal that settled the 1876
presidential election contest between
Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden
(Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency
in exchange for the permanent removal of
federal troops from the South.
Escaped slave who sent a letter back to his
old master after he had gotten away
Attempt to "Americanize" the Indians giving
each tribe 160 acres; after 25 years this
property would become theirs (if they were
good little whites) and they would become
an American citizen
A massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux
left the reservation in protest because of the
death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed
150 Sioux at wounded knee; last major
incident in the great plains
He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of
Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on
their beaver river. To avoid war, and save
his people Chief Joseph tried retreating to
Canada with his people. They were cornered
30 miles from safety and he surrendered in
1877.

Homestead Act

Turner Thesis

Shermans Special Field Order #15

14th Amendment

Chinese Exclusion Act

Vertical Integration

Family economy
Railroads

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much

as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5
years, improving it, and paying a nominal
fee of about $30 - instead of public land
being sold primarily for revenue, it was now
being given away to encourage a rapid
filling of empty spaces and to provide a
stimulus to the family farm, turned out to
be a cruel hoax because the land given to
the settlers usually had terrible soil and the
weather included no precipitation, many
farms were repossessed or failed until "dry
farming" took root on the plains , then
wheat, then massive irrigation projects
The historian Frederick Jackson Turner
argued that the frontier was the key factor
in the
development of American democracy and
institutions; he maintained that the frontier
served as a "safety valve" during periods of
economic crisis
Military orders issued by General Sherman
on January 16, 1865, that confiscated land
along the Atlantic Coast in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida to be settled by freed
slaves and blacks. The order was revoked by
Andrew Johnson later that year.
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution,
ratified in 1868, defining national
citizenship and forbidding the states to
restrict the basic rights of citizens or other
persons.
1882 - Chinese immigrants had to be
examined, and all convicts, polygamists,
prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering
from loathsome or contagious diseases, and
persons liable to become public
disturbances and problems were all
excluded from the U.S
Was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie.
It is when you combine into one
organization all phases of manufacturing
from mining to marketing. This makes
supplies more reliable and improved
efficiency. It controlled the quality of the
product at all stages of production.
The basic structure of production and
consumption
The rise of the railroads was a key
development in American culture that not
only changed the way of life, but encouraged
settlement westward, improved
communication throughout the nation,
connected the east and west, and convinced

Andrew Carnegie

The modern city

Homestead strike

Haymarket

How the Other Half Lives

Working Class Urban Culture

Sharecropping

Crop Lien

American transportation. As the railroad

grew larger, dependence on its quick and
cheap transportation grew not only for
people, but for market goods as well. In
building the railroad, much decision making
had to be done on the pros and cons of the
new method of transportation.
Steel king; integrated every phase of his
steel-making operation. Ships, railroads,
etc. pioneered "Vertical Integration" ; his
goal was to improve efficiency by making
supplies more reliable controlling the
quality of the product at all stages of
production and eliminating the middle man
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh
against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten
workers were killed in a riot when "scab"
labor was brought in to force an end to the
strike.
Began as a rally in support of striking
workers. An unknown person threw a bomb
at police as they dispersed the public
meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing
gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police
officers and an unknown number of
civilians. In the internationally publicized
legal proceedings that followed, eight
anarchists were tried for murder. Four were
put to death, and one committed suicide in
prison.
A book by John Riis that told the public
about the lives of the immigrants and those
who live in the tenements,
Jacob's article in Scribner's Magazine
became a best-selling book. Riis's fame
helped home press the city to improve living
conditions for the poor and to build parks
and schools.
Sharecropping was a system of work for
freedmen who were employed in the cotton
industry. This system traded a freedmen's
labor for the use of a house, land, and
sometimes further accommodations. They
would usually give half or more of their
grown crop to their landlords.
System that allowed farmers to get more
credit. They used harvested crops to pay
back their loans.

Wealth Against Commonwealth

Knights of Labor

William Jennings Bryan

Anglo-Saxonism
Lost Cause

Populist Party

W.E.B. Du Bois

Book by Henry Demarest Lloyd. . It was

part of the progressive movement and the
book's purpose was to show the wrong in
the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.
This group, which peaked membership in
1886, grew rapidly because of a
combination of their open-membership
policy, the continuing industrialization of
the American economy, and the growth of
urban population;
welcomed unskilled and semiskilled
workers, including women, immigrants, and
African Americans;
were idealists who believed they could
eliminate conflict between labor and
managements. Their goal was to create a
cooperative society in which laborers owned
the industries in which they worked.
Leader of the Democrats in the Chicago
convention of 1896 who was a supporter of
free silver and won his audiences with
biblical fervor; jobless workers and
bankrupt farmers resulted in Bryan's
assault on the gold standard striking fear in
many hearts
White southerners romanticized Civil War,
looked back at the old south nostalgically,
Confederate heroes looked at with
reverence
Formed in 1892 by members of the
Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed
to appeal to workers in all parts of the
country. Populists favored a larger role of
government in American Society, a
progressive income tax, and more direct
methods of democracy.
Black leader; Earned a Ph.D. at Harvard
(the first of his race to achieve that goal);
demanded complete equality for blacks,
social as well as economic, and helped
found the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
in 1910; rejecting Booker T. Washington's
gradualism and separatism, he demanded
that the "talented tenth" of the black
community be given full and immediate
access to the mainstream of American life;
died as a self-exile in Africa kin 1963, at the
age of 95; many of his differences with
Washington reflected the contrasting life
experiences of southern and northern
blacks; assailed Washington as an "Uncle

