Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clause 6.3.1.3
The beam column is assumed to be rigidly xed at end B (not welded), so the theoretical
buckling length lcr 0.7L 2.66 m is used in this example, not the recommended value
according to clause 6.3.1.3.
Calculation of the cross-section properties is not shown in this example. In axial compression,
the cross-section is class 3, so the effective area is the same as the gross cross-section area
A 1680 mm2. The cross-section resistance for an axial load is NRd 1680 160/
1.1 244 kN, where 1.1 is the partial coefcient.
In yy axis bending, the cross-section is class 2, so My,Rd is the plastic moment
resistance 10.2 kN m, and the shape factor is a2 1.182. The second moment of the
area is Iy 3.534 106 mm4.
For a rectangular cross-section, expression 6.62 is valid. As Mz,Ed 0, then the second term in
the expression can be simplied (exponent 1.7 0.6 1), and the interaction formula will be
NEd cc My;Ed
1:00
Nb;Rd
My;Rd
where Nb,Rd xvxNRd.
82
FEd
NEd
NEd
x
FEd
Ncr
B
x
MB,Ed
lcr = 0.7L
Inflexion
point
(b)
(c)
M1
MB
NEd
(d) Axial force diagram
NEd
M1,Ed
MRd
NRd
NEd
NRd
0.5lcr
(f) K diagram
(g) B diagram
K+B<1
(h) K + B diagram
For the buckling length lcr 0.7L 2.66 m, the elastic buckling load is
Ncr
345 kN
2
lcr
26602
0:883
l
Ncr
345 000
which gives the reduction factor xy 0.733.
The exponent in the rst term of the interaction formula is
cc 1:3xy 0:953
The K and B diagrams can now be sketched: see Figures 6.41(f) and 6.41(g).
As
vx
1
xy 1 xy sinpx=lcr
then:
g
vx
1
;
xy
K0
NEd
NRd
cc
110
244
0:953
0:468
MB,Ed
MRd
for x 0.5lcr,
vx 1;
K0:5
NEd
xy NRd
cc
110
0:733 244
0:953
0:629
As the shape of the K diagram is a sine curve, it can be sketched by hand according to
Figure 6.41(f ). Note that the K curve is mirrored at the inexion point according to
Figure 6.41(b).
For x L,
1
1
1:007
xy 1 xy sinpx=lcr 0:733 1 0:733 sinp 0:3 3800=2660
cc
0:953
EEd
110
KL
0:625
vx xy NRd
1:007 0:733 244
vx
M1;Ed 4:013
0:393
MRd
10:21
For x L
BL
MB;Ed 2:964
0:290
MRd
10:21
The B diagram can now be drawn, and the two diagrams can be combined, as in
Figure 6.41(h). Note, however, that for x . lcr the B curve is also mirrored around the
abscissa to be able to add the K and B values.
We can see from the diagram that the maximum of K B occurs for x a where
1
1:062
0:733 1 0:733 sinp 760=2660
0:953
110
Ka
0:594
1:062 0:733 244
vx
Clause 6.3.3.2
Clause 6.3.3.1
The beam column in Figure 6.42 has an eccentric axial load, main axis eccentricity at one end
and minor axis eccentricity at both ends. At the top, the load is applied via a rigid rectangular
hollow section beam. It is simply supported at the load points A and D. In this example,
lateral torsional buckling is checked according to clause 6.3.3.2 (expression 6.63), and
exural buckling according to clause 6.3.3.1 (expression 6.59).
