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Michael Porter.
Michael Porter c xem l mt nh chin lc xut sc nht hin nay bi hng lot cc cuc
bnh chn uy tn. Sau thnh cng trong vic t vn cho Thi Lan v nhiu quc gia chu khc,
cch y kh lu ng Michael Porter trnh by vi nguyn Th tng Phan Vn Khi nhng yu
t cu thnh sc mnh cnh tranh ca Vit Nam.
Di y l on trch gii thiu bi vit ca ng ng ti trn website chnh thc ti i hc Harvard.
Ch c cc doanh nghip mi c th to ra ca ci, khng phi chnh ph. Ti nhn thy Vit Nam mt
nng lc sn xut v mi trng lm vic rt tt.
S pht trin chnh l mt qu trnh nng cp nn kinh t, trong mi trng kinh doanh s l ni lun
ng h v khuyn khch nhng cch thc mi m v hiu qu to ra sc cnh tranh ca mi doanh
nghip ni ring v tng th doanh nghip trn ton quc ni chung cng nh ngay c trong thng
trng quc t. ni gin n nht v nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip, nn kinh t v quc gia
Vit Nam, chng ta cn thu hiu vi vn chnh ca tnh cnh tranh.
iu u tin , l cn phi vt ln trn s da dm vo s tng trng xut khu. Nhng tn hiu ban u
cho thy tham vng c th xy dng Vit Nam tr thnh mt a im nng sut cao v nng cp cc khu
vc ni a.
Th n, ti nhn thy, v cc bo co quc t cng khng nh nh vy, l Vit Nam ang pht trin mt
khu vc c nhn trong nc mnh m v c lp. cng ng ngha vi vic pht trin qu trnh t hu
ho v s qun l ca Chnh ph, pht trin th trng ti chnh.
Mt iu ti quan trng l cn phi gii quyt nhng im yu ch cht ca mi trng kinh doanh, nh
tnh quan liu v t tham nhng, cng vi s yu km ca c s h tng.
Sau , ti cho rng Vit Nam cn phi tp trung vo nhng ngnh kinh t ch cht v c u th, nh du
lch, dt may, giy dp, thu hi sn v du kh.
C mt iu cui cng m ti mun mi ngi lu l cn phi thc y s pht trin theo nhng mc
khc nhau: cc tnh trong nc Vit Nam, khu vc ng Dng sau phi ln dn sang khu vc ng
Nam . l con ng quan trng cn theo.
Theo Kin Phc
Bo Si Gn Tip th
National Competitiveness:
Issues for Vietnam
Meeting with
Prime Minister Phan Van Khai
and his delegation
What is Competitiveness?
Competitiveness is determined by the productivity (value per unit of input) with which
a nation, region, or cluster uses its human, capital, and natural resources.
Productivity sets a nations or regions standard of living (wages, returns on capital,
returns on natural resources)
Productivity depends both on the value of products and services (e.g. uniqueness,
quality) as well as the efficiency with which they are produced.
It is not what industries a nation or region competes in that matters for prosperity,
but how firms compete in those industries
Productivity in a nation or region is a reflection of what both domestic and foreign
firms choose to do in that location. The location of ownership is secondary for
national prosperity.