Convict Lease System

Ida B Wells-Barnett

Booker T Washington

De Jure segregation

Imperialism
Spanish American War

Election of 1896

Tom" who was condemning their race to

manual labor and perpetual inferiority
System in which southern states leased
gangs of convicted criminals to private
interests as a cheap labor supply. Convicts
paid nothing, money went to states, and
jobs taken away from labor force
African American journalist. published
statistics about lynching, urged African
Americans to protest by refusing to ride
streetcars or shop in white owned stores
A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep
to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of
survival, rather than leading a grand
uprising. Believed that building a strong
economic base was more critical at that
time than planning an uprising or fighting
for equal rights. Washington also stated in
his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in
1895 that blacks had to accept segregation
in the short term as they focused on
economic gain to achieve political equality
in the future. Served as important role
models for later leaders of the civil rights
movement.
De jure segregation (lawful) is segregation
by the law, requiring segregation. For
example, Rosa parks was arrested for
noncompliance with Jim Crow law. De facto
segregation is by the people/status quo/"the
way it is" segregation where people selfsegregate. For example, people mostly tend
to have friends of the same race with a few
'token' exceptions.
A policy of extending a country's power and
influence through diplomacy or military
force
Americans declared war on Spain after the
ship Maine exploded in Havana's Harbor.
The War was also caused by Americans'
desire to expand as well as the harsh
treatment that the Spanish had over the
Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to
help Cubans gain independence from Spain.
The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam
and Puerto Rico as well as control over the
Philippines. "A Splendid Little War."
William McKinley-Republican, North,
industry and high tariffs. Williams BryanDemocrat, West and South, farmers and low
tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of
silver and protective tariffs.

Strenuous life

Anti-imperialism

WCTU

Progressive electoral reform

Jane Addams

Hull House

Robert La Follette

Roosevelt preached the virtues of the

strenuous life and believed the educated,
wealthy Americans had a responsibility to
serve, guide, and inspire the poor
Being opposed to wars of conquest, and
expanding the country by taking someone
else's land, especially when they do not have
the same language and/or culture
Womans Christian Temperance Union. Led
by Frances Willard, the WCTU (Woman's
Christiam Temperance Union) was an
organization of women intended to mold
women into a political force. They
vehemently opposed alcohol. They were
largely unsuccessful in politics, however.
CULTURAL & POLITICAL
A middle-class woman dedicated to
uplifting the urban masses; college
educated (one of first generation);
established the Hull House in Chicago in
1889 (most prominent American settlement
house, mostly for immigrants); condemned
war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1931
Co-founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889 by
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr who
were soon joined by other volunteers called
"residents," it was one of the first settlement
houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into
one of the largest, with facilities in 13
buildings At its beginning, its main
purposes were to provide social and
educational opportunities for working class
people in the neighborhood, many of whom
were recent immigrants. There were classes
in literature, history, art, domestic activities
such as sewing, and many other subjects,
concerts free to everyone, free lectures on
current issues, and clubs both for children
and adults. Later, the settlement branched
out and offered services to ameliorate some
of the effects of poverty.
Gov of Wis. most militant of progressive
GOP leaders. helped break the power of the
Wisconsin political machine and persuaded
legislatures to levy heavier taxes on rr's and
other public utilities. Commissions created
to regulate companies with a public interest
and begin conservation movement in Wis.

Eugene Debs

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Theodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

How WWI changed the US

Fourteen Points

19th Amendment

Head of the American Railway Union and

director of the Pullman strike; he was
imprisoned along with his associates for
ignoring a federal court injunction to stop
striking. While in prison, he read Socialist
literature and emerged as a Socialist leader
in America.
A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist
Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly
women. They died because the doors were
locked and the windows were too high for
them to get to the ground. Dramatized the
poor working conditions and let to federal
regulations to protect workers.
26th president, known for:
conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn
Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal,"
Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel
Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in
Russo-Japanese War
28th president of the United States, known
for World War I leadership, created Federal
Reserve, Federal Trade Commission,
Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income
tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage
(reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14
points post-war plan, League of Nations
(but failed to win U.S. ratification), won
Nobel Peace Prize
The war aims outlined by President Wilson
in 1918, which he believed would promote
lasting peace; called for self-determination,
freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret
agreements, reduction of arms and a league
of nations
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920)
extended the right to vote to women in
federal or state elections.

Part I: Noncumulative Essay (1/2) 50%

Liberty: the shifting meaning of liberty, and how various groups of Americans fought over defining
liberty

Regionalism: how distinct were the West and South from the Northeast? In what ways did they share
an American experience, and in what ways did their economy, culture, politics, and society differ?

Race: How have understandings of race changed over time, and how did they influence American
beliefs about slavery, sectional division, Reconstruction, labor, immigration, and reform?

Reform: What have been the major periods of reform between 1830 and 1920? What explains these
bursts of reform? Do you see differences and similarities between them?

Part II: Noncumulative Essay (1/2) 40%

Industrialization, and its consequences for the economy, labor, urban life, and politics

The incorporation of the West

The 1890s as a turning point decade in US history

Post-emancipation race relations

The New South

Foreign policy and globalization in the Gilded Age to WWI

Progressive reform and its effect on state, local, and national politics