Beam length
Eccentricity at the top
Eccentricity at the bottom
84
lbeam 2500 mm
ey 400 mm
ey 0 mm
ez 30 mm
ez 30 mm
NEd
ez
D
tf
r
C
h
ht hw bw
y
z
tw
lbeam
t1
b1
D
t2
t2
b2
A (B)
b3
NEd
fo 260 MPa
gM1 1.1
NEd 60 kN
My,Ed NEdey 60 0.4 24.0 kN m
Mz,Ed NEdez 60 0.03 1.8 kN m
p p
250=fo 250=260 0:981
Clause 6.1.4
Clause 6.1.4
12
Iy
The value, including llets, can also be found in the CAD drawings:
Iy 2:074 107 mm4
The elastic section modulus is
Wel;y Iy =h=2 2:074 107 =200=2 2:074 105 mm3
Usually, the plastic section modulus cannot be obtained from the CAD program. Including
llets and using the notation (see Figure 6.42)
ht h tf 200 9 191 mm
hw h 2tf 200 2 9 182 mm
we have
1
4
1
Wpl;y btf ht tw h2w 2r2 hw r pr2 hw 2r 1
4
3p 2
1
100 9 191 6 1822 2 142 182 14 p
4
4
1
142 182 2 14 1
2:364 105 mm3
3p 2
Clause 6.2.5
1
1
2tf b3 hw t2w
2 9 1003 191 63 1:503 106 mm4
12
12
1
1
9 1002 191 62 2 142 6 14 p
2
4
4
1
2
4:767 104 mm3
14 6 2 14 1
3p 2
Clause 6.3.1
rc
C1
C2
32
220
0:901
b=1 b=12 26:2 26:22
6:12
2293 kN
2
lcr;y
25002
s r
Aeff fo
2969 260
ly
0:580
Ncr;y
2 293 000
Ncr;y
6:51
Clause 6.1.5
The reduction factor for exural buckling with a 0.2 and l0 0.1 from Table 6.6 for
buckling class A is xy 0.880 (expression 6.50).
The buckling resistance, according to expression 6.49 for k 1, no welds, is
Ny;b;Rd kxy fo Aeff =gM1 1:0 0:880 260 2969=1:1 618 kN
6:49
167 kN
2
lcr;z
25002
s r
Aeff fo
2969 260
lz
2:150
Ncr;z
167 000
6:51
The reduction factor for exural buckling with a 0.2 and l0 0.1 from Table 6.6 for
Buckling Class A is xz 0.195 (6.50).
Buckling resistance according to (6.49) for k 1 (no longitudinal welds) and vx 1
Nz;b;Rd kxz vx Aeff fo =gM1 1:0 0:195 1:0 2969 260=1:1 137 kN
Clause 6.3.2.1
6:49
bt3 =3 0:105
t 4
aD4
88
J1:a
The elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is given by the general formula
p
p EIz GIt
I:2
Mcr mcr
L
where the relative non-dimensional critical moment mcr is
q
C
mcr 1
1 k2wt C2 zg C3 zj 2 C2 zg C3 zj
kz
I:3
The standard conditions of restraint at each end are used which means kz 1, kw 1 and
ky 1. (In reality the warping will be restrained at end C by the rectangular hollow
section CD, omitted here for simplicity). The non-dimensional torsion parameter is then
kwt
s
s
p
EIw
p
70000 1:377 1010
0:774
kw L GIt 1:0 2500 27000 9:402 104
As kz 1 the value of C1 for any ratio of end moment loading (as indicated in Table I.1) is
given approximately by
C1 0:310 0:428c 0:262c2 0:5 0:310 0 00:5 1:796
I:6
as c 0. Values of C2 and C3 given in Tables I.1 and I.2, are not needed in this case as zg 0
and zj 0.
The relative non-dimensional coordinate of the point of load application related to shear
centre zg 0 as well as the relative non-dimensional cross-section mono-symmetry parameter zj 0. The formula for mcr is then simplied to
C
mcr 1
kz
q
1:796 p2
1 k2wt
1 0:774 2:272
1
p
p
p EIz GIt
p 70000 1:510 106 27000 9:402 104
2:272
2500
L
46:8 kNm
I:2
lLT
s
aWel;y fo
Mcr
6:58
where a is taken from Table 6.8 (Table 6.4) subject to the limitation a Wpl,y/Wel,y. In this
example a ay 1.140.
lLT
s s
ay Wel;y fo
1:140 2:074 105 260
1:146
Mcr
46:8 106
6:58
For class 1 and 2 cross-sections the parameters in the formulae for the reduction factor xLT
for lateral torsional buckling are aLT 0.10 and l0,LT 0.6 according to paragraph
6.3.2.2(1). Then, for xLT 0.675 (6.56) and vxLT 1
Clause 6.3.2.2
My;b;Rd xLT vxLT ay Wel;y fo =gM1 0:675 1:0 1:140 2:074 105 260=1:1
37:7 kNm
6:55
89
Clause 6.3.3.1
Clause 6.3.3.2
Interaction
Both exural buckling according to clause 6.3.3.1 and lateral-torsional buckling according to
clause 6.3.3.2 need to be checked, see paragraph 6.3.3.2(2).
