Professional Documents
Culture Documents
To contain the spread of communism & push the North Koreans above the 38 th parallel.
33. Why did Truman change his goal mid-war to spreading democracy and invading N. Korea?
Douglas MacArthur gave him bad advice! MacArthur told Truman the Chinese would not invade & that the
U.S. would never have to fight the Chinese.
34. Why did Truman return to his original goal for the war?
China did join North Korea in fighting UN forces.
So, Truman announced it was a limited war.
35. Why did Truman fire Gen. MacArthur? How did the American people respond to this?
In April 1951 MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman for publicly disagreeing with
Truman's limited war Korean War Policy. (insubordination)
MacArthur believed "In war, there is no substitute for victory" & he wanted to bomb China w/ nuclear
weapons to win & take North Korea.
American people supported MacArthur (gave him a heroes welcome home) & not Truman!
36. What was the most significant result of the Korean War?
The massive American rearmament that occurred due to NSC-68. **
37. What was Trumans domestic program known as?
Fair Deal (announced in 1949 inaugural address)
38. Briefly explain Trumans domestic program.
Fair Deal = wanted to extend the New Deal with social improvements like universal health care, civil rights
for black Americans, full employment, federal housing, & more Social Security beneficiaries
39. How was Truman able to expand on FDRs New Deal programs after WWII? Explain.
Truman wasnt able to expand on FDRs New Deal very much. He really just maintained the New Deal.
Why? Democrats regained control of the HR & Senate in the 1948 election BUT the Southern Democrats
(Dixiecrats) & Republicans created a coalition to protect states rights & weaken the federal government.
(The Fair Deal expanded the federal govt even more.)
40. What was the purpose of the Employment Act of 1946?
To end unemployment completely. This obviously did not occur.
41. Who was the first president to seriously attempt to alter racial discrimination? WHY?
Pres. Truman appointed the first federal civil rights committee responsible for investigating discrimination
based on race or religion. Its report, To Secure These Rights, clearly showed African-Americans' secondrate legal status, and Truman used it to push for his civil rights reforms.
42. By 1960, the military is the most integrated institution in America. Explain why.
Truman integrated the armed forces with Executive Order 9981 in 1948.
43. Who pushed Truman to issue an executive order integrating the military?
A. Philip Randolph (Pres. of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) & the NAACP. Why? Truman
instituted the 2nd peacetime military draft w/ the Selective Service Act of 1948 & Randolph started a civil
disobedience campaign against the segregated military.
o A. Philip Randolph got the military defense industry integrated under FDR w/ threat of march on
Washington, D.C.
o He will late organize the March on Washington in 1963 & invite MLK wholl give the I Have a
Dream Speech there.
44. The Smith Act (1940) is used by the federal govt in the 1940s and 1950s to attack whom?
Communists & communist supporters
45. What was the Taft-Hartley Act (1947)?
It amended the Wager (National Labor Relations Act) of 1935.
It greatly restricted the activities & powers of labor unions. How?
o 80 day cooling-off period before labor unions can go on strike
o No closed shops
46. Why did Truman veto it?
This was passed by the Republican held do nothing Congress over Trumans veto.
Republicans are pro-big business & tend to be anti-labor
47. Who loved him for not supporting the Taft-Hartley Act?
Labor unions
48. In 1946, American labor nicknamed Truman what?
Give em hell, Harry
49. In 1948, why did the Democrat Party spilt apart?
Civil Rights & progressive (liberal) issues
Truman was supportive of using the federal government to protect the civil rights of African Americans
which upset the Southern Democrats
The South wanted states rights protected & wanted to keep Jim Crow state laws promoting segregation =
States Rights Party = Dixiecrats = Strom Thurmond.
