Institutional Corrections

Definition Of Terms

Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The

Rock",
the small island of alcatraz was developed with facilities for a
lighthouse,
a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal
prison
from 1933 until 1963.
Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer,
geographer, and
penal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.
His 2 Basic Principle of Penology
1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society,
punishment
should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform
of
the convict to observe social constraints, and
2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not
time
sentences, with release depending on the performance
of a
measurable amount of labour.
Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819) it was the
second
state prison in New York, the site of the first execution by
electric
chair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that

required
offenders to leave the community and live elsewhere,
commonly in the
wilderness.
BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government
agency
mandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and
administrative control
over all city, district and municipal jails.
It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are
temporarily
confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting
final
judgement and those who are serving sentence promulgated
by the court
3 years and below.
- created Jan. 2, 1991.
- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.
- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years,
maybe
extended by President. Grounds:
1. In times of war
2. other national emergencies.
- Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP
chief
is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of
the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is
also
the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management
and Penology.
- Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer.
Appointed
by the President upon recommendation of DILG

Secretary. Rank
is Director.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest
ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest
ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
- BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest
BJMP
officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation of
the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.
Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.
Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great
Britain for
delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with
the
Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young
offenders. The first
institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent,
England.
Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually
a symbol
or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living
person, with
the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a
punishment
or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise
oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional

institution
in England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built
initially as
a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the
city of
London to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of
Correction
known as Bridewells. These institutions, eventually
numbering 200 in
Britain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,
disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists
sent
to Virginia.
Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former
royal palace
in 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly
poor and
housing of homeless children in the City of London.
Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the
rehabilitation
of national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of
imprisonment
of more than three years.
-

has 7 prison facilities

1 prison institution for women
1 vocational training centre for juveniles.
Classification Board - classifies inmates according to
their security status.
- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives,
studies
and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of
Corrections.

- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances

with
regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.
- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of
Gov.
Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.
- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa
Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.
Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison
- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA
3732)
- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27,
1954
(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro
- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973
- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.
designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in
1865.

Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the

victim
in a vertical post and burning him/her.
Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher
and
politician best known for his treaties On Crimes and
Punishments (1764),
which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a
founding work
in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology
Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an
expression
of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of
separation
of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions

throughout the world.

Code of Justinian - formally Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil
Law),
Justinian I the collections of laws and legal interpretations
developed
under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I
from AD
529 to 565.
Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by
means of
such a warrant or order.
Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a
system of
managing jails and prisons and other institutions concerned
with the
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried
out
by government agencies, and involving the punishment,
treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.
Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been
sentenced to
death and are awaiting execution.
Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of
the
classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from
committing crime.
Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of BJMP. He took
his

oath of office on July 1 of

1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly

average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the
vicinity of the court.
Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th
century
BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood
feud by a
written code to be enforced only by a court.
Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used
formerly
to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.
Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners
are confined.
Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a
prison opened
to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It
became
known as a death camp because of the squalid conditions
and high death
rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.
Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira
Reformatory,
in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became
an innovator in the
reformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for
young felons.
The Elmira system classified and separated various types of
prisoners,
gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational
training and

industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They
were attached
to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of
imprisonment.
Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example
to others
to deter further commission of crime.
Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or
publicly for
the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group
vengeance
as distinguished from retribution.
First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the
reformatory
model.
Four Classes of Prisoners
1. Insular or national prisoner one who is sentenced to a
prison term
of three years and one day to death;
2. Provincial prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison
term of six
months and one day to three years;
3. City prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term of
one day
to three years; and
4. Municipal Prisoner one who is sentenced to a prison term
of one
day to six months.
Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a
punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three
banks
of oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often manned by
slaves
or criminals.
Goals of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Criminal Sentencing
Retribution
Punishment
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Reintegration
Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting
the
head.
Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts,
prisoners,
psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general
society.
Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil
and criminal
law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better
organized and
comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones
(an eye
for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of

the
satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of
human life.
Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,
especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.
Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the
penetration
of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or
hook, by
complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central
body mass.
Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.
Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in
secure
correctional facilities.
Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under
investigation
or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences
Gaol - old name/term of jail.
Three Types of Detainees
1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment
Jails - holds
a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences
b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison
c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole
d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and

prison
administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of
Prisons
(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest
advocates in the
movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and
replace it with
a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963
when
it closed.
January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
was
created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the
Department
of Interior and Local Government.
Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate
women and
children from hardened criminals.
Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner
should
suffer a severe regime, but that it should not be detrimental to
the
prisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.
John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison
reformer.
Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of
retributive
justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by
the
criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones;

punishment
inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.
Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48
hours.
A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.
Mamertine Prison - was a prison (carcer) located in the
Comitium
in ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a
spring
in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered
through
an opening into the lower dungeon.
Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander
Maconochie, whereby
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain
number of
marks being required for release.
Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to
carry
out the final judgment, such as commanding a prison warden
to hold the
accused, in accordance with the terms of the judgment.
Mittimus is
often attached on the commitment order issued by the court
whenever the
convict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.
Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a
defined
population during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an

act of
physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of
any living
body, sometimes causing death.
National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in
1870.
Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as
they
can not calculate pleasure and pain.
Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter
crime.
All are punished regardless of age, mental condition,
social
status and other circumstances.
Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should
be
treated and not punished.
Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles
or ideas.
Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper
mine of
Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground
(Black hole
of horrors).
Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be
accommodated
based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed

observer to
survey all the inmates, as prison wings radiated out from this
central position.
Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally
released
from prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in
the
community.
Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created
pursuant to
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer
the
probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the
Probation
Administration was renamed as the Parole and Probation
Administration,
and given the added function of supervising prisoners who,
after serving
part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted
conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and
Parole are
the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of
offenders.
Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of
managing or
controlling places of confinement such as jails and prisons.
PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and
treatment of
youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the
termination
of the case.

Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child,

minor
or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen
years of
age at the time of the commission of the offence.
Pennsylvania and New York - pioneered the penitentiary
movement by
developing two competing systems of confinement. The
Pennsylvania
system and the Auburn system.
Pennsylvania System - An early system of U.S. penology
in
which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they
could
study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and
perform handicraft work.(Solitary System).
Auburn System - An early system of penology,
originating
at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, under which
inmates
worked and ate together in silence during the day and
were
placed in solitary cells for the evening.(Congregate
System)
Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison
management
and reformation of criminals.
Poene (latin) - penalty
Logos (latin) - science
Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and
hands, in which

offenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public

abuse.
Prison - which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries
managed
and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under
the
Department of Justice.
Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in
the Thames,
and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were
employed in hard
labour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship
at night.
Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside
prisons,
aiming at a more effective penal system.
Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision
over
an offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in
prison.
John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born
in Woburn,
Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent
resident
of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making
business.
Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the
courts
and gained acceptance as an advisor who made
enquiries into the
circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the

imposable
penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and
the same was
committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his
or her
sentence in the provincial jail.
Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the
offender
shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions
of
the Bureau of Corrections.
Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as
retribution
for an offence.
Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are
members of a
family of religious movements collectively known as the
Religious
Society of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of
the criminal
justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can
always
change: their focus has been on reforms that make positive
change more
likely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved
prison
conditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much
else.
William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania,
the
English North American colony and the future

Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.
In his Great Experiment in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he
abolished capital punishment for all crimes except
murder.
He also stated that prisons shall be workhouses, that
bail
should be allowed for minor offences, and all prisons
shall
be free, as to fees, food and lodgings. He provided for
rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be
helped to learn a trade, so that they could make an
honest
living when they were released.
John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend
to
pay serious and systematic attention to social reform.
He
pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first
time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals
were
the creation of society itself and urged that when in
prison
there should be work for prisoners so that they might
return
to the world with an urge to industry.
Elizabeth Fry - (1780-1845) was the most famous of
Quaker
reformers, though others were equally influential in
raising
public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of
women and
children from men and the development of purposeful
activity
of work or education came about through pressure from

informed people.
RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.
Rank Classification of BJMP
Director
Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Senior Jail Officer IV
Senior Jail Officer III
Senior Jail Officer II
Senior Jail Officer I
Jail Officer III
Jail Officer II
Jail Officer I
RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.
Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted
to
to the body through stretching.
Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a
rating
official to institutions within the jurisdiction.
Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to
correct
and reform the offender.
Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was
based on principles
adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison

Association.
The reformatory was designed:
a. for younger, less hardened offenders.
b. based on a military model of regimentation.
c. with indeterminate terms.
d. with parole or early release for favorable progress
in reformation.
Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in
which they contribute to themselves and to society.
Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance
for a wrong
or criminal act.
Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe
the
measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security
and custody.
The simplest security level categorization is:
a. maximum
b. medium
c. minimum
Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very
tight internal and external security.
Common security measures include: (Maximum)
- A high wall or razor-wire fencing
- Armed-guard towers
- Electronic detectors
- External armed patrol
- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or
fence
and the community.

- Restrictions on inmate movement

- The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or
disruptions.
Houses
- Those
- Those
- Those
sentence
- Those
years)
- Those
- Those
- Those

the following inmates:

sentenced to death
sentenced with min. 20 years
remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years
whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20
whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)
with pending cases
who are recidivist

Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison - house

notorious
offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.
These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,
Constant lockdowns
Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions
on
inmate movement inside the facility.
Characteristics often include:(Medium)
- Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
- No external security wall
- Barbed wire rather than razor wire
- Fences and towers that look less forbidding
Houses the following inmates:
- Those sentenced to less than 20 years
Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.
They often house inmates who:

- Have established records of good behavior

- Are nearing release
Characteristics often include:(Minimum)
- Dormitory or barracks living quarters
- No fences
- Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the
day
to work or study.
- Some inmates may be granted furloughs
Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State.
It is
a maximum security prison.
Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator
and
reformer, and founder of the Borstal system.
Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his
program,
known as the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three
stages of
confinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first
portion
of the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners
were
assigned to group work projects.
Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy
timber frame with
holes in which the feet and sometimes the hands of an
offender can
be locked.
Three major government functionaries involved in the
Philippine

correctional system:
1. DOJ
2. DILG
3. DSWD
DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the
Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and
probation
system through the Parole and Probation Administration,
and
assists the President in the grant of executive clemency
through
the Board of Pardons and Parole.
DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and
municipal
jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau
of
Jail Management and Penology, respectively.
DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for
youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth
Welfare.
Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were
transported from
their home nation to one of that nation's colony to work.
Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges
Duodecim
Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation
that stood
at the foundation of Roman law. Established basic procedural
rights
for all Roman citizens as against one another
Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids,

underground tank
for storing water. This was also used prison in ancient times.
Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and
19th-century
English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John
Stuart Mill
that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and
wrong if
it tends to produce the reverse of happinessnot just the
happiness of
the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected
by it.
Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.
Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered
the 1st
state prison. Inmates labored in solitary cells and received
large
doses of religious training.
Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison,
where
offenders were sent to learn discipline and regular work
habits.
Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes
regarded as
the Father of prison reform and Father of American Parole in
the
United States.