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Date: 24.1.2015
M MADHUMITHA, 2 M PALANIVELAN
M.E. Communication Systems, 2Associate Professor, Dept. of ECE,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
(e-mails: madhumitha1392@gmail.com, velan.research@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
N 1
x (t )
1
N
X ke
2 kt
T
, 0 t T,
Date: 24.1.2015
(1)
k 0
N1
where Xk k0 is the set of frequency domain symbols. Hence, OFDM as a transmission technique is
known to have lot of strengths compared to any other transmission technique, such as its robustness to
channel fading, its immunity to impulse interference, its high spectral efficiency and its ability in
handling very strong echoes.
Despite lot many attractive features of OFDM, certain issues still remain in the design of
OFDM systems. A major drawback of the OFDM signal is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR) [4-7]. The transmit signal in OFDM exhibits a large PAPR which forces the Digital-to-Analog
Converter (DAC) and the Power Amplifier (PA) to be operated with a high dynamic range. If this is
not satisfied, the signal gets distorted severely and BER performance degradation occurs. A series of
undesirable interference is encountered when the peak signal goes into the non-linear region of devices
at the transmitter, such as intermodulation distortion and out-of-band radiation [4, 8]. One solution to
this problem is to operate the power amplifier with large power backoffs but this leads to inefficient
amplification and expensive transmitters. Therefore, it is highly desirable to reduce the PAPR of the
OFDM signal before it drives the power amplifier.
The presence of a number of independently modulated subcarriers in an OFDM signal can give
a large PAPR when added up coherently. When N signals are added with the same phase, they produce
a peak power that is N times the average power. The PAPR of OFDM signals is defined as the ratio
between the maximum instantaneous power and its average power. The PAPR of a continuous time
signal, x(t ) is given by Equation (2):
PAPR[ x (t )]
max x ( t )
2
E x ( t )
(2)
x(n)
1
N
X ke
2 kn
LN
, n=0, 1, . . . , NL-1
(3)
k 0
m ax x ( n )
2
E x ( n )
(4)
One of the most frequently employed performance measure for PAPR reduction is the Cumulative
Distribution Function (CDF). However, instead of CDF, Complementary CDF (CCDF) is commonly
used in most of the literature. CCDF is defined as the probability that the PAPR given by Equation (4)
exceeds a threshold P0 and is expressed by Equation (5):
p ( PAPR P0 ) 1 (1 e P0 ) N
(5)
Several techniques to reduce the PAPR of OFDM system have appeared in the literature such
as clipping, interleaving, coding schemes, constellation expansion, Selective Mapping (SLM), Partial
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
Date: 24.1.2015
Transmit Sequence (PTS), Tone Reservation (TR) and Tone Injection (TI). Each one of these
techniques has its unique advantages and disadvantages.
In this paper, we propose a novel Low Complexity Max Norm (LCMN) algorithm to reduce
the PAPR of OFDM signals. The key novelty of the algorithm is that it is linear, reversible and reduces
PAPR at low computational complexity. This technique avoids the use of additional IFFT as compared
to other conventional PAPR reduction schemes. Also, it provides better bandwidth utilisation since it
does not require transmission of side information to the receiver. In addition, we present the analysis of
Saving Gain, Amplifier Efficiency, and BER performance of the proposed technique.
2. RELATED WORK
A number of solutions to solve the high PAPR problem in OFDM systems have been
addressed in the literature. These solutions can be largely classified as distortion or distortionless
techniques. Distortion techniques like Amplitude Clipping, Filtering [9, 10, and 11], Coding [13, 14]
create in-band distortion and peak regrowth. Coding schemes sacrifice the data rate. They require
memory to store codewords and cause delay due to the time required to find a low PAPR codeword.
Many distortionless techniques have also been proposed. The constellation expansion in [15] requires
complex optimisation process, especially when the number of subcarriers is large. Simpler and practical
constellation mapping techniques are active constellation extension [16] and tone reservation [17].
With selective mapping [18, 19], multiple sequences are generated from the original data block and the
one with the lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. However, in order to recover the original data
sequence, the side information must be transmitted to the receiver which decreases the information
throughput. In the PTS approach [20], the disjoint subblocks of OFDM subcarriers are phase shifted
separately after IFFT computation. The search for optimum subblock phase factors is computationally
complex. Due to the usage of multiple IFFTs, PTS exhibits a high complexity proportional to the
number of subblocks.
The PA is employed in the transmitter to obtain sufficient transmit power. But the nonlinear
characteristic of the PA is very sensitive to variations in signal amplitudes [8]. As a result, the signals
entering into the nonlinear region introduce intermodulation between different subcarriers and cause
out-of-band radiation. This leads to poor utilisation of bandwidth. Also, this additional interference
leads to an increase in BER. Apart from this, if the PA is operated in a linear region with large power
back-offs in order to keep the out of band power below the specified limits, it will lead to inefficient
amplification and expensive transmitters. Therefore, it is important to aim at a power efficient
operation of PA that provides adequate area coverage, saves power consumption, and allows small size
terminals.
Large PAPR also demands the DAC to have a high dynamic range so as to accommodate the
large peaks [3]. But this can be supported only by a high precision DAC, which although adds only
reasonable amount of quantisation noise, it appears to be expensive. Alternatively, a low precision DAC
would be cheaper but the quantisation noise will be significant and so it reduces the Signal to Noise
Ratio (SNR).
