Unit 01 Reservoir Fluid Properties Intro-4 PDF

1
THERMODYNAMICS & RESERVOIR

FLUID PROPERTIES
Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk
Dr Hassan
Who is your Course Instructor
What is this course about
How will we conduct the course
Assessments
Home work
Come to class. Par?cipate, ask ques?ons don't be
afraid, KNOWLEDGE is acquired, is not hereditary.
Study your lessons and chapter guides
The Book to have For TB 1
Chapter1: Components of Naturally

Occurring Petroleum Fluids (p.1-45)
Chapter 2: Phase Behavior: Pure
Substances (p.46-61)
C h a p t e r 2 : P h a s e B e h a v i o r : 2
component systems (p.63-75)
Chapter 3: Equa?ons of State (Gas):
Ideal Gases (p.90-102)
Chapter 3: Equa?ons of State (Gas):
Mixtures of Ideal Gases (p.102-112)
Chapter 4: Equa?ons of State for Real
Gases (p. 129-146)
Chapter 5: Five Reservoir Fluids: Black
and Vola?le Oils (p.147-158)
Chapter 5: Five Reservoir Fluids:
Retrograde, Wet & Dry Gases (p.
154-158)
Technical Requirements for

4
HOMEWORK and REPORTS
ability to properly analyze and solve problems will
Your demonstrated
determine your grade in this course. There are three objec?ves which you
must sa?sfy for full credit on each problem: (The three C's).

1. Is it CLEAR? The deni?on of the problem, the methods and procedures
you apply, and your results should be clearly presented so that anyone who
is unfamiliar with the problem could easily follow what you have done by
looking at your paper (report). If I can't tell what you did, it must be wrong.

2. Is it COMPLETE All given data and unknowns, all symbols, all equa?ons
represen?ng the principles you use, all calcula?ons with units, and all results
should be iden?ed and presented in a logical, complete and
comprehensive form.

3. Is it CORRECT? The right answer is important. You may get par?al credit
for wrong answers in school, but there is no par?al credit for wrong answers
in the real world.
Achieve These Objec?ves
1. Draw a diagram (beger than 1000 words). This needs not to be a

"work of art", but it is usually a graph or a block diagram which
represents the process you are analyzing, with appropriate lines
represen?ng "paths", and "outputs" to the problem, and all
reference points are properly iden?ed.
2. Label the Diagram. Symbols represen?ng all variables and
parameters of signicance in the problem should be placed at
appropriate points on the diagram. Values of quan??es which
are given or known should be indicated, and those quan??es
which are to be found should be iden?ed. The symbols used to
represent the physical quan??es should be obvious, or clearly
dened.
3. State your Assump?ons. Major assump?ons as to the nature of
the system, uid proper?es, pressure and temperature
condi?ons, etc. which limit or restrict the range of applica?on of
your solu?on should be stated explicitly.
6
4. Write Equa?ons. All general principles which are applied to
problem solu?ons that should be expressed in equa?on form.
These general equa?ons can then be reduced to a form
consistent with your assump?ons, and should be wrigen using
the symbols which you have used to label the diagram.
5. Solve Equa?ons. The equa?ons should be solved for the
unknown quan??es in terms of the known quan??es. The
solu?on should be carried out in terms of the symbols
represen?ng the variables, whenever possible, before
introducing an numbers or data. This procedure ojen saves a lot
of ?me doing unnecessary calcula?ons. Some?mes, for complex
problems, doing some intermediate calcula?ons will simplify the
solu?on, but otherwise save the "number crunching" un?l last.
6. Calculate Answers. Introduce known quan??es and appropriate
data with units in consistent form (including conversion factors
where needed) into the equa?ons and calculate the answer. All
answers should be clearly iden?ed, and expressed in a number
of signicant digits consistent with given data.
Exam Rules & Format