The productivity of local industries is of fundamental importance to
competitiveness, not just that of traded industries
Devaluation and revaluation do not make a country more or less competitive
The public and private sectors should play different but interrelated roles in creating
a productive economy
Determinants of Competitiveness
Macroeconomic,
Macroeconomic, Political,
Political, Legal,
Legal, and
and Social
Social Context
Context
Microeconomic
Microeconomic Foundations
Foundations
The
TheSophistication
Sophistication
of
ofCompany
Company
Operations
Operationsand
and
Strategy
Strategy
The
TheQuality
Qualityof
ofthe
the
Microeconomic
Microeconomic
Business
Business
Environment
Environment
A sound macroeconomic, political, legal, and social context creates the potential
for competitiveness, but is not sufficient
Only firms can create wealth, not government
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
Factor
Factor
(Input)
(Input)
Conditions
Conditions
z
Travel
Travel agents
agents
Tour
Tour operators
operators
Restaurants
Restaurants
Attractions
Attractions and
and
Activities
Activities
Food
Food
Suppliers
Suppliers
e.g.,
e.g., theme
theme parks,
parks,
casinos,
casinos, sports
sports
Property
Property
Services
Services
Maintenance
Maintenance
Services
Services
Airlines,
Airlines,
Cruise
Cruise Ships
Ships
Hotels
Hotels
Local
Local retail,
retail,
health
health care,
care, and
and
other
other services
services
Local
Local
Transportation
Transportation
Souvenirs,
Souvenirs,
Duty
Duty Free
Free
Banks,
Banks,
Foreign
Foreign
Exchange
Exchange
Government
Government agencies
agencies
Educational
Educational Institutions
Institutions
Industry
Industry Groups
Groups
e.g.
e.g. Australian
Australian Tourism
Tourism Commission,
Commission,
Great
Barrier
Reef
Authority
Great Barrier Reef Authority
e.g.
e.g. James
James Cook
Cook University,
University,
Cairns
College
of
Cairns College of TAFE
TAFE
e.g.
e.g. Queensland
Queensland Tourism
Tourism
Industry
Council
Industry Council
Sources: HBS student team research (2003) - Peter Tynan, Chai McConnell, Alexandra West, Jean Hayden
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
Influences on Competitiveness
Multiple Geographic Levels
World Economy
ASEAN
Groups of Neighboring
Nations
Indochina
Nations
Vietnam
States, Provinces
Cities
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
Seattle-BellevueSeattle-BellevueEverett,
Everett,WA
WA
Aerospace
AerospaceVehicles
Vehicles
and
andDefense
Defense
Fishing
Fishingand
andFishing
Fishing
Products
Products
Analytical
AnalyticalInstruments
Instruments
Denver,
Denver,CO
CO
Leather
Leatherand
andSporting
SportingGoods
Goods
Oil
and
Gas
Oil and Gas
Aerospace
AerospaceVehicles
Vehiclesand
andDefense
Defense
Chicago
Chicago
Communications
CommunicationsEquipment
Equipment
Processed
ProcessedFood
Food
Heavy
HeavyMachinery
Machinery
Wichita,
Wichita,KS
KS
Aerospace
AerospaceVehicles
Vehiclesand
and
Defense
Defense
Heavy
HeavyMachinery
Machinery
Oil
and
Oil andGas
Gas
Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,PA
PA
Construction
ConstructionMaterials
Materials
Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Manufacturing
Education
Educationand
andKnowledge
Knowledge
Creation
Creation
San
San FranciscoFranciscoOakland-San
Oakland-San Jose
Jose
Bay
Bay Area
Area
Communications
Communications
Equipment
Equipment
Agricultural
Agricultural
Products
Products
Information
Information
Technology
Technology
Los
Los Angeles
Angeles Area
Area
Apparel
Apparel
Building
Building Fixtures,
Fixtures,
Equipment
Equipment and
and
Services
Services
Entertainment
Entertainment
Boston
Boston
Analytical
AnalyticalInstruments
Instruments
Education
Educationand
andKnowledge
KnowledgeCreation
Creation
Communications
Equipment
Communications Equipment
Raleigh-Durham,
Raleigh-Durham,NC
NC
Communications
CommunicationsEquipment
Equipment
Information
InformationTechnology
Technology
Education
Educationand
and
Knowledge
KnowledgeCreation
Creation
San
SanDiego
Diego
Leather
Leatherand
andSporting
SportingGoods
Goods
Power
PowerGeneration
Generation
Education
Educationand
andKnowledge
Knowledge
Creation
Creation
Houston
Houston
Heavy
HeavyConstruction
ConstructionServices
Services
Oil
and
Oil andGas
Gas
Aerospace
AerospaceVehicles
Vehiclesand
andDefense
Defense
Atlanta,
Atlanta,GA
GA
Construction
ConstructionMaterials