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
Date: 24.1.2015
We consider Class A power amplifier [12] in order to analyse both PAPR reduction and power
efficiency. For Class A power amplifier, the overall efficiency is defined as,
Pout
PD C
(6)
where Pout is the average output power of PA and PDC is the total DC power consumed by the PA.
We assume an ideal linear model for the PA, where linear amplification is achieved up to the saturation
point [21]. Under these conditions, efficiency, is given by,
0.5
PAPR
(7)
From Equation (7), it is seen that the PAPR is inversely proportional to the efficiency. Therefore, to
obtain a high efficiency, it is important to apply a scheme that reduces the PAPR.
Solving Equations (6) and (7), we get a relation between the power consumption PDC and PAPR as:
(8)
Equation (8) signifies that if PAPR is reduced, then the consumed DC power PDC is also reduced.
Hence, from Equation (8), we obtain an expression for power saving as
(9)
where PDCb and PDCa are DC power consumed by the PA before and after PAPR reduction
respectively.
Substituting Equation (8) into Equation (9), we get,
(10)
where PAPRb and PAPRa are the PAPR obtained before and after reduction respectively.
Saving Gain is defined as Gsaving Psaving / Pout and is given by Equation (11) as:
Gsaving 2( PAPRb PAPRa )
(11)
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
We propose a novel Low Complexity Max Norm (LCMN) algorithm to reduce the PAPR of
OFDM signal. The proposed method overcomes the drawback of heavy computational complexity and
phase search complexity found in conventional PAPR reduction techniques like SLM and PTS. It is
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
Date: 24.1.2015
also not required to transmit the side information, which is used to recover data at the receiver end.
The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: Proposed OFDM system with LCMN algorithm for PAPR reduction
The input data are mapped using 16-QAM modulation. Since QAM constellation is easy to
implement, it is widely used. Then the QAM symbols are converted into parallel data streams and
modulated using different subcarriers. All these signals are combined by the IFFT to change the
frequency domain signals into time domain signals. To eliminate the effects of Intersymbol
Interference (ISI), guard interval is introduced between the OFDM symbols. When individual signals
with same phase are added up, it results in a large peak power. This peak power should be minimized
before transmission of OFDM symbols in order to avoid signal distortion. In this section, a novel Low
Complexity Max Norm algorithm has been proposed to reduce the PAPR.
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(12)
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
Date: 24.1.2015
x = ((d 1 (*d i)), (d 2 (*d i)), ..., ((1 )*d i), ..., (dN (*d i)))
Step 6: Transmit the transformed output which offers low PAPR.
Inverse Low Complexity Max Norm (ILCMN) algorithm is applied at the receiver to recover
the original signal. The transmitted signal is received by the receiving antenna and converted into
parallel stream to apply it to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). FFT changes the time domain signal into
frequency domain signal to obtain the OFDM symbols from different subcarriers. Then the signal is
demodulated to obtain the output binary symbols.
3.2 Inverse LCMN (ILCMN) Algorithm at the Receiver
The Inverse LCMN (ILCMN) algorithm applied at the receiver part includes the following
steps.
Step 1: Receive the transmitted data block, x
Step 2: Find the minimum value of x,
min (x) = min ((d1 (*di)), (d 2 (*d i)), ..., ((1 )*di), ..., (dN (*d i)))
(13)
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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology
Date: 24.1.2015
Fig. 2 shows the CCDF performance of LCMN with N=64 when varying parametric constant,
. At the probability of clipping level 110-4, the original system offers 11.0dB, while the PAPR
reduction technique incorporated in the proposed system reduces to 5.5 dB at the same level of
clipping probability when =1. It is also observed that, if <0.2, the average signal power is low causing
high PAPR which affects the performance of power amplifier. Original refers to performance without
applying any reduction technique.
The saving gain and efficiency analysis of LCMN computed using Equations (11) and (7)
respectively with N=64 is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Power Saving Gain and Efficiency Analysis of LCMN with N=64
PAPR (dB)
PAPR
Saving Gain
% Efficiency
Gsaving (dB)
()
Original
11
12.6
3.9
0.2
8.9
7.8
9.7
6.4
0.4
8.2
6.6
11.9
7.6
0.6
7.3
5.4
14.4
9.3
0.8
6.3
4.3
16.6
11.7
1.0
5.5
3.5
18.1
14.1
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Date: 24.1.2015
Fig. 3 shows the Saving Gain for different values for N=64.
Fig. 4: BER Performance of LCMN with =0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8
It is seen from Fig. 4 that, for values of >0.6, the BER performance is slightly degraded.
Therefore, from Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Table 2, it is concluded that =0.6 achieves the required
performance of the proposed system.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a Low Complexity Max-Norm (LCMN) technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM
system is proposed. To improve the PAPR reduction capability, a parametric constant is introduced
in the proposed technique. It is seen from the simulation results that the proposed method offers a
power reduction of 3.7 dB. In addition, Saving Gain, Amplifier Efficiency and BER performance of the
proposed system were evaluated. The value of is optimized based on PAPR reduction, saving gain,
efficiency and BER performance. The proposed scheme greatly reduces computational complexity
since it uses only one IFFT. Also, it does not require side information to be transmitted to the receiver
for recovery which avoids additional bandwidth and data rate loss.
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Date: 24.1.2015
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