Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adrian A. Harpold
Natural Resources and Environmental Science
University of Nevada, Reno
CUAHSI Cyberseminar 4/17/2015
Acknowledgements
Paul
Brooks,
University
of
Utah
Joel
Biederman,
USDA
ARS
Patrick
Broxton,
University
of
Arizona
John
Knowles,
University
of
Colorado
Theo
Barnhart,
University
of
Colorado
Noah
Molotch,
University
of
Colorado,
JPL
S. Rockies
Sierra Nevada
Appalachians
S. Rockies
Appalachians
Sierra Nevada
S. Rockies
Appalachians
Sierra Nevada
Simplified equation
P=ET+Q
30-Year Average
ET
Q
Wet Year
P=155 cm
ET
Q
Dry Year
P=73 cm
ET
Q
Streamflow
Interception
Storage
P=Esoil+Vinterception+Vsublimation+T+Q+S
Transpiration
Soil evap
Dry Year
P=73 cm
ET
Q
Snowmelt Timing
Westerling et al., 2006
Smaller April
1 snowpacks
More
rain,
less
snow
Change SWE
1950-2000
Knowles, 2006, Journal of Climate
1:1 relationship
between peak soil
moisture and snow
disappearance
400'0"N
450'0"N
1200'0"W
350'0"N
Study Area
350
Kilometers
2007
NEE umol/m2/s
Snow
SnowDepth
depth cm (cm)
200
100
NEE (umol/m2/s)
Niwot Ridge
Ameriflux
carbon
measurements
Corresponding
snow depth
Synchronicity
between carbon
uptake and
snow water
availability
50
100
150
Ordinal Day
200
250
Snow derived
Rain derived
Increased ET w/
warming
Canopy sublimation
Snowpack sublimation
Canopy cover
100 m
robability%of%Occurrence%
Snow"
Depth"(cm)" Under%Canopy%
200" Near%Canopy%
0.4%
0.3%
Distant
Near canopy
Under canopy
0.2%
Distant%Canopy%
Observed:%Solid%Line%
Modeled:%Dashed%Line%
100"
0.1%
%%%0% 0"
Topography and
canopy structure
parameterized at
1-m resolution
Forced by tower
micrometeorology
Verified with snow
depth at 1-m scale
Boulder, CO
Snowpack
Vapor
Loss
(mm)
Jemez, NM
Snowpack
Vapor
Loss
(mm)
Fraction of Winter P
50%
Jemez, NM
40%
Boulder, CO
30%
20%
10%
0%
Snow sublimation
Interception
Fraction of total V
from sublimation
75%
70%
1000 m
100 m
Boulder Creek
Sublimation
increases 15%
Jemez, NM
Boulder, CO
65%
60%
Jemez River
55%
50%
1 meter
3 meter
10 meter
30 meter
100 meter
Broxton et al.,
Ecohydrology, 2015
MPB impacts
Chimney Park, WY
Denver, CO
Impacted study
catchments
Hydrologic
Partitioning Anomaly
(months)
(years)
Transpiration
Interception
Energy Anomaly
Gray Attack
Courtesy: J. Biederman
Radiationsw
Wind
LAI=1
Water (cm)
600
400
Impacted
LAI=1
Healthy
LAI=4
200
0
LAI=4
CLM4 Noah
Total
ET
Soil
Evap
CanEvap
CLM4 Noah
20
15
10
5
0
Healthy
Post-fire
50"
40"
30"
20"
10"
0"
SWE:P"="74%"
"
Healthy"
30"
20"
40
25
Water (cm)
Water"(cm)"
40"
MPB"Die4O"
50"
SWE:P
SWE:P == 67%
56%
Healthy
Pre-Fire
Post-fire
15
20
10
10
5
0"
0
MPB"Die4O"
SWE:P == 62%
68%
SWE:P
20
30
10"
Healthy"
Winter P
Maximum SWE
Healthy
MPB die-off
40%
30%
20%
Biederman,
Harpold, et al.,
WRR
10%
0%
2010
2011
2012
Site
Healthy below/above
NWT Above Canopy
MPB
below/above
Sub-canopy
Wind
Speed
(m/s)
Rsw
(W/m2)
9%
11%
4.112%
(2.4)
0.38 (0.15)
131
(65)
20%
14 (9)
Larger snowpack
sublimation postdisturbance
Snowpack sublimation
compensates for lower
interception (total vapor
losses still 30-45%)
Canopy sublimation
Snowpack sublimation
Canopy sublimation
Snowpack
Healthy sublimation
Forest
Healthy
MPB die-off
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2010
2011
2012
50%
MPB die-off Q
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2010
2011
2012
Potential sources of
growing season vapor
losses:
Greater soil evaporation
Compensation by trees
Recovering vegetation
Remaining forest
Soil evaporation
Regrowth
References
Berghuijs, W. R., Woods, R. A., & Hrachowitz, M. (2014). A precipitation shift from snow towards rain
leads to a decrease in streamflow. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 583-586.
Hu, J. I. A., Moore, D. J., Burns, S. P., & Monson, R. K. (2010). Longer growing seasons lead to less
carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest. Global Change Biology, 16(2), 771-783.
Goulden, M. L., & Bales, R. C. (2014). Mountain runoff vulnerability to increased evapotranspiration with
vegetation expansion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(39), 14071-14075.
Harpold, A.A. and N.P. Molotch. Timing of snowmelt differentially influences soil moisture response in
Western U.S. mountain ecosystems. <in preparation for Geophysical Research Letters>
Knowles, J., A.A. Harpold, et al. The relative contributions of alpine and subalpine ecosystems to the
water balance of a mountainous, headwater catchment in Colorado, USA <in review at Hydrological
Processes>
Broxton, P., A.A. Harpold, J. Biederman, P.D. Brooks, P.A. Troch, &N.P. Molotch. (2015) Quantifying the
effects of vegetation structure on wintertime vapor losses from snow in mixed-conifer forests.
Ecohydrology. doi: 10.1002/eco.1565
Harpold, A.A., J. Biederman, K. Condon, M. Merino, Y. Korganokar, T. Nan, L.L. Sloat, M. Ross, and
P.D. Brooks. (2014) Changes in winter season snowpack accumulation and ablation following the Las
Conchas Forest Fire. Ecohydrology. 7: 440-452. doi: 10.1002/eco.1363.
Biederman, J.A., A.A. Harpold, D. Reed, D. Gochis, B. Ewers, E. Gutmann, & P.D. Brooks. (2014)
Increased evaporation following widespread tree mortality limits streamflow response. Water Resources
Research. 50, 53955409, doi:10.1002/2013WR014994.
Biederman, J., P.D. Brooks, A.A. Harpold, D. Gochis, E. Gutman, D. Reed, E. Pendall, & B. Ewers.
(2014) Multi-scale Observations of Snow Accumulation and Peak Snowpack Following Widespread,
Insect-induced Lodgepole Pine Mortality. Ecohydrology. doi:10.1002/eco.1342.
Biederman, J., Somor, A., A.A. Harpold, et al. Streamflow response to insect-driven tree mortality in
subalpine catchments. <In review at Water Resources Research>