EME 3411

Laboratory Investigations 2

SEGI UNIVERSITY

Candidates Name : Phun Kui Ming

Student ID

: SCM-019788

Sunderland ID

Lecturer

: Dr.Lai

Title

: Friction Loss

Date of summation : 10th SEPT 2014

1.0 PROCEDURES
1. Levelled the apparatus on the bench so the manometer stand is vertical.
Note: Assume it is level when the lab starts.
2. Checked to see what manometer is turned on (mercury or water?). The water or
mercury manometer is introduced into the circuit by directing the lever on the tap
towards the relevant connecting pipe. Selected the water manometer on first.
3. Turned on the flow rate in your tub. There is a small knob on the apparatus used to
adjust the flow rate. Open this supply valve to allow water to enter the apparatus.
4. Turned the supply valve off. The levels in the two limbs of the inverted U-tube should
settle on the same value. If not, checked that the flow from the tub has not stopped, or
that there are no air bubbles in the system. If this does not work, opened the bleed
valves slightly to release pressure
5. Fully opened the needle valve to obtain the maximum differential head
(approximately 400 mm).
6. Found out the flow rate using the volume-time method by timing the collection of a
suitable amount of water in a graduated cylinder.
7. Recorded the temperature of the water filling up the graduated cylinder.
8. Recorded the pressure heads.
9. Repeated steps 5, 6, and 8 while decreasing the difference in manometer readings by
50 mm down to 300 mm, then by 40 mm down to 180 mm, then by 20 mm down to
100 mm, and then by 10 mm down to 0 mm.
10. Switched to the mercury manometer. Increase the flow until a pressure difference of
10 mm is obtained. Again, measure flow rate and temperature.
11. Repeated step 10 (except only measure temperature for the first trial) increasing the
difference by 10 mm up to 60 mm, then by 20 mm up to 200 mm, and then 30 mm up
to the maximum difference possible.

2.0 RESULTS
Length of Pipe,L = 0.48m
Diameter of Pipe, D = 0.00658 m
Cross-sectional area of Pipe, A= 3.4 x10-5 m2
Density of water: 1000kg/m3
Viscosity of water: 1.12x10-3 N.s/m2

Table 1 Flow Rate, Pressure Head and Temperature for Mercury

Qty

t(s)

Flow

h1

h2

h1

(ml

rate

(m/s)

(mm)

(mm)

h2

(m3/s)

Log i

Log u

Temperatur
e (C)

(m)

(ans x
60

2.70

10-5)
2.222

60

3.10

1.935

0.569

60

200

-0.14

-0.291

N/A

-0.245

30

60

3.80

1.579

0.464

80

180

-0.10

-0.208

N/A

-0.333

30

60

5.25

1.143

0.336

100

160

-0.06

-0.125

N/A

-0.474

31

60

16.5

3.628

1.059

120

140

-0.02

-0.042

N/A

0.025

31

0.653

40

220

-0.18

-0.375

N/A

-0.185

30

Table 2 Flow Rate, Pressure Head and Temperature for Water

Qty

t(s)

Flow

h1

h2

h1

(ml

rate

(m/s)

(mm)

(mm)

h2 (m)

(m3/s)

0.071

410

360

0.050

0.10

Log i

Log u

Reynolds

Temperatur

number, Re

e (C)

-0.983 -1.149

417.25

28

(ans x
60

24.7

10-6)
2.429

60

0
19.6

3.047

0.090

420

350

0.070

4
0.14

-0.836 -1.046

528.75

28

60

9
12.9

4.651

0.137

445

337

0.108

6
0.22

-0.648 -0.863

804.88

32

60

0
12.0

0.149

5
0.31

-0.509 -0.833

863.63

35

60

0
10.8

5.550

0.163

480

300

0.180

0
0.37

-0.426 -0.788

957.63

37

60

1
8.92

6.726

0.198

541

250

0.291

5
0.60

-0.218 -0.703

1163.25

36

5.000

0.147

466

317

6
i.

Prepare a graph of Velocity, u versus hydraulic gradient, i for both water and
mercury readings with explanation.

ii.

Plot graph of Log i versus Log u for both water and mercury readings.

3.0 CALCULATION
1. (h1 h2)/L = i (0.41 0.36)/ 0.48 = 0.104
2. Re = (1000)(0.071)(0.00658)/ (1.12x10-3 ) = 417.125
Re=

uD

in which
Re = Reynolds number of the motion
= Density of the fluid
u = Q/A denotes the mean velocity of flow, obtained by dividing the
discharge rate Q by the cross sectional area A
= Coefficient of absolute viscosity of the fluid
= / denotes the coefficient of kinematic viscosity of the fluid

3. Velocity, u = Flow rate (Q) / Cross-sectional area (A)

= 2.429 x 10-6 / 3.4 x10-5 =0.0714 m/s

DISCUSSION
Graph 1: Velocity, u against hydraulic gradient, I for water
0.25
f(x) = 0.4x
0.2
0.15
Linear ()

0.1
0.05
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Graph 2: Log i versus Log u for water

-1.1

-1

0
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1
-0.2
f(x) = 1.35x

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

Linear ()

-1
-1.2
-1.4

Graph 1 shows that when hydraulic gradient, i increase, the velocity, u also
increases and it comes with a gradient of 0.4049.
Discuss relationship between i and u
Discuss relationship between temperature and flow rate.