1.
2.
3.
4.
Be able to derive equa?ons from given Informa?on

Bring your own calculator, ruler, pencil, and eraser
Cell phones must not be used or be on your person
Write down clearly and show all intermediate
work or NO CREDIT
5. Highlight / box nal answers
Moodle
Lectures
Addi?onal Reading Material (papers)
Some Solved exercises
Syllabus, Study Guide
Mock exam papers
Read
Chapters 1 from McCain's book.
Assignment # 1 Fluids
Solve Exercise Problems from W.D. McCain, Chapter 1
(pages 42-44):
1.3 (Table 10-2 in on page 270)
1.5
1.12
1.13
1.14
10
Organic Naming Rules
For complete Rules go to:

hgp://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/
Organic Compounds
Consist of mainly four
elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
11
Numbers and Types of Bonds for 12

Common Elements in Organic Compounds
Applica'on of the octet rule indicates that these elements
should bond as shown below:
Section 14.1
Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect

14 | 13
Structural Formulas
13
An Example
Two structural formulas are shown above. Which on

does not represent a real compound?
In structure (a) each H and halogen has one bond,
each C has four bonds, and each O has two bonds.
This is a valid structure.
Section 14.1
Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect

14 | 14
Structural Formulas
14
An Example
As we examine (b), we note that each H has one

bond, each C has four bonds, the N has three
bonds, BUT the O has three bonds.
The O should only have two bonds.
Therefore (b) is not a valid structure.
Section 14.1
15
Iden?fying Incorrect Structural
F
ormulas
14 | 15
Condence Exercise
The structural formula above appears in a recent

chemistry book. Check the number of bonds to
each atom and determine whether any bonding
rules are violated.

Section 14.1
16
Iden?fying
I
ncorrect
S
tructural
O should have two
Each C should have
bonds, C should have 4
4 bonds
Formulas

bonds
Condence Exercise
This is not a valid

structure for caffeine!
Each N should have

3 bonds
Section 14.1
Hydrocarbons
17
14 | 17
Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic

compounds.
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and
hydrogen. (H)
For classica?on purposes, all other organic
compounds are considered deriva?ves of
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons can be divided into aroma?c and
alipha?c hydrocarbons.
Section 14.2
18
Why Do We Need a Separate Set of

Rules?
Examine some typical organic compounds
CH4 Carbon tetrahydride
C2H6 Dicarbon hexahydride
Name these using typical covalent rules

19
So?
That wasnt so bad, right?
How about these:
Tetracarbon decahydride
C4H10
C5H12
Pentacarbon ??? hydride
See my point?
20
Isomers
If thats not enough, how about this one:
H
Formula?
C4H10
Dierent
Structure

Same
Formula
H
H
H
H
Formula?
C4H10
Overall Problems
Memorizing too many prexes for large numbers
Dierent chemicals having the same formulas
Keep in mind that thus far weve only dealt with
TWO dierent elements!
21
22
So what to do?
Number of hydrogens is going to be the same,
regardless of isomerism
H
C5H12
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
C
H
H
C
H H
C5H12
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C H
H
C5H12
Solu?on
23
Since number of hydrogens dont change with isomerism,

why bother naming them?
Name the molecule simply based on number of CARBONS
We can always add prexes or suxes later for
dieren?a?on
24
Name based on number of Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
Did that Really Help?

H
H
CH4
Carbon tetrahydride becomes:
25
Methane
C2H6
Dicarbon hexahydride becomes:
Ethane
C8H18
Octacarbon ???hydride becomes:

Octane
Branches
Straight-chain alkanes (Just C & H with single
bonds) are now easy
H H H H
H
C4H10 Butane
But how do we deal with branches?

H
H
H
H
H
H H H
C4H10 ????
26
Rules pt. 2
27
Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons

Name it as normal
Iden?fy the branch
Name it but give it a yl sux
Put the names of all branches rst, then put name of longest
chain
28
Example
methyl
Branch is one long

H
Longest unbranched chain of
carbons is three long
H
H
H
H
propane
Methyl Propane
29
H
H
Prac?ce
Methyl butane
H
C H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Ethyl pentane
30
One More Prac?ce
It doesnt mager
which way you go!
(Provided you correctly pick

the longest unbranched
chain)
Methyl Butane
31
Be Careful
H
This is your longest

uninterrupted chain

H
H
Methyl
Hexane
Methyl Hexane
32
A Small Wrinkle
H
Methyl Pentane
Methyl Pentane
H
H
These are dierent molecules, though!!!

