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Instrumental
Ability to perform trace analysis
Most are multi-channel techniques
Shorter analysis time
Amenable to automation
Large numbers of samples may be analyzed quickly
Less skill and training required
B. Chromatographic Methods
C. Electrochemical Methods
D. Miscellaneous Methods
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Instrumental Methods
Emission spectroscopy (X-ray, UV, visible, electron,
Auger), fluorescence, phosphorescence and
luminescence (X-ray, UV and visible)
Absorption of radiation
Spectrophotometry and photometry (X-ray, UV, IR);
photoacoustic spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic
resonance and electron spin resonance
spectroscopy
Scattering of radiation
Turbidimetry; nephelometry; Raman spectroscopy
Refraction of radiation
Refractometry; interferometry
Diffraction of radiation
X-ray and electron diffraction methods
Rotation of radiation
Polarimetry; optical rotary dispersion; circular
dichroism
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Electrical potential
Potentiometry
Electrical charge
Coulometry
Electrical current
Amperometry; polarography
Electrical resistance
Conductometry
Mass-to-charge ratio
Mass spectrometry
Thermal characteristics
Thermal gravimetry and titrimetry; differential
scanning calorimetry; differential thermal analyses;
thermal conductometric methods
Radioactivity
Activation and isotope dilution methods
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Analytical Instruments
An instrument for chemical analysis converts information about the physical or chemical characteristics of the
analyte to information that can be manipulated and interpreted by a human. Thus, an analytical instrument can be
viewed as a communication device between the system under study and the investigator. To retrieve the desired
information from the analyte, it is necessary to provide a stimulus, which is usually in the form of electromagnetic,
electrical, mechanical, or nuclear energy. The stimulus elicits a response from the system under study whose nature
and magnitude are governed by the fundamental laws of chemistry and physics. The resulting information is contained
in the phenomena that result from the interaction of the stimulus with the analyte. (Figure 1.1)
TRANSDUCER
OR
DETECTOR
Stimulus
Chemical
system
Energy source
SIGNAL
PROCESSOR
COMPONEN
T
READ-OUT
DEVICE
Analytical signal
Electrical signal
SIGNAL GENERATOR
Photometer
Atomic
emission
spectrometer
Coulometer
Tungsten
lamp
Inductively
coupled
plasma
Direct-current
source
pH meter
Sample/glass
electrode
Mass
spectrometer
Ion source
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Information
Sorter
Input
Transducer
Attenuated
light beam
UV or visible
radiation
Filter
Photodiode
Monochromator
Photomultiplier
tube
Data
Domain of
Transduced
Information
Electrical
current
Electrical
current
Charge
required to
reduce or
oxidize
analyte
Hydrogen ion
activity
Cell potential
Electrodes
Time
Glass electrode
Glass-calomel
electrodes
Electrical
voltage
Mass-tocharge ratio
Mass analyzer
Electron
multiplier
Electrical
current
Signal
Processor /
Readout
Amplifier/
LED display
Amplifier/
Digital
display
Amplifier/
Digital
timer
Amplifier/
Digital
display
Amplifier/
Computer
system
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READING SUPPLEMENT
References:
Harris, DC (2005). Exploring Chemical Analysis 3rd Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company: New York
Skoog, DA, Holler, FJ and Crouch, SR (2007). Principles of Instrumental Analysis 6th Ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole: USA.
pp.1-24
Tissue, BM (2013). Basics of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Equilibria. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New Jersey.
https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rdominey/301/local/Intro_Instrum_Analysis.pdf (accessed July 01, 2014)
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