BS 8110 : Part 1: 1997 tana muting one! ‘Table 8.24 Bar schedule dimensions: deduction for pormissible deviations Distance between | Type of bar Toul concrete faces deduction ‘0 up to and Tinks and other bent] 10 including 1 ars [Above Lup to and | Links and other bent} 15 inebudirg 2 bas Over 2 Links and other bent| 20 bars [Any length ___| Straight bars 40 These deductions will apply to most reinforced cconerete construction. However, where the permissible evition on mentver size is greater than 5 mun, 5 rn, 10mm and 10 mam for the four categories respectively largor dodsotions showid be siade oF the cover increased. 3.12.15 Accumulation of errors In practice, the positioning of bars within ther alloted individual permissible deviations may recut in the accnmalation of permiseible deviations all in one digction. This may lead to redactions in resistance ‘moments exceeding the percentage alowed for in the ‘orm value ofthe paral safety factors, Inthe design of particularly critical member, therefore, appropriate ‘Adjurmont v0 the ffecthe depth ascumed may Be necessary. 3.122 Joints 3.1221 Construction joints Careful consideration should be given tothe location of construction joins and their position agreed before oncrediy, They shvuld geueaaly De at sgh ales the direction of the member. I special preparation of the join faces is required, it should be specified 3.12.28 Movement joints ‘The location of movernent joints should be clearly indicated on the drawings both forthe individual metabers and for the strichires as a whole Tn general ‘ovement joints in the structure should pass Uuought the whole structure in one plane. Information on ‘tious types of movement joints is given in section 8 of BEBLIO-Par'2 1055 3.12 Design of ties 3.12.3.1 General The necessary interaction between elements is obtained by tying the structure together using the folowing types of tie (see 2.2.2.2 2) peripheral ties; ) internal tes; © horizontal tiesto columns and walls; 4) vertical tis, Section is aaa ivFnd Siveuonn ‘Where a bul is divided by expansion juts into sracturallv independent sections. each sertion shold fave an appropnate tying system. 8.12.32 Proportioning of ties In the desien of the tis, the reinforcement may be_ assumed tobe acting atts characteristic strength aid forces other than those given in 3.12.54 to 3.12.3.7 may be neglected. Reinforcement provided for other purposes may be regarded ao forming part of, oe ‘whole of, these ties. 3.12.33 Continuity and anchorage of ties Bare chould be lapped, welded or mechanically joined in cordance with 3.1289. ‘A te may be considered anchored to atone the at Tight angles ifthe bars of the former tie extend 4) 129 or an equivalent anchorage beyond all the bars of the other ti; or b) an effective anchorage length (based on the force an the bars) beyond ine ceniresne of te bars of te other ue ' ‘At reentrant comers or at substantial changes in construction, care should be taken to erste thatthe tes are alaquately anchored or utherwise made effective 3.12.34 Internat ties B.12.3.4.1 Distribution and location ‘These ties should be at each floor and roof level in to directions approximated: at rit ances, They should be effectively continuous throughout their length and should be anchored tothe peripheral ties at ‘each end (unless continuing as horizontal tis to ‘column oF wll) Thy mgs in whole or in part be spread evenly inthe slabs or may be grouped ator in beams, walls or other appropriste postions, but at spacings generally not greater than 15l, where [i the ‘Beate ofthe dances in rts) between the centres ofthe columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in the dection of the te hover consieraton walle thy shld be win ‘05m of the top oF botioin of Noor slabs. B3.123.4.2 Sirongth In each direction, the ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force (in KN/m width) equal to the sreater of: Go, +0.) ig the sum of the sweroge charactaristie dead and imposed floor loads (in kN/m?); R is the lesser of (20 + dg) oF 60, where My 's the number of storeys in the structure: bk Js as defined in 8.12.3.4.1, © ©Rst 1087‘Whenever walls oceur in plan in one direction only (eg ‘cross wall’ or ‘spine wall construction) the value Of fy