Materials
Transportation
Transportationand
andLogistics
Logistics
Business
Services
Business Services
Note: Clusters listed are the three highest ranking clusters in terms of share of national employment
Source: Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
Factor
-Driven
Factor-Driven
Economy
Economy
Investment
Investment-Driven
Driven Economy
Economy
Innovation
Innovation-Driven
Driven Economy
Economy
Input Cost
Efficiency
Unique Value
Local competition
Market openness
Incentives and rules
encouraging productivity
Cluster development
Advanced skills
Advanced infrastructure
Incentives and rules
encouraging innovation
Cluster upgrading
Source: Porter, Michael E., The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan Press, 1990
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
Old
Old Model
Model
New
New Model
Model
Government
Government drives
drives economic
economic
development
development through
through policy
policy
decisions
decisions and
and incentives
incentives
Economic
Economic development
development is
is aa
collaborative
collaborative process
process involving
involving
government
government at
at multiple
multiple levels,
levels,
companies,
companies, teaching
teaching and
and
research
research institutions,
institutions, and
and
institutions
institutions for
for collaboration
collaboration
10
Vietnamese Competitiveness
Accomplishments
Strong GDP growth record; economic growth has been resilient during
the Asian Crisis and SARS
The poverty rate has fallen from 58% to 29% from 1992 to 2002
11
Vietnamese Competitiveness
Issues
12
20%
CHINA
MYANMAR
15%
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
LAOS
10%
INDIA
BANGLADESH
MALAYSIA
5%
THAILAND
PHILIPPINES
PAKISTAN
0%
HONG KONG
NEW ZEALAND
SRI LANKA
-5%
SINGAPORE
INDONESIA
TAIWAN
-10%
JAPAN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
19
90
-15%
13
Japan
Singapore
25,000
GDP per
capita
(PPP
adjusted)
in US-$,
2003
20,000
Slovenia
S Korea
15,000
Slovak Republic
10,000
Estonia
Latvia
Russia
Mexico
Thailand
Malaysia
5,000
Philippines
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Laos
0%
1%
2%
Myanmar
Cambodia
0
3%
4%
China
Vietnam
India
5%
6%
7%
8%
14
60,000
Japan
50,000
GDP per
employee
(PPP
adjusted)
in US-$,
2003
40,000
S Korea
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
-20%
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Thailand
India
China
Vietnam
Bangladesh
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of real GDP per employee, 1998-2003
Source: EIU (2004)
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
15
0.30%
0.25%
0.20%
goods
services
total
0.15%
0.10%
0.05%
0.00%
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: WTO (2005)
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
16
Asian countries
80%
Netherlands
70%
Estonia
60%
Kazakhstan
Malaysia
Vietnam
Hungary
50%
Cambodia
40%
China
Czech Republic
Costa Rica
30%
Thailand
Poland
20%
Philippines
Russia
Taiwan
10%
S Korea
India
Japan
0%
0%
10%
Slovakia
Brazil
Slovenia
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
17
35,000
Asian countries
Iceland Canada
30,000
Ireland
Italy
Denmark
Switzerland
Netherlands
Finland
UK
Sweden
Singapore
Spain
Greece
Cyprus
Malta
Portugal
Czech Rep
15,000
Hungary
Slovak Rep.
Poland
Argentina
Croatia
Uruguay Chile
Bulgaria
10,000
Bosnia
Paraguay
Bolivia
Austria
Belgium
France
Taiwan
20,000
5,000
United States
Ethiopia
Vietnam
Malawi
New Zealand
Israel
Slovenia
S Korea
Estonia
Lithuania
Chile
Mexico Brazil
Turkey
Tunisia
Jamaica
China
Jordan
Ghana
Kenya
Indonesia
South Africa
Malaysia
India
18
Factor
Factor
(Input)
(Input)
Conditions
Conditions
Competitive Advantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
Competitive Disadvantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
35
91
36
84
40
84
Judicial independence
53
84
54
83
55
79
55
77
57
77
58
58
61
Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
19
Factor
Factor
(Input)
(Input)
Conditions
Conditions
Corruption
Asian countries
Rank in
Global
Corruption
Index,
2003
Vietnam
80
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Factor
Factor
(Input)
(Input)
Conditions
Conditions
Communication Infrastructure
Vietnams Relative Position
1000
900
800
700
600
Phonelines
Cell phones
Internet users
500
400
300
200
100
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
SA
Si
R
Ko nga
po
re
a,
r
Re e
p.