Democrats who wanted more progressive legislation & executive actions broke off & voted for Henry
Wallace = Progressive Party
50. Who ran for president representing the Dixiecrat (States Rights Party)?
Strom Thurmond
51. What did the Dixiecrats stand for?
Pro-segregation; anti-civil rights legislation; pro-states rights
52. Who did the newspaper declare the presidential winner in 1948?
Thomas Dewey (Pres.) & Ear Warren (VP)
53. Why did Truman win the election of 1948?
Black support, farmers, labor & old New Deal supporters
54. Who wanted Truman to give the bness owners & Republican leaders Hell?
labor
55. List 4 Reasons for the economic boom after WWII (1940s & 1950s) in the US.
1. Korean War
2. Consumer demand for goods
3. $37 billion in savings
4. Massive govt spending during Cold War
56. What was the purpose of the HUAC?
It was a House of Representatives investigative committee (1938-1975) with the goal of finding
communists & U.S.S.R. spies in the federal government & bringing them to justice.
57. Who was the most famous communist spy of the 1940s?
Alger Hiss
58. Who became famous for exposing and bring this spy to justice?
Republican HR member Richard Nixon
59. What was Alger Hiss convicted of? (Why not treason?)
Convicted of perjury (lying under oath)
Not treason b/c found not guilty before Pumpkin Papers evidence discovered by HUAC & cant retry
due to double jeopardy
60. Who was Joseph McCarthy and why did he rise to fame between 1950 and 1954?
He was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin who said he had a list of 200 Communists in the State
Department & then led a Senate Committee in accusing & investigating alleged communists in the federal
government & in high ranking areas of society.
McCarthy witch-hunt Hearings (1950-1954)
61. List 4 reasons McCarthyism spread in the 1950s:
1. Revelations about Soviet spies in the U.S. & Great Britain (Rosenbergs)
2. U.S.S.R. got the atomic bomb in 1949
3. China fell to communism in 1949
4. Trumans foreign policy (containment)
62. Who brought down McCarthy?
The U.S. Army attorney
63. Why were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed?
They were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information of the
American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
In 1951, they were found guilty under the Espionage Act of 1917 and sentenced to death.
o This helped fuel the McCarthy Senate hearings (1950-1954).
They were executed in 1953.
64. What is the 22nd Amendment and why was it passed?
Limits presidency to a maximum of 10 years (normally 2 terms)
Why? Republicans wanted to limit the power of the Democrats. Its an Anti-FDR Amendment b/c he had
4 terms.
77. The 1st satellite in space ever: Sputnik in what year? 1957
78. The 1st U.S. satellite in space Explorer I in what year? 1958
79. When did the Space Race begin?
1957
80. What is NASA?
Federal agency controlled by the President. It was created by Congress with the National Aeronautics and
Space Act (1958) under Pres. Eisenhower.
National Aeronautics Space Agency in charge of the space program, military & civilian scientific &
aeronautic research.
81. What is another type of satellite in the 1950s & 1960s besides the ones in space?
Satellite countries (like Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain controlled by the U.S.S.R
during the Cold War.)
82. Why was the National Defense Educational Act (1958) passed?
U.S. scared b/c Soviets beat us in the Space Race by putting Sputnik (1 st artificial unmanned satellite in
orbit)
83. What did the National Defense Education Act do?
Federal money put in all levels of public & private education to advance math, science & foreign language
skills to compete w/ the Soviets after they launched Sputnik.
84. What was the Hungarian Crisis? (Did brinkmanship work?)
Democratic Hungarian Nationalist forces try to overthrow the Hungarian Communist govt in power
controlled by the U.S.S.R.
The U.S. does not come to the Hungarian Nationalists aid (like we implied we would) b/c massive
retaliation brinkmanship foreign policy was overkill & we arent willing to start WWIII over Hungary.
Brinkmanship proves a failure in Hungary. Proves U.S. needs military special forces for jobs like this.
85. What were the 1959 Kitchen Debates?
Televised conversations between VP Nixon and Khrushchev concerning which economic system was
better: communism or capitalism.
86. What was the U-2 incident?
U.S. U2 spy plane crashes in U.S.S.R. (Gary Powers)
U.S. refuses to apologize for the incident & U.S.S.R. calls over the Paris Summit
87. Explain the domino theory. Who came up with it? Who is associated w/ it?
Domino Theory = If one country falls to communism then it will cause a chain reaction & before long the
world will be communist! So, even small countries matter b/c they can cause a chain reaction.