wood when assessing tho te force in the direction ‘to the wall should be taken as elther the actual length of the wall or the length which may be ‘considered lost in the event of an accident, whichever Is the lesser. The lengin whucn may be considered iost should be taken as the length beoween adjacent lateral ‘supports or between a lateral support and a free edge. Burthor information ie given in 2.6.2.2 of BS 8110 Port? : 1988, 3.12.3.5 Peripherai ties ‘At each floor and rvof level on effoctvely continuous peripheral tie should be provided, capable of resisting a tensile force (in kilonewtors) of LOF, located within 112 m of the edge of the building or within the perimeter wall 3.42.3.6 Horizontal ties to columns and walls 9.12.9.6.1 Gonorat Each external column and, ifthe peripheral tie is not located within dhe wall, every metre length of external ‘all carrying vertical oad should be anchored or ted horizontally into the structure at each floor and roof level with a te capable of develcping a force (in Idlonewtons) equal to the greater of: 4) 20F; (OF U0) AC ess, where fi whe Aor» ceiling height (in metres); or ib) 3% of the total design uhimate vertical [cad casried by the column or wall at that love Where the peripheral tie is located within the wall, only such Norizontal ying as is required to anchor the intemal ties to the peripheral ies needs to be provided Gee 8.12341 and 3.12.3.42). 3.12.8.6.2 Corner columns ties ‘Comer columne ehould he tied ints the strichre at each floor and ronf level in each of two directions, approximately at right angles, with ties each capable of developing a force equal to the greater of a) or b) of B125.0.1 8.12.8.7 Vertical ties Each column and each wall earrying vertical load should be tied continuowsly frem the lowest to the highest level. The tie should be capable of resisting 2 tensile force equal to the maximum design ultimate dead and imposed load received by tho ealuran ar wll from any one storey. The design load is that assessed in accordance with 2.4.8.2. Where a column or a wall at its lowest level is supported by an element other than a foundation, a general cheek for structural invegrty should be made in accordance with 3.1.4. wonariliaan shuting al voli is 8.12.4 Reinforcement 8.12.4.1 Groups of bars Bars may be in groups of two, three or four, in contact, ‘Where this is done, the bundle or pair should be ‘treated as a single bar of equivalent area for all purposee in section 2. In no situation, ovon at laps, ‘should more thar four bars be arranged in contact 9.12.42 Bar schedule dimensions ais should be acheduled in accordance with BS 4168, Where reinforcement isto fit between two concrete faces, the permissible deviations recommended in 3.12.14 should be adopted. 8.12.5 Minimum areas of reinforcement in members 9.12.5.1 Generat Enough reinforcement should be provided to control, ‘within reason, cracks however caused. The minimum ‘uantities recommended in 8.12.5.8 and 3.12.54 ‘should suiice, 3.12.52 Symbols For the purposes of 2.12.5 the following symbols apps. 4c total area of concrete, = Ae area of concrete in compression, ‘Ag tinknum recommended area of reinforcement. Age area of steel in compression. Ag area of transverse steel in a Mange. breadth of section. dig rendth oF effoctive breadth of the sb; for a box, Tot I section, by is taken as the average breadtit of the concrete below the Mange. 4 characteristic strength of reinforcement. ‘i overall depth of the cmes-section of a reinforced ‘member, iy depth of fangu. 1 span of the beam. 3.12.53 Minimum percentages of reinforcement ‘The minimum percentages of reinforcement appropriate for various conditions of loading and types of member are given in table 325. ‘Me murumum number of tonginudunal bars in a cota. should be four in rectangular columns and six in circular columns, and the size of bar should be not less tan 19 mim 3.12.54 Minimum size of bars in side faces of beams to control cracking (see 3.12.11.2.6) “The minimum sine of hare in side fares of beams te control cracking should be not less than \(S,/f,) ‘where oy isthe bar spacing and b the breadth of the section at the point considered, or 500 mum if b exceeds v0 mu. abo omy iran as Ave pecuun 9 ees go el | ronan