So Now What?
Since two dierent molecules cant have the same
name, we must dieren?ate
If we look closely, though, the only dierence
between them is the posi?on of the methyl group
33
34
Posi?oning
2- Methyl Pentane 3- Methyl Pentane
H
H
H
Here the methyl group is on

the second carbon from the
end
Here the methyl group is on

the third carbon from the end
So
Rules pt. 3
35
Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons

Name it as normal
Iden?fy the branch
Name it but give it a yl sux
Put the names of all branches rst, then put name of longest
chain
Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start
numbering from the closest single end)
36
H
H
H
H
Prac?ce
C
2-methyl
heptane
H
4-methyl octane
H
H
H
C C C
H
H
2-methyl hexane
Mul?ple Branches
So far weve only had one branch

What happens when there are multple branches?
Just add a prex to indicate the number of a
par?cular type of branch
37
Prac?ce
2- methyl
H
H
H
H
H
H
38
heptane
2- methyl
2-methyl, 2-methyl
heptane
2,2 dimethyl
Sounds
redundant
More Prac?ce
39
H
H
H
H
2, 6-dimethyl
octane
H
H
C
H
H
H
3 ethyl-2,4-
dimethyl pentane
Shorthand nota?on
H
H
40
Keep in mind that we have been ignoring the

hydrogens for a long ?me.
Our names have been based en?rely on the

posi?oning of the carbons.
So lets now ignore the hydrogens
completely!
41
H
H
Is it that easy?
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
42
One More
Shorthand nota?on?
H
H
C
H
H
H
3-ethyl-2,4 dimethyl hexane

Name?
Rings
Thus far we have dealt with chains that are
straight or branched.
If hydrocarbons are long enough, one end can
wrap around and link up with itself!
We call these cyclic hydrocarbons.
43
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
44
Name the molecule as normal

Add the prex cyclo- to the front of the name of the
longest chain
Start numbering from the most important branch
in the ring
Cyclohexane
Cyclooctane
45
More Examples
Methyl cyclopentane
1,2 dimethyl
cyclohexane
46
Try These
1 ethyl, 3 methyl
cyclobutane
3 methyl, 1 propyl
cylclohexane
Mul?ple Bonds
So far, even with the cyclic structures we have
dealt only with single bonds
Carbon can make mul?ple bonds to another
carbon
This changes the name
Why?
47
48
Examine Structures
H
C2H6
Ethane- no?ce that each carbon has

four bonds
What will happen to the structure if we double bond the two carbons?
C2H4
Each carbon s?ll has four bonds BUT

now the hydrogens have changed!!
Naming molecules with mul?ple

bonds
Name the molecule as
normal
Change the sux of the
longest chain name
Double bonds = ene
Triple bonds = yne
Use numbering and
prexes for posi?oning
and mul?ple mul?ple
bonds.
49
50
So.
H
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
ethane
ethene
ethyne
51
H
H
Prac?ce
2-heptene
1-butene
H
H
H
H
3 methyl-1-pentene
52
How about in Shorthand?
No?ce the two lines

means the double
bond is there!
2 pentene
53
Prac?ce!
Methyl propene
2,4-dimethyl-2-
pentene
3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethyl-1-
pentene
54
Tough Ones
2 methyl 1,3 butadiene
1,2 dimethyl-1,4 cyclohexadiene

55
Triples?
3, 3-dimethyl-1-butyne
1,4 cyclohexadiyne
Func?onal Groups
Nature has done us a favor.
There are many common groups that we can
organized or le into dierent categories.
Then we can name them based on these
categories.
A group of atoms that, when added to a
hydrocarbon chain, alter the chemical proper?es
of the chain.
Just a few dierent func?onal groups to know
56
57
Func?onal Groups
Halogens
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I

R-OH
R-O-R
R-COH
R-CO-R
R-COOH
R-COO-R
R-NH2
Halides
58
Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides

Simply name the molecule as normal but add the
prex Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, or Iodo as necessary
Cl
2, 3 dichlorohexane
I
Cl
3, 3 diiodo-1-pentene
I
Alcohols
OH
R-OH
Name like normal
except add an ol
sux
2 propanol
H
59
OH
1cyclobutenol
OH
ethanol
Ethers
60
R-O-R
Name two R groups with yl endings
End name in ether
O
Dimethyl ether
Ethyl methyl ether
Aldehyde
R-COH
This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a
hydrogen at the end.
Name as normal except use a -al sux
Cl
Cl
61
butanal
3,3 dichloropentanal
Ketones
R-CO-R
This is a carbon to oxygen double bond but in the
center of a hydrocarbon chain rather than the end
Name as normal but give it a -one sux
propanone
O H
C
H
2 hexanone
62
Carboxylic Acids
63
R-COOH or R-CO2H
This is a carbon to oxygn double bond with the same
carbon single-bonded to an OH group.
Name as normal except give it the sux -anoic acid.
H
HO
OH
H H
Butanoic acid
3-Fluoropropanoic acid
Esters
64
R-COO-R
This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a carbon to oxygen
single bonded to another single bonded carbon
Name by given secondary branch -yl sux and main branch
-anoate sux.
Secondary
Methyl Pentanoate Branch
Main Branch
pentanoate
H
O
methyl
65
H
H
C
H
Esters
O H
Butyl propanoate
Methyl
hexanoate
Amines
66
R-NH2
Name the R group or groups with -yl endings
Add the word amine
H
H
Methyl amine
C
H
N
C
H
H
Dimethyl amine
67
Summary
Cl
OH
R C
Carboxylic Acid
O
R
O
C
Ester
Ketone
Aldehyde
O
Ether
O
C
Alcohol
Halide
OH
NH2
Amine
68
Summary
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
-
=

R-X
R-OH
R-O-R
R-COH
R-CO-R
R-COOH
R-COO-R
R-NH2
-ane
-ene
-yne
-o
-ol
-yl ether
-al
-one
-anoic acid
-yl -anoate
-yl amine
69
Classica?on of Hydrocarbons
Can You Do This?
YES!
It takes:
Memoriza?on
Prac?ce
Prac?ce
Prac?ce
Prac?ce
And, oh yes
Prac?ce!
70
Read
71
Chapters 1 from McCain's book.
Assignment # 1 Fluids
Solve Exercise Problems from W.D. McCain, Chapter 1
(pages 42-44):
1.3 (Table 10-2 in on page 270)
1.5
1.12
1.13
1.14

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1

THERMODYNAMICS & RESERVOIR

The Book to have For TB 1

Chapter1: Components of Naturally

Technical Requirements for

Achieve These Objec?ves

1. Draw a diagram (beger than 1000 words). This needs not to be a

Exam Rules & Format

Be able to derive equa?ons from given Informa?on

Chapters 1 from McCain's book.

Organic Naming Rules

For complete Rules go to:

Numbers and Types of Bonds for 12

Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect

Two structural formulas are shown above. Which on

Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect

As we examine (b), we note that each H has one

The structural formula above appears in a recent

This is not a valid

Each N should have

Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic

Why Do We Need a Separate Set of

Since number of hydrogens dont change with isomerism,

Name based on number of Carbons

Did that Really Help?

Carbon tetrahydride becomes:

Dicarbon hexahydride becomes:

Octacarbon ???hydride becomes:

But how do we deal with branches?

Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons

Branch is one long

One More Prac?ce

(Provided you correctly pick

This is your longest

These are dierent molecules, though!!!

Here the methyl group is on

Here the methyl group is on

Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons

So far weve only had one branch

Keep in mind that we have been ignoring the

Our names have been based en?rely on the

So lets now ignore the hydrogens

3-ethyl-2,4 dimethyl hexane

Name the molecule as normal

Ethane- no?ce that each carbon has

Each carbon s?ll has four bonds BUT

Naming molecules with mul?ple

How about in Shorthand?

No?ce the two lines

1,2 dimethyl-1,4 cyclohexadiene

R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I

Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides

Can You Do This?

Chapters 1 from McCain's book.

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