Idea started with Trumans administration (Truman Doctrine)
Most famously used as justification for Vietnam War w/ LBJ
88. How is Ikes presidency characterized best as?
A time of political moderation. (MODERATE)
89. Who invented the mass construction of suburban homes & where?
Levitt; original is in Levittown, NY
90. How did the Federal Interstate Hwy Act of 1957 help suburbs develop?
Commuting to and from home & work
91. Why was the Federal Interstate Hwy Act created?
Defense purposes. Military access into and out of cities.
92. Who wrote Baby and Child Care (1946)?
Dr. Spock
93. B-w 1940 & 1960, why were American wives increasingly required to take jobs outside the home?
To keep up with the Jones = to conform & fit-in and be a middle-class affluent family many women
needed to work as well.
94. What kind of education did everyone agree was needed to compete economically in the 1950s?
College education
95. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954):
Lawyer representing Brown = Thurgood Marshall
4 North Carolina A&T State Univ. freshman boys challenged segregation Jim Crow laws by sitting down at
a Woolworths lunch counter that only had chairs/stools for whites, while blacks had to stand and eat.
Although they were refused service, they were allowed to stay at the counter. The next day there was a total
of 27 students at the Woolworth lunch counter for the sit in. On the third day, there were 300 activists, and
on the fourth day, around 1000. This was a non-violent protest for civil rights.
107. What is the AFL-CIO & when did it merge?
American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations
Largest federation of labor unions in the U.S. (almost every union in U.S. is part of the AFL-CIO)
Merged in 1955
108. What was Ikes domestic policy for the economy & society?
Accepts New Deal social programs (doesnt cut them)
Moderate expansion of government social programs
Wanted a balanced annual federal budget & tax cuts at the top for big businesses and wealthy
individuals
Quote: dynamic conservatism = conservative Republic economic policy (Mellon supply-side
trickle down) AND a semi-liberal social policy for the benefit of the people.
109. What is the service sector of the economy and when did it sky-rocket?
Since the 1950s, the service economy (service workers like the people who serve you) has had the
largest growth.
110. Rock-n-Roll dev. from what form of music? Where did Elvis get his first big break?
African American jazz, soul & blues music.
Elvis became famous after appearing on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1956.
111. Who was David Reisman?
Harvard sociologist; criticized American suburbia middle-class conformity of the 1950s.
Americans had lost individuality & were not thinking for themselves. Fear & conformity dominated
culture. (Stepford Wives idea)
112. Why did Eisenhower win the 1952 and 1956 elections?
Vital Center vote; Most people liked Ike; affluent society = society
113. 1950s = conformity, conservative & affluent society
114. 1950s non-conformists = Elvis, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks
115. Who were the Beatniks and what did they do?
Beat Generation = young American men writers who criticized conformity, middle-class conformity of the
1950s; they advocated rebellion: drugs, sex, rock-n-roll, eastern religions (Buddhism) & the vagabond
lifestyle; called beatniks
Beat writers = Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956) and Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957).
116. Major domestic developments under Eisenhower:
1. rise in the GNP
2. peaking of postwar baby boom
3. exodus/migration of blacks to northern/urban areas
4. creation of the interstate highway system
117. Reasons for the US federal deficit in the 1950s and 1960s:
1. foreign aid (Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan)
2. investment abroad (Marshall Plan)
3. industrial exports (industry moving overseas)
4. military spending (NSC-68)
118. What problem did farmers have in the 1950s that they had before the creation of the AAA?
Overproduction & over-supply of farm products = low farm product prices
Why did this happen? Few federal subsidies.
123. Explain the Berlin Crisis of 1961. What did the USSR want during the Berlin Crisis of 1961?
126. What did the USSR do after backing down from the crisis to protect/isolate them further from
the West?
The U.S.S.R. had the East Germans build a wall separating East & West Berlin to isolate & protect
themselves (also to keep East Berliners from escaping into the western zone. )
What was the purpose of Kennedys Ich bin ein Berliner speech?
U.S.S.R. placed missiles 90 miles from the U.S. in Cuba pointed at the U.S. to supposedly protect
Cuba (and Castro) from the U.S.
U.S.S.R. refused to remove them or back down from U.S. originally
131. Why did the USSR really place missiles in Cuba to begin with?
To even the score with the U.S. for placing missiles in Turkey pointed at the U.S.S.R.;
Castro asked for protection (after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco) from the spread of democracy.