Hrainget nol i pa veuyn Table 325 Minimum percentages of reinforcement Tieton ‘Dentin | Minimum percentage Percentage = Nen? [p= woo] Tension reinforcement Sections subjected mainly to pure tension wooryae fos 045 Sections subjected to flexure: 2) flanged beams, web in tension: 1 bal < 04 1m, [ose 018 2) byl = 04 louver — | 924 013 3) Ranged beams, flange in tension 1) Team tonayogn | a8 026 2) Lbearn 1On4ye | 038 020 rectangular section (in sold slabs this minimum should | 1004/4. | 024 013 tbe provided in boas directions) I Compression reinforooment (where such reinforcement is required for the ultimaté init stats) General ule |2004/Ace [04 os Stnplifed rules for particular cases: 2) rectangular coluran or wall romania, ow on ») flanged bear: 1) flange in compression 1oarjoh — | oa o4 2) web ia compression 1onAgoyn [vz 02 ©) rectangular beara 1OUA4e 02 02 Transverse reinforcement in flanges or Ranged beams 100A [OIE 015 (otonided over aul ettecave ange wath near top strface to Fesist horizontal shear) I | 8.12.6 Maximum areas of reinforcement in 2.127 Containment of compreaston members reinforcement 3126.1 Beams B27 Links for containment ¢f beam or column Neither the are of tension roinforcoment nor the arca_ €0mpressinn reinforcement of compression reinforcement siould exceed 45 of the When part or all of the main reinforcement is required cross-sectional area ofthe concrete to esist compression links ori at eat oneerter ‘size ofthe largest compression bar or 6 mum, 2.12.62 Columns ‘whichever isthe greater, should be provided a The longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed the maximum spacing of 12 mes the soe of tr onclest following amounts, calculated as pereentages of the compression har ross cross-sectional area of the concrete nee .12:1.2 Arrangement of links for containment ) verically-cast columns: 6 5% ‘eam or column compression retiyoreement ») horizontally-east columns: 8% Every comer, bar, and each altemate ar (or palr or SHS in vertically. or horizontallyeast columns bundle) in an utes layer uf wendurceten etd oe supported by a link passing round the bar and having 3.12.63 Watts an included ange of not more than 135%, No bar within ef venta eons chou not encced EOE ze shouldbe frthes tan 1 ‘01 tbe tress; cross-sectional area of the eoneret. east 19673.12.73 Containment af compression reinforcement around periphery of cireular column Adequate lateral support is provided by a circular tie passing round the bars or groups. The size and spacing Of the tes should be in accordance with 3.12.7.1, 3.12.74 Horizontal bars for support of small ‘amounts of compression reinforcement in walls ‘Where the main vertical reinforcement is used to resist compression and does no: exceed 2% ofthe concrete ‘area, atleast the following percentages of horizontal reinforcement should be provided, depending upon me characteristic strength of that reinforcement: a) fy = 250 Ninwe? : 030 % of eonerete area; D)fy = 400 Niu? = 025 % uf eoerewe are ‘These horizontal bars should be evenly spaced and be not less then one quarter of the ize of the vertical bars ft lean then an 8.1215 Links for containment of large amounts of compression reinforcement in walls When the vertical compression reinforcement exceods 2% links at least 6 mm or one-quarter the sac uf the largest compression bar should be provided through the thickness of the wall, The spacing of links should not exceed twice the wail thickness in either the horizontal or vertical direction, In the vertieal direction it should be not greater than 16 times the bar size. ll vertical comprostion bare sould be enclosed by a lnk. No bar should be further than 200-mnt from 2 resrained bar, at which a ink passes round the bar ‘ith an included angle of not more than 90°. 3.12.8 Bond, anchorage, bearing, laps, joints and bends in bars BADR Avoidance af hand failure due to ultimate loads [At both sides of any cross-section the force in each har should be developed by an appropriate eniedment length or other end anchorage. Provided this is done, Joeal bond stress may be ignored 8.12.82 Anchorage bond stress Anchorage bond stress is assumed to be constant over the effective anchorage length. It may be taken as the force in the bar divided by its effective surface snchomage arca (see 8.12.8.9), Ie should not exceed te appropriate value obtained from 3.12.84. 