of
Ja
p
M an
al
ay
s
Th ia
ai
la
nd
C
Ph hin
ilip a
pi
In nes
do
ne
s
Vi ia
et
na
m
In
di
a
Ba Lao
s
ng
la
de
s
M
ya h
nm
ar
21
Context
Contextfor
for
Firm
Strategy
Firm Strategy
and
andRivalry
Rivalry
Competitive Advantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
Competitive Disadvantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
33
91
39
88
40
86
84
50
84
75
52
69
Tariff liberalization
53
66
61
Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
22
Taxation
Context
Contextfor
for
Firm
Strategy
Firm Strategy
and
andRivalry
Rivalry
Positive
Incentive Effect
Complexity
an
Ja
p
m
Vi
et
na
s
Ph
ili
pp
in
e
ea
Ko
r
es
h
gl
ad
Ba
n
C
hi
na
d
Th
ai
la
n
di
a
In
a
al
ay
si
M
Ta
iw
an
ap
Si
ng
H
on
on
g
SA
or
e
Negative
23
Context
Contextfor
for
Firm
Strategy
Firm Strategy
and
andRivalry
Rivalry
70
Restrictive
60
50
OECD
40
30
20
Liberal 10
Ko Ind
ia
re
a,
R
ep
C
.
am
bo
di
a
La
os
Vi
et
na
m
In
do
ne
si
a
Ta
iw
Ph
a
ilip n
pi
ne
Th s
ai
la
nd
C
hi
Ba
na
ng
la
de
sh
Si
ng
ap
or
e
M
al
ay
H
on sia
g
Ko
ng
Ja
pa
n
Note: Average of values for hiring, firing, and employment condition regulations
Source: World Bank (2005)
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
24
Demand
Demand
Conditions
Conditions
Demand Conditions
Vietnams Relative Position
Competitive Advantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
Competitive Disadvantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
Country Ranking, Arrows
indicate a change of 5 or more
ranks since 1998
32
51
Buyer sophistication
60
89
85
79
Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
25
Related
Relatedand
and
Supporting
Supporting
Industries
Industries
Competitive Advantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
Competitive Disadvantages
Relative to GDP per Capita
63
80
75
68
67
Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
200506 GCR Vietnam KC 2005.06.24.ppt
26
7.00%
Footwear
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
Apparel
Vietnams Overall
World Export
Share: 0.280%
1.00%
Furniture
0.00%
-0.50%
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002
27
3.00%
3.50%
4.00%
Exports of
=
$500 million
Copyright 2005 Professor Michael E. Porter
0.80%
0.60%
Sporting, Recreational and
Childrens Goods
Agricultural Products
0.40%
Processed Food
0.20%
Vietnams Overall
World Export
Share: 0.280%
Textiles
Plastics
Information Technology
Construction Materials
Communications Equipment
Power Generation and Equipment
0.00%
-0.15%
-0.10%
-0.05%
0.00%
0.05%
0.10%
0.15%
Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002
28
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
Exports of
=
$500 million
Copyright 2005 Professor Michael E. Porter
Industry
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Cluster
Oil and Gas Products
Footwear
Fishing and Fishing Products
Footwear
Agricultural Products
Footwear
Fishing and Fishing Products
Apparel
Agricultural Products
Apparel
Fishing and Fishing Products
Furniture
Leather and Related Products
Agricultural Products
Apparel
Footwear
Plastics
Apparel
Communications Equipment