132. How did Kennedy respond to Soviet missiles being in Cuba & the Soviets refusing to remove
them?
U.S. blockaded Cuba to stop the U.S.S.R. from delivering anymore missiles. U.S. stated if the
U.S.S.R. crossed the blockade the U.S. would massively retaliate.
133. Who backed down/offered a compromise from the crisis 1st? Explain how the Cuban Missile
Crisis was resolved/ended.
U.S.S.R. 1st offered a compromise
Kennedy accepts U.S.S.R.s 1st offer for a compromise which was: U.S.S.R. will remove the
missiles from Cuba and in exchange the U.S. will promise never to invade or attack Cuba & the
U.S. will remove its missiles from Turkey.
134. Did the US ever remove its missiles from Turkey pointed at the USSR?
Yes, the U.S. removed them secretly (so, the U.S. public was unaware) after U.S.S.R. removed
missiles from Cuba & the U.S. promised never to invade Cuba.
135. Two positive results of the Cuban Missile Crisis:
(1) hot-line installed and
(2) Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963
136. What is the hot-line?
Direct line from the U.S. to the U.S.S.R.(to be used quickly in an emergency)
137. What did the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 do?
U.S. & U.S.S.R. agreed to no atmospheric nuclear tests (only underground)
138. What was the Kennedy administrations Marshall Plan for Latin America?
Alliance for Progress = $ given to Latin America to build up their economy/industry to stop the
spread of communism there! U.S. worried b/c of Cuba falling to communism.
Alliance for Progress is really just an extension of Ikes eco. plans for Latin America.
139. Why did Kennedy create the Peace Corp? What was its purpose?
To peacefully (with civilian volunteers instead of the military) aid 3rd world countries to stop the
spread of communism in them.
Volunteers: doctors, teachers, missionaries
Purpose to stop the spread of communism in 3rd world countries
140. What leader did the Kennedy administration originally support in Vietnam?
Diem
141. Why did the Kennedy admin. later support a coup having him assassinated on Nov.1, 1963?
The South Vietnamese did not support Diem. Actually they hated his guts. Why? He was Catholic
and the majority of his country was Buddhists. Diem led a brutal campaign to wipe the Buddhists
out of South Vietnam & make it a Catholic nation. Buddhist monks set themselves on fire in the
streets in protest while the world watched in horror. Diem had to go.
142. Who set themselves on fire in protest in Vietnam? Buddhist monks in S. Vietnam Why?
Protesting Diems anti-Buddhist actions.
143. Did Kennedy send in troops or advisors to S. Vietnam in 1961?
advisors
144. Did Kennedy plan to pull out of Vietnam in 1964? Explain.
Maybe; we will never know b/c he was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963.
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145. What social programs did Kennedy advocate in his New Frontier domestic program?
Hes a Democrat & he wanted to expand the New Deal programs!
He wanted:
o a federal income tax cut for the middle/lower class
o more federal $ for education LBJ does this
o urban renewal programs
o Medicare for the elderlypassed by LBJ
o Creation of a Department of Urban Affairs passed by LBJ
o Raise minimum wage Kennedy does this
o Housing Act of 1961 Kennedy does this
o Kept steel prices constant Kennedy does this
146. Was Kennedy able to get his legislative agenda passed through Congress? Explain.
Not really. Even though the Democrats had a majority of both houses of Congress it wasnt by
very many seats. The conservative Southern Democrats & the Republican coalition log jammed &
blocked most of Kennedys liberal New Deal expansive acts.
This is the same problem Truman had. (Very interesting.their presidencies sure do have a lot in
common.)
147. What helped stimulate the economy during Kennedys administration?
Increased appropriations for defense ($6 billion) and space ($25 billion) stimulated the economy
148. How did Kennedy convince the U.S. steel companies to rollback its steel prices and not
increase them in 1962?
Kennedy yelled & threatened them!
Kennedy said he would cut off all Pentagon steel orders & he threatened them w/ an anti-trust suit
149. Why was the stock market of 1962 labeled the Kennedy Market?
Business blamed the sharp decline in the market on the president after he manipulated the steel
companies into not raising their prices.