8.12.83 Design anchorage bond stress ‘Th design anchorage Dond stress Jp 18 assumed to be ‘constant over the anchovage length ard is given by the following equation: fo F/ned where equation 43 fy 1s the bond stress: Fy is the force in the bar or group of bars; 1 isthe anchorage length; ve io the effecuive bur size which, for a single bar is equal to the bar size and, for a group of bars in contact is equal to the diameter of a bar of ‘equal total area 3.12.84 Values for design ultimate anchorage bond stress ‘Values for design ultonare anciorage bond stress fog ‘may be obtained from the equation: Sia Meu where equation 49 Jou is the design ultimate archoraye bond stress; 2 wa coofficiont dependent on the bar pe For bars in tension in slabs or ir beams where ‘mininmurn links have been provided in accordance with {apie 4, the values of may be taken from table 328, ‘These values include a partial safety factor (jp) of 1. Table HBG Values af bend cooficlont B Bar ope a ‘Bars in | Barain tension _| compression Plain bars 028/035 ‘Type 1: deformed bars 040 | 050 ‘Type 2: deformed bars so | os Fabric (see 3.12.85) 065 ost In beams where minimum links in accordance with table 37 have not been provided, the design anchorage bond stresses used should be those appropriate to plain bars irrespective of the type of bar used. This dues tut apply 1 slabs. Values for anchorage lengths are given in table327 as multiples of bar size © st 1097bo SLU: rare 1: 199s 3.12.8.5 Design ultimate anchorage bond stresses for fabrie ‘The value for design ultimate anchorage bond stress siren in 8.12.64 fr fabs spplable to fabri ‘manufactured from bars conforming to or ‘wires confortaing to BS 4482. This is provided: a) the fabric is welded in a shear vesistanve manner conforming to BS 4483; and >) the number of welded intersections within the anchorage length is at least equal to 44, required/A, provided. ‘When condition 6) is not satisfied, the auchuiaxe Duin stress should be taken a¢ that appropriate to the individual bars or wires in the sheet. 8.12.8 6 Anchorage of linke link may be considered to be fully anchored if it satisfies the following: 2) it passes ronnd another har of at loast ite own ‘se, through an angle of 90°, and contiaues beyond for a minimum length of eight times ies own size; or ) it passes round another bar of atleast its own size, through an angle of 180°, and continues beyond {or a minimum length of four times its own size | no case should the radius of any bend in the link be Jee tan twice the radian of a test ben xuariiteed DY the manufacturer of the bar 3.12.87 Anchorage of welded fabric used as links A lnk may be vousidered (v be fully aichored whet inns within the length of the anchorage either two welded transverse wires or a single welded wire of sien wot es than 1. ines the sae of the wire bein 3.12.88 Anchorage of column starter bars in bases or pile caps ‘The compression bond stresses that develop on starter bars within bases or pile eaps do not need to be checked provided: 4) the suastero eases! dows w the level oF Wie bottom reinforcement; by) the base or pile cap has been designed for moments and cheare in accordance with 9-11, 3.2.8.9 Laps and joints Connections transferring stress may be lapped, welded or joined with mechanical devices!) . They chould be placed, if possible, away from points of high stress and Should preferably be staggered. Laps in fabric may be {svered or nested to maintain the lapped bars in ane 3.128.10 Joints where imposed loading is Predominantly cyclical "Wich cases Dars shold not be Joined by welding (9140/s‘e, Weseunstet, Londen SWIP IAC sonanauaavens Huse otnollisivounre Tas a ¢ 3.12.8.11 Minimum laps ‘The minimnm lap length for bar reinforcement should bbe not less than 15 times the bar size or 300 mm, Whichever is the greater, and for fabric reinforcement should be not leos than 260 mm, 8.12.8.12 Laps in beans and columas with limited cover Where both bars at a lap exceed size 20 and the cover Is less than 1.5 times the size of the smaller bar, ‘transverse links should be provided throughout the lap Tengil. At dhe