For major axis ( y-axis) bending
NEd
Ny;b;Rd
jyc
My;Ed
1:00
My;Rd
6:59
NEd
Nz;b;Rd
hc
My;Ed
My;b;Rd
gc
Mz;Ed
Mz;Rd
jzc
1:00
6:63
Clause 6.2.9.1(1)
Clause 6.3.1.1(1)
Clause 6.3.3.2(1)
K0
NEd
60
0:0855
NRd 702
B0
My;Ed
24
0:430
My;Rd 55:9
The exponents h0, g0 and j0 in the interaction formulae for cross-section resistance are
given in clause 6.2.9.1(1). For exural buckling, the exponents hc, jyc and jzc are given in
clause 6.3.1.1(1), and for lateral torsional buckling the exponents hc, gc and jzc are given
in clause 6.3.3.2(1).
Conservatively, all exponents may be taken as 0.8. To illustrate the procedure, the
expressions for the exponents are used:
but 1 h0 2 ! h0 2
hc h0 xz 2 0:195 0:390
gc g0 1:56
Clause 6.3.3.2
Clause 6.3.3.5(2)
MEd;1 MEd;2 NRd
xs p
1
cos
MRd
lc
NEd p1=x 1
but xs 0
6:71
where lc lcr,z, MEd,1 My,Ed, MEd,2 cyMy,Ed 0 and the ratio between the moments at
the ends is cy 0.
Expression 6.71 can now be evaluated:
xs p
B
10
0:430
1
0:387
0
cos
lcr;z
K0 p1=xz 1 0:085 p1=0:195 1
90
but xs 0
xs p
acos0:387 1:173 rad
lcr;z
xs 1:173 2500=p 934 mm
The interaction expressions v according to clause 6.3.3.5(1) are
vx
Clause 6.3.3.5(1)
1
x 1 x sinpxs =lcr
vxLT
6:69
6:70
The three terms in the interaction formula (expression 6.63) can be evaluated separately:
K 0 hc
K0
p xs h c
Kz
xz 1 xz sin
xz vx
xz
lcr;z
0:085
p 934 0:8
0:195 1 0:195 sin
0:491
0:195
2500
gc
Bx
B0
x
px gc
1 1 cy s
xLT 1 xLT sin s
By
xLT vxLT
xLT
lcr;y
lc
1:56
0:430
934
p 934
1 1 0
0:229
0:675 1 0:675 sin
0:675
2500
2500
Mz;Ed jzc
1:80 0:8
0:231
Bz
Mz;Rd
11:3
Kz By Bz 0:491 0:229 0:231 0:951< 1
The lateral torsional buckling check is acceptable.
For lateral torsional buckling, the design section is close to the centre of the beam due to a
large second-order bending moment. This is illustrated in Figure 6.43. For exural buckling,
the second-order bending moment is small, so the design section will be at the top end.
Figure 6.43. K and B diagram and design sections (dash-dotted line). (a) Lateral torsional buckling.
(b) Flexural buckling
xs
Kz
By
(a)
Bz
Ky
By
(b)
11:7 1
0
cos s
lcr;y
K0 p1=xy 1 0:085 p1=0:880 1
Clause 6.3.3.1
Clause 6.3.3.5(2)
91
There is no solution to this equation, which means that the design section is at the top end.