150. What goal did Kennedy set for NASA to reach in a decade for the Space Race?
To land on the moon within 10 years
151. Two proposals by Kennedy that are later enacted by LBJ as a tribute to Kennedy:
(1) massive tax cut and (2) civil rights legislation
152. What dilemma did Kennedy have over the issue of civil rights?
If he strongly supported civil rights (like he implied in his campaign for president that he would do
if elected) then he would lose the support of the Southern Democrats & possibly lose re-election
bid in 1964.
153. What position did Robert (Bobby) Kennedy have in the Kennedy Administration?
Attorney General (attorney for the U.S.)
154. How did Bobby Kennedy use the Justice Department to help civil rights?
Protected the Freedom Riders & CORE
Used the ICC to ban segregation in interstate commerce activities (this victory ended the
Freedom Riders)
Used the federal marshals to protect James Meredith (Univ. of Miss. 1961) & in the March
on Birmingham
155. In, May of 1961 CORE sponsored a freedom ride. What was this and what was the result?
Integrated buses from the north drove throughout the South to expose segregation &
discrimination
Result = buses burned , beatings of Freedom Riders & ICC banning segregation in interstate
commerce
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156. In Sept. 1961, Bobby Kennedy convinced the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) to do what
ending the need for freedom rides?
Banned segregation in interstate commerce (buses & bas terminals)
157. What happened when James Meredith enrolled at the Univ. of Mississippi in 1961?
Gov. Barnett said he would cooperate w/ Pres. JFK & allow Meredith to attend BUT violence at
the Univ. of Miss. Erupted & the federal govt had to send in federal marshals to protect Meredith
158. What happened in 1963, when Gov. George Wallace of Alabama refused to integrate the Univ. of
AL?
Federal govt (JFK) threatened force & Wallace backed down
159. Why was Martin Luther King, Jr. arrested and placed in a Birmingham jail in 1963?
Eugene Bull Connor (Police Commissioner of Birmingham) jailed the people protesting
segregation even though they were only using their 1st Amendment right to peacefully protest
160. What did MLK write while in jail?
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
161. Who was the police commissioner of Birmingham who used dogs, fire hoses, clubs, and electric
cattle prods on the civil rights protesters on national television on May 3, 1963?
Bull Connor; MLK used children in legal protests & people horrified watching it on tv
162. How did Kennedy respond to the Birmingham protest?
Intervened to end the violence & got the leaders of Birmingham to grant the civil rights
protesters most of their demands, like integrating public facilities.
Angered Kennedy into being ACTIVE! He proposed a package of civil rights legislation to
Congress providing equal access to all public accommodations as well as an extension of
voting rights for African Americans.
163. What was the purpose of the March on Washington (Aug. 28, 1963)?
To guarantee JFK & Congress passed the promised federal civil rights legislation
164. What is the March on Washington famous for?
I have a dream speech by MLK
largest peaceful protest in U.S. history up to that point
165. Was the March on Washington peaceful or did it end in violence?
peaceful
166. Did Kennedys civil rights legislation pass before he died?
No
Does it ever pass?
Yes. In 1964.
167. The most progressive branch in the federal government for social change in the 1950s & 1960s was
the Judicial Branch. Why is this different than previously in U.S. History?
Since Reconstruction the Supreme Court had been the most conservative (Republican appointed
justices) & was resistant to change/not progressive at all! Now it is controlled & led by a
liberal/progressives (Warren) who promotes civil rights & rights of the people including the
accused.
168. Who did Kennedy appoint to the Supreme Court to give the progressives a majority in 1962?
Thurgood Marshall
169. The Warren Court decisions extending rights to the accused by incorporating the 14th Amendment
to the States:
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) = accused have to be provided with lawyers
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) = indigent (poor) criminal defendants have to be provided counsel at
trial
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Miranda v. Arizona (1966) = accused have to be informed of their constitutional rights & can not
be interrogated or induced to confess to a crime w/o an attorney being present if asked for
170. The Warren Court decisions involving legislative reapportionment:
Baker v. Carr (1962) = one man, one vote case; outlawed gerrymandering; required states to
redraw districts to redistribute their legislative seats based on population (not simply geography)
to give equal representation.