lay Whe links should be at least ‘une-quatter the size of the smaller dar and the spacing should not exceed 200 mm, 8.12.13 Design of tension laps ‘The length siiould be at least equal to the design tension anchorage length (See 3.12.8.3 and 3.12.8.4) necessary 10 develop the required stress in the reinforcement. Lap lengths for unequal size bars (or wires in fabric) may be based upon the smaller bar The following provisions also apply: a) where a lap occurs at the top of a section as cast ‘and the minimum cover is less than twice the size of the lapped reinforcement. the lap length shot he increased by a factor of 1 ) where a lap occurs atthe corner of a section andl the minimum cover to either face is less than. tice the size of the lapped reinforcement or, where the clear distance between adjacent laps is less than, 75 mm or six times the size of the lapped rolnforecment, whichever ia the greaver, the lap Jength should be increased by a factor of L4; ©) in cases where both conditions a) and b) apply, the lp longth chawld he inereaced by a factor of 20. Values for lap lengths are given in table 3.2 multiples of bat size. 3.12.8.14 Maximum amount of reinforcement ina ayer including tension laps At laps, the sum of the reinforcement sizes in 2 particular layer should not exceed 40% of the breadth of the section at that level 3.12.8.15 Desian of compression laps ‘The length should be at least 25% greater than the compression anchorage length (see 3.12.83 and 8.12.84) necessary to develop the reauired stress in the reinforcement. Lap lengths for unequal size bars (or wires in fabric) may be based upon the smaller bar. ‘Values for lap lengths are given in table 3.27 as multiples of bar size. nfaration sce CIRIA Report 9,188, svaluble roe Construction Industry Research and Information Association. st 1007Fund olnalalnsveyane Table 3.27 Ultimate anchorage bond lengths and lap lengths as multiples of bar size Reinforcement pe" “rade 250] Grade «00 iF Thain | Deformed | Deformed | Fabre gpel [type == 5 Toner cube wrens 25 z "Tension anchorage and lap length a ( Ss 3 1A x tension lp ojo [7 ie |@ 2.0 x tension lap & iris «dS Conapression anchorage length Fa CC ‘Compression tap eng Cc = (a 3 Concrete enbe strength 30 ("Tension anchorase and la lent ~ [e 0 [at 14 tension ap 5 10 —ise «dS 0% tension fap 7% fe [ios «de Convpression anchorage lenatn (ee cE 7 Compression lap length 2 (2 (| ‘(st ‘Concrete cube strength 35 ‘Tension anchorase and lap Tenth «(er a8 2 TA tension lap 3 wo je | (0 20 tension fp, 7 fo et Compression anchorage length oo _*(se a ee ‘Compresion tap Tongs 3 [67 a (se Coneree cube strensth 40 "Tension anchorage end lap length mje. (8 1.4 tension lap cc Cae oe 20% tension lp ej (a 70 (5a Compression anchorage longh a 30 a Compression lap length EI e a (8 [ee NOTE The vos ar rounded wp i The ares whole marr and he Leng derived fromm these values may ifr slighty Bom 3.12.8.16 Butt joints 2.128101 Pans in compression In such cases the load may be transferred by end bearing of square sawn-cut ends held in concentric contact by a suitable sleeve or other couples. The onerete cover for the sleeve shotid be fot kes Wea that specified for normal reinforcement. 3.12.8.16.2 Bare in tension ‘The only acceptable form of full-strength butt joint for a bar in tension comprises a mechanical coupler satisfying the following criteria. 1) When a test is made of a representative aus Tength assembly comprising reinforcement of the size, grade and profile to be used and a coupler of the precise type tn he need, the permanent elongation after loading to 0.6%, should not exceed 04 mm. 1) The tensile strength of the coupled bar should exceed 287.5 Nimn? for grade 250, 629 Némn? for grade 460, hot rolled steel and 506 Nimm? for grade 4460, cokd worked steel. 3.12.8.17 Welded joints in bars For welded joints in bars, the following reemmendations appl 8) welded joints should not occur at bends; ) where possible, joints in parallel bars of the princinal tensile reinforcement should be staggered {n the longitudinal direction. orbo omy: rare es ie decuon 3 a a 8 rynaradvans wating elnolalasuauoin | | BOA eb 3.12.8.18 Strength of welds The following valuos may be used where the strength of the weld has been proved by tests to be at least as ‘eat as that of the parent bar 8) Jomas tn compression: 100% of the design strength of joined bars. ») Joints in tension: 80% of the design strength of Joined bare (10096 i welding atictly supervised ard fat any cross-section of the member not more than 20% ofthe tensile reinforcement is welded). 