Apparel
Information Technology
Apparel
Coal and Briquettes
Building Fixtures and Equipment
Apparel
World Change in
Share
Export
Share 1997-2002
1.17%
1.03%
6.52%
2.28%
7.09%
3.53%
17.04%
8.86%
4.92%
3.39%
19.24%
14.33%
3.99%
0.85%
7.21%
5.63%
8.26%
9.14%
1.36%
0.42%
1.29%
0.63%
2.19%
0.74%
9.99%
9.67%
0.85%
0.23%
5.55%
4.99%
13.32%
10.92%
8.69%
1.43%
1.47%
0.61%
0.64%
0.08%
1.20%
0.33%
1.30%
1.17%
2.27%
1.55%
0.83%
0.73%
0.68%
0.42%
2.74%
1.81%
Export
Value in
$thousands
$ 3,076,200
$ 1,236,530
$ 999,876
$ 822,703
$ 406,669
$ 318,736
$ 304,603
$ 299,509
$ 285,029
$ 276,026
$ 272,800
$ 253,093
$ 244,351
$ 238,336
$ 234,641
$ 227,098
$ 214,343
$ 210,394
$ 210,329
$ 178,695
$ 172,631
$ 168,757
$ 168,194
$ 167,583
$ 136,924
29
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Industry
Other sports shoes with leather uppers
Spices
Ornamental ceramic articles
Bicycles and other cycles, non-motorized
Brassieres, corsets, braces, suspenders, garters
Baskets, brooms, brushes, paint rollers and mops
Children's toys
Womens or girls suits, dresses, skirts, trousers, knitted
Other sports shoes with rubber, plastics uppers and soles
Mens or boys shirts, knitted
Garments made of felt, miscellaneous nonwoven or coated fabrics
Parts for telecommunication equipment
Fans, cooker hoods with fan
Oxygen-function amino-compounds
T-shirts, other vests, knitted
Household linens
Electric motors<=37.5w
Gold, silver jewelry or ware
Headgear, knitted or made up from fabrics
Vegetables
Wood in chips or particles
Trunks, suit-cases, executive-case and similar containers
Miscellaneous articles of ceramic materials
Womens or girls underwear, nightwear, knitted
Bedroom furniture of wood
Cluster
Footwear
Agricultural Products
Furniture
Sporting, Recreational and Children's Goods
Apparel
Building Fixtures and Equipment
Sporting, Recreational and Children's Goods
Apparel
Footwear
Apparel
Apparel
Communications Equipment
Motor Driven Products
Chemical Products
Apparel
Textiles
Motor Driven Products
Jewelry, Precious Metals and Collectibles
Apparel
Agricultural Products
Forest Products
Leather and Related Products
Building Fixtures and Equipment
Apparel
Furniture
World Change in
Share
Export
Share 1997-2002
4.53%
1.90%
4.28%
4.82%
7.12%
2.89%
4.27%
0.39%
2.15%
0.91%
2.34%
1.14%
0.71%
0.33%
1.27%
0.34%
5.04%
8.64%
2.32%
1.20%
2.05%
1.03%
0.10%
0.04%
1.33%
0.00%
0.99%
0.76%
0.39%
0.28%
0.73%
0.90%
1.00%
0.03%
0.29%
0.09%
4.28%
1.50%
0.22%
0.22%
2.64%
1.25%
1.14%
0.64%
2.33%
0.55%
0.91%
0.38%
1.11%
0.13%
Export
Value in
$millions
$ 123,943
$ 105,836
$
98,323
$
98,077
$
88,453
$
82,093
$
79,772
$
79,439
$
76,009
$
71,320
$
65,119
$
61,402
$
61,047
$
58,318
$
55,028
$
54,577
$
53,569
$
53,046
$
52,140
$
47,857
$
45,236
$
45,019
$
44,415
$
43,821
$
43,615
30
31
Competition and
Firm Strategy
Competition and
Economic Development
Competition
Competition and
Society
32
Research
Research and
and
Publications
Publications
Course
Course Platform
Platform
(MOC)
(MOC)
Competitiveness
Competitiveness
Information
Information
Institution
Institution Building
Building
33
34