171. What the Supreme Courts 1962 decision in Engel v. Vitale do?
No prayer in school b/c it violates the 1st Amendment Establishment Clause
172. What did the 23rd Amendment (1961) do?
Washington D.C. gets Electoral College votes (3) for presidential elections
173. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was created in 1962. What was it?
It was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life,
notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split
apart at the end of the 1960s.
174. Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring in 1962, what was this book about?
Environmental destruction, DDT & other chemical agents (Agent Orange) causing cancer &
destroying the environment
175. What was banned because of this book? DDT
176. Betty Freidan wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963, what was it about?
Women inequality & lack of satisfaction w/ being a housewife
The home is a conformable concentration camp
177. What impact did The Feminine Mystique have on the womens movement of the 1960s & 1970s?
Led to Freidan creating N.O.W. (National Organization of Women) pushing to equality and an
Equal Rights Amendment (extending Alice Pauls crusade)
Freidan provides leadership to a new popular cause
178. Who assassinated JKF on Nov. 22, 1963?
Lee Harvey Oswald (allegedly)
179. Who assassinated the person who was arrested for assassinating JFK the following day?
Jack Ruby
180. Where is LBK sworn in as president of the U.S. on Nov. 22, 1963?
Air force One
181. Why did LBJ create the Warren Commission?
To get rid of doubt & conspiracy theories; to determine once & for all who assassinated JFK
182. What did the Warren Commission Report state?
JFK was assassinated by a lone shooter = Lee Harvey Oswald
LBJs Administration (1963-1969)
183. LBJ asked Congress 5 days after taking office to Let us continue. What did he mean?
To continue to pass Kennedys tax and civil rights bills as a tribute to Kennedys memory
Lets do this so Kennedy did not have to die in vain.
184. What was the Johnson treatment?
Abrasive in your face persuasion to make people do what LBJ wanted them to
185. What ability did LBJ have that Kennedy didnt have regarding Congress?
To manipulate & get legislation passed
LBJ had been in Congress 30 years & new ho the system worked and could get a
consensus/agreement passed
186. How did the 1964 personal income tax cut of over $10 billion effect the economy?
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As a result of this, LBJ will be able to get the majority of his legislation passed through Congress
with ease. (This is similar to TR & FDRs presidencies. Truman & Kennedy were unable to get
the majority of their legislation passed b/c Congress was either controlled by the Republicans or
the majority was too slim.)
200. Congress passed 89 bills within its 1st session in 1965. Within 9 moths, LBJ had passed his ENTIRE
Democratic reform agenda. WOW!!! Give several examples of the Great Society legislation passed
within his 1st 100 days:
Medicare; Elementary & Secondary Act (1965); Voting Rights Act of 1965
Acts to provide for hwy safety & clean air; large appropriations for higher edu., public housing,
and the continuing war on poverty; an sweeping immigration reform.
201. What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? What president proposed it originally?
Medicare = health insurance for elderly (65+) & disabled (This is part of the Social
Security program)
Medicaid = health insurance for poor (indigent)
202. What did the Elementary & Secondary Act of 1965 do?
Federal funds for public & private schools
Title I schools = poor schools that get extra $ & resources
203. What 3 things did LBJ do when MLKs March from Selma to Montgomery in 1965 was brutally
attacked on TV by Selma police?
Federalized the Alabama National Guard to protect demonstrators
Had the Justice Department make a new Voting Rights Act
Personally addressed Congress on need for more civil rights protection (voting rights)
204. What piece of legislation was passed b/c of the Selma march in 1965?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
205. What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
Provided federal registrars (from the North) to assure black people are being allowed to register
to vote
Banned literacy tests in state & county elections where less than of their populations voted in
1964
206. What effect did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 have within a year?
Voting registration went up 400% in Mississippi
24th Amendment later = bans poll taxes
207. Was LBJ popular with the people for these sweeping liberal reforms for society?
No
Did the majority of people like these reforms?
Yes
So, why didnt they like LBJ? Explain.