2.128.19 Design shear strength 2ffillor material in lapjoint welds ‘The design shear strength of filler material in lap jit ‘welds should be caken as 0.38 times its yield or proof Sess as given in ule appropriate Bitish Standards, 3.12820 Design of welded tap joints ‘The length of weld should be sufficient to transit the design Toad in te bar 3.12.8.21 Limitation of tength of weld in laps ‘The length of a run of weld should not normally ‘exceed five times the size of the bar. Ifa longer length of weld is required, it should be divided into sectious and the space between mns made not less than five timoe tho sso of tho baz 8.12.82 Hooks and benes End ancivorages in the form: of hooks and bends should only bo ured to mact opeaie design requirements and should congerm to 4456, $.12.8.23 Eifective anchorage length of a hook or ena ‘The effective enchorage length of a hook or bend is the length of siralght bar which would be equivalent in anchorage value to that portion of the bar between the SCA of the ben and a point {Our times the bar size beyond the end of the hend. Ths effective anchorage Jength may be taken as follows: 2) Fora 180" hook: eithsr (1) cight tines the intemal radius of the hook with @ maxinaum of 24 times the bar size; or (2) the actual length of bar in the hook including the straight portior, whichever is sreater ») For a 90" bend: either (1) four times the internal radius of the bend with a maximum of 12 times the bar sigs or (8) the netual length of the baz, Whichever is greater Ay length of bar in excess of four bardiameters beyond the end of the bend and which lies within the conerete in which the bar is to be anchored muy also be included for effective anchorage. 8.128.24 Minimum radius of bends | no case should this be less than twice the radius of the test bend guaranteed by the manufacturer of the bar, nor less than the radilis required to ensure tha: the hearing stra at the mid-point of the euive dues Mul exceed the values given in 3.12.8.25, 8.12.8.25 Desian bearina stress inside bends 8.12.8.25.1 Cases where checking is not needed Cases where the design bearing stress inside bends need nat be checked are a) where the bar does not extend beyond a point four bardiameters past the end of the bend; 1) whore the har is atsumod not to be etrecoed >eyond point four bardliameters past the end of the bend atthe ultimate Limit state. $128.98. Ather hors “The des bearing stress shouldbe calnlated from the following equation ening ere Oe eee ty 1+ 2(/ay) . where Fix_ the tril force due to ultmace loads In 2 bar or group of bars in contact atthe start of @ bend 1S me internal rads of the bend; @ the size ofthe bar (or, for a group, the size of a bar of equivalent area}; iy fora given bar (or group of bars in contact) is the centrato-enére distarce between bars (oF sr0ups of bars) perpendicular to the plane of the ond for bar or group of hare adjacent to the face of the member, ap should be taken as the cover plus g 3.12.9 Curtailment and anchorage of bars 3.12.91 General Except at end support (see 3.12.9.) in every Nexural member every bar should extend beyond the point at ‘hich in theory itis no longer needed, for a distance test yu (0 de greater of: 4) the effective depth of the member; or ») pwelve times the bar size 1m addition for a bar inthe tension zone, one ofthe following distances for all arrangements of design ultimate load should be consideree ¢) an anchorage leg apyioptite wo his desig strength (0.99%) from the poit at whic its no longer required to assist in resisting the bending moment; or 4) to the point where the design shear capacity of the section is greater than tice dhe design shear force at that section: or €) 0 the point where other bars continuing past that Point provide double the area required to resist the design bending moment at that section. Simplified rues for cuales ave ag given in 3.12.0. o © ast 1997