The two terms in the interaction formula (expression 6.59) can be evaluated separately:
1:143
K0
px jyc
0:085
xy 1 xy sin s
0:060
0:880 1 0:880 sin 0
xy
lcr;y
0:880
x
0
By B0 1 1 cy s 0:430 1 1 0
0:430
lcr;y
2500
Ky
b1;o 31 2:94
b2;o 4:51 4:41
b3;o 61 5:88
Figure 6.35. General arrangement loading and cross-section
FEd
FEd
FEd
ce
Isegm
Isegm
Isegm
C
tf
Isegm
D
tf
E
bw
VAB,Ed
ht
tw
VBC,Ed
bi
b
MB,Ed
MC,Ed
72
be
he
Clause 6.2.5
1
160 3003 130 2803 20 2303 1:019 108 mm4
12
Wel;y
1:019 108
6:794 105 mm3
150
Clause 6.3.2.1
Clause J.1
Clause J.3
1
300 1603 300 2 351603 2 25 1403 1:246 107 mm4
12
h2f Iz c2 b2 t
2902 1:246 107 302 1502 10
3hf 2c
3 290 2 30
4
4
6
6
bt3 =3 13 2 150 103 280 103 4 30 103 2:333 105 mm4 J1:a
73
The elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling is given by the general formula
p
p EIz GIt
Mcr mcr
L
I:2
q
2
2
1 kwt C2 zg C3 zj C2 zg C3 zj
I:3
The standard conditions of restraint at each end are used, which means kz 1, kw 1 and
ky 1. The non-dimensional torsion parameter is then
s
s
p
EIw
p
70 000 2:934 1011
2:836
kw L GIt
1:0 2000 27 000 2:333 105
kwt
Clause I.1.2
As kz 1, the value of C1 for any ratio of end moment loading, as indicated in Table I.1 in
clause I.1.2, is given approximately by expression I.6, where c MB,Ed/MC,Ed 0.75:
C1 0:310 0:428c 0:262c2 0:5 0:310 0:428 0:75 0:262 0:752 0:5
1:133
I:6
Values of C2 and C3 given in Tables I.1 and I.2 are not needed in this case, as zg 0 and
zj 0.
The relative non-dimensional coordinate of the point of load application is related to the
shear centre zg 0 as well as to the relative non-dimensional cross-section monosymmetry parameter zj 0. Expression I.3 for mcr is then simplied to
mcr
C1
kz
q
1:133 p2
1 k2wt
1 2:836 3:408
1
I:3
Now, the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling can be calculated as
p
p
p EIz GIt
p 70 000 1:246 107 27 000 2:333 105
Mcr mcr
3:673
2000
L
397 kN m
I:2
lLT
Clause 6.3.2.2(1)
s s
aWel;y fo
1 6:794 105 260
0:667
Mcr
397 106
6:58
For class 1 and 2 cross-sections, the parameters in the formulae for the reduction factor xLT
for lateral torsional buckling are aLT 0.20 and l0,LT 0.4 according to clause 6.3.2.2(1):
2
fLT 0:51 aLT lLT l0;LT lLT 0:51 0:20:667 0:4 0:6672 0:749
6:57
xLT
74
1
q
2
fLT f2LT lLT
0:749
1
p 0:917
0:7492 0:6672
but xLT 1
6:56
gM1
1:1
MC;Ed 145
0:985 , 1:0
Mb;Rd 147
Segment BC is acceptable.
Simplied assessment of slenderness
In Annex I, clause I.2, a simplied approximate method is provided for calculation of the
slenderness lLT without calculating the lateral torsional critical moment Mcr. For I
sections and channels covered by Table I.5, the value of lLT may be obtained from expression
I.11 with lLT from expression I.12 in which X and Y are coefcients obtained from Table I.5.
For a lipped I-section, case 2, we get (note the notations for h, b and c)
Clause I.2
A
7000
lLT
lLT
XL=iz
0:86 2000=42:2
39:6
L=iz 1=4
2000=42:2 1=4
1Y
1 0:045
h=t2
300=10
1
lLT
p
r
r
a fo
1 1 260
39:6
0:768
E
p 70 000
I:12
I:11
The reduction factor will be xLT 0.869, and the moment resistance Mb,Rd 139.5 kN m.
MC;Ed
140
1:003 1:0
Mb;Rd 139:5
Segment BC is still acceptable, but the utilisation grade is larger. The obvious reason for this
is the fact that the moment gradient is not taken account of in the simplied method.
6.3.3
Members in bending and axial compression
Members subject to bending and axial compression (beam columns) exhibit complex structural
behaviour. First-order bending moments about the major and/or minor axes (My,Ed and Mz,Ed,
respectively) are induced by lateral loading and/or end moments. The addition of the axial
loading NEd not only results in the axial force in the member but also amplies the bending
moments about both principal axes (second-order bending moments). Since, in general, the
bending moment distributions about both principal axes will be non-uniform, and hence
the most heavily loaded cross-section can occur at any point along the length of the member,
the design treatment is usually complex.
Members subject to bending and axial compression are usually parts of a frame structure.
Second-order sway effects (PD effects) should be allowed for, either by using suitably
enhanced end moments or by using appropriate buckling lengths. The design formulations in
75