Press portrayed him as a Texas hillbilly & the American people didnt warm up to him
208. List three countries the U.S. intervened in Latin America to contain communism b-w 1963-1966.
Brazil
Panama
Dominican Republic
209. After JFK and Diem were assassinated, what did LBJ initially do to aid South Vietnam?
Added more advisors like Kennedy had done (indirect involvement)
210. Explain the Gulf of Tonkin Affair (Aug.2-4, 1964).
Who started it? U.S. says North Vietnam attacked the U.S. boat the USS Maddox (no one dies) in
the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam in international waters
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How does the U.S. respond? LBJ orders an ariel attack on N. Vietnam & their gunboats
Did the Pres. have all the info? No. He is going to tell the American people we were attacked
unprovoked. NOT true. The USS Maddox provoked the North Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf
of Tonkin.
When do the American people find out the truth? 1971 with the publishing of the Pentagon
Papers
211. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
Congress gave LBJ more authority to widen the war effort w/o waiting for Congress to declare
war
Pres. can use any force he wanted (unlimited military intervention)
212. Did LBJ actually need the resolution? Why?
No. LBJ had already ordered the retaliatory raid on North Vietnam.
This resolution is going to allow LBJ to continue & escalate troops in Vietnam!
213. Why did LBJ want it?
To demonstrate to North Vietnam the American determination in defending South Vietnam at any
cost!
Also to take the Vietnam issue out of the 1964 election.
214. What year did the U.S. become fully involved in the Vietnam War?
1965
215. Why did the US start aerial bombings of N. Vietnam in 1965?
Raise morale in South Vietnam
To block North Vietnam
To hurt or destroy Hanoi
216. Why did LBJ send in ground troops to protect S. Vietnam in addition to the air strikes later in 1965?
To protect American air bases
217. What was LBJs goal in Vietnam?
To contain the spread of communism. To protect South Vietnam!!!!
218. LBJ was torn between McNamara and Balls advise regarding Vietnam. Which advisers advise did
he choose?
McNamara
219. Why did LBJ settle for a limited war in Vietnam being in July of 1965 while pretending it was a
minor engagement?
LBJ didnt want to risk his social domestic programs being squashed by an all-out war in
Vietnam. So, he was trying to protect his domestic policy Great Society.
220. Was LBJ solely responsible for the Vietnam War?
No. Vietnam indirect involvement began with Truman
221. What is LBJ responsible for exactly?
Failure to confront the American people with the stark choices the nation faced in Vietnam
The insistence on secrecy and deceit
The refusal to acknowledge that he had committed the U.S. to a dangerous military involvement
His lack of self-confidence in foreign policy
Fear of domestic reaction hurting his Great Society
222. Why was American bombing of N. Vietnam ineffective between 1965 and 1968?
Mostly rural (little industry & cities), thus it was hard to hit big targets
223. Who were the Vietcong and how did they hamper the war effort in South Vietnam?
South Vietnamese communists & North Vietnamese spies in the south
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238. During what 1967 antiwar protest did students place flowers in MPs rifles and stage a sit-down in
the Pentagon parking lot?
March on the Pentagon
239. What was the climax of the antiwar protests in 1968?
240. How did college students in the 1960s impact education?
Students didnt stop the war but they did succeed in gaining a voice in their education. Students
earned a voice in curriculum and control of their social lives.
241. The most important impact students had in the 1960s was what?
Creating a cultural change that altered the manners and morals of America!!!!!
242. Who led the cultural revolution of the 1960s?
243. List 4 cultural changes of the 1960s:
Clothing = jeans, love beads, long hair, braless, bare feet; Hippies
Communes for flower children
Music = folk music (Bob Dylan & Joan Baez), rock groups (Beatles), acid rock (Grateful Dead),
and others like Jimi Hendrix & Janis Joplin; music festivals =Woodstock 1969
Drugs = marihuana, LSD
244. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed, what problem did
the civil rights movement tackle next? (p.883)
Economic inequality
245. Why did the Los Angeles Watt Riots occur during the summer of 1965?
Police brutality, lingering anger over past discrimination, economic inequality & dissatisfaction
with the urban ghetto black neighborhood
246. Who took over SNCC in 1966 and soon reversed MLKs insistence on nonviolence advocating
black power after James Meredith was shot?
Stokley Carmichael black power
247. Who were the Black Panthers and what did they believe?
Black empowerment & black power
248. Did MLK support the Vietnam War? NO
249. MLK decided to focus on and attack poverty in 1968. What march did he have planned before his
death?
Poor Peoples March on Washington, D.C.
250. Who assassinated MLK on April 4, 1968?
James Earl Ray
251. How did the American people react to MLKs assassination throughout the urban areas of the
country?
Over 125 riots; the worst in Washington D.C.; the country was screaming in agony.
252. What was the positive result of Black Nationalism in the 1960s? (p.884)
Pride in being black
Black History programs & being taught in schools
Negro replaced by Afro-American or black
253. What other ethnic groups emulated/copied the African American civil rights movement?
Native Americans, Hispanics, women, Gay & Asians
254. Who was Cesar Chavez and why is he important? (p.884)
Chavez was a Hispanic who organized poorly paid grape & lettuce pickers (migrant workers) in
California
Led a boycott of grapes to get higher wages, better working conditions
Founded the UFW (United Farm Workers) & the NFWA (National Farm Workers Association)
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limit the bombing of N. Vietnam to begin an effort to open peace negotiations with the
Communists
269. Why did LBJ withdraw from the presidential race after the Tet Offensive in a speech to the American
people on March 31, 1968?
To show sincerity for peace efforts at ending war
U.S. was losing the war in Vietnam
Losing political support for the war on Capital Hill (Fulbright)
Sen. Eugene McCarthy (Demo)almost beat LBJ in the New Hampshire primary in early March
Popular Demo. Sen. Robert Kennedy entered presidential race
270. Who were the three Democrats vying for the Demo. Partys nomination in 1968?
Eugene McCarthy, Bobby Kennedy & Hubert Humphrey
271. Of the three candidates, who was not accepted by the anti-war portion of the population?
Hubert Humphrey
272. Who seemed to be the Democratic front-runner after winning the California primary but was then
assassinated by a Palestinian immigrant, Sirhan Sirhan?
Robert F. Kennedy
273. What happened at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago after it was announced that
Hubert Humphrey had won the nomination? (Why?)
Protestors (w/ expired permits) beaten by police while shouting the whole world is watching
Many of the protestors were SDS (Student Democratic Society) members
274. List all the horrific things of 1968:
MLK is assassinated
Tet Offensive, decision to lose war
LBJ doesnt seek another term
RFK is assassinated
Democratic National Convention police riot
275. Who was the Republican presidential and v-p nominee in 1968?
Nixon & Spiro Agnew
276. Did Nixon take an official stand (pro-war or anti-war) on the war in Vietnam while running for
president? (p.888)
No. He said he had a secret plan = Peace with honor in Vietnam
277. What did Nixon mean by the U.S. should end the war and win the peace in Vietnam?
U.S. will hold the cards in the peace negotiations; contain communism to North Vietnam (save
South Vietnam)
278. Who was the third party candidate running for president in 1968 (as the American Independent Party
candidate) that cut deeply into the normal Democratic majority hurting Humphrey?
George Wallace
279. What was the American Independent Party candidate famous for?
Former Gov. of Alabama who had a showdown with JFK over integration of the Univ. of
Alabama. Wallace said, Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever.
280. When Nixon wins in 1968, how much did he win by?
Nixon wins with the smallest popular vote victory since what president in 1916
281. What does the election of 1968 symbolize a rejection of?
The election of 1968 was a rejection of the politics of protest and the cultural insurgency of the
mid-1960s.
282. Who were the silent majority in the election of 1968 and what did they want?
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These were the people who voted for Nixon and Wallace; they wanted a return to normalcy;
they were sick of the violence, drugs, free sex, yelling, etc.
283. Nixons victory ends what two concepts that had guided American life since the 1930s?
1. Americans dont want the federal govt to get any bigger anymore= no brand new liberal
reforms
o New Deal reforms reached their height with the Great Society in 1965
2. No more containment of communism on a global scale b/c it didnt work!!!
o Containment only worked in areas under U.S. control originally.
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