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Basic Principles
Emphasizing AASHTO LRFD Procedures
Prestressing is a method in which compression force is Stress in concrete section when the prestressing force is
applied to the reinforced concrete section.
section applied at the c.g.
c g of the section (simplest case)
The effect of prestressing is to reduce the tensile stress
i the
in h section
i to theh point
i that
h the
h tensile
il stress is
i below
b l
the cracking stress. Thus, the concrete does not crack!
It is then possible to treat concrete as an elastic material
The concrete can be visualized to have 2 force systems
Internal Prestressing Forces
External Forces (from DL
DL, LL
LL, etc…)
etc )
These 2 force systems must counteract each other
Stress in concrete section when the prestressing force is The concept of prestressing was invented
applied eccentrically with respect to the cc.g.
g of the centuries ago when metal bands were
section (typical case) wound around wooden pieces (staves) to
form a barrel.
barrel
Smaller Compression
c.g.
+ + =
e0
The metal bands were
F/A Fe0y/I MDLy/I MLLy/I Small Compression tighten under tensile stress,
which creates compression
Cross-
Section
Prestressing
Force
Stress
from DL
Stress
from LL
Stress
Resultant
between the staves –
allowing them to resist
internal liquid pressure
Historical Perspective Historical Perspective
Eugene Freyssinet (1879-1962)
(1879 1962) was the first to
propose that we should use very high strength
steel which permit high elongation of steel.
steel
The high steel elongation would not be
entirely offset by the shortening of concrete
The concept of prestressed concrete is also not new. In (prestress loss) due to creep and shrinkage.
1886 a patent was granted for tightening steel tie rods in
1886,
concrete blocks. This is analogous to modern day First prestressed concrete
segmental constructions.
constructions g in 1941 in France
bridge
Early attempts were not very successful due to low First prestressed concrete
bridge in US: Walnut Lane
strength of steel at that time.
time Since we cannot prestress B id iin P
Bridge Pennsylvania.
l i Built
B il
at high stress level, the prestress losses due to creep and in 1949. 47 meter span.
shrinkage of concrete quickly reduce the effectiveness of
prestressing.
Unlike RC where we primarily consider the Typical stages of loading considered are Initial
ultimate
lti t lloading
di stage,
t we mustt consider
id multiple
lti l andd Service
S i Stages
St
stages of construction in Prestressed Concrete Initial ((Immediatelyy after Transfer of Prestress))
The stresses in the concrete section must remain Full prestress force
below the maximum limit at all times!!! N MLL (may
No ( or may nott have
h MDL depending
d di on
construction type)
Service
Prestress loss has occurred
MDL+MLL
Stages of Loading
Concrete
Prestressing Steel
Prestressing Hardwares
Common shapes
of prestressing
tendons
Most Popular Æ
((7-wire Strand))
Modulus of Elasticity
197000 MPa for Strand
207000 MPa for Bar
The modulus
Th d l off elasticity
l i i
of strand is lower than
that of steel bar because
strand is made from
twisting of small wires
together.
Pretensioned Members
H ld D
Hold-Down Devices
D
Posttensioned Members
Anchorages
Stressing
St i A Anchorage
h
Dead-End Anchorage
Ducts
Posttensioningg Procedures
Pretensioning Hardwares Posttensioned Beams
Posttension Hardwares
Stressing
St i A Anchorage
h
Dead-End Anchorage
Duct/ Grout Tube
Pretensioned Posttensioned
Instantaneous Elastic Shortening Friction
A
Anchorage Set
S
Elastic Shortening
Time- Shrinkage (Concrete) Shrinkage (Concrete)
Dependent Creep (Concrete) Creep (Concrete)
Relaxation (Steel) Relaxation (Steel)
Prestress Loss - Posttensioned Lump Sum Prestress Loss
Stress of concrete at the c.g. of tendon due to prestressing force and dead load
Basics: Sign Convention Basics: Section Properties
Concrete Cross- c.g.
g off Prestressingg Tendon
Area: Aps
In this class, the following convention is used: Sectiona Area: Ac
I
Tensile Stress in concrete is negative
g (-)
()
Compressive Stress in concrete is positive (+) Kt
Positive Moment: yt
((abs)) e ((-))
Kb
kt (-)
Zt
Center of Gravity of
Positive Shear:
h
(abs)
Concrete Section Zb
kb (+) (c.g.c)
e (+)
yb
(abs)
There are many factors affecting the stress in a For bridges, we generally has a preferred section type
prestressed girder for a given range of span length and we can select a
Prestressing Force (Fi or F) girder spacing to be within a reasonable range
L
Location off prestress tendon
d (e0)
( 0)
Section Property (A, Zt or Zb, kt or kb)
External moment, which depends on
The Section used ((dead load))
Girder Spacing (larger spacing Æ larger moment)
Slab Thickness (larger spacing Æ thicker slab)
Stages of construction
Sections Sections
ft m
50 15
75 23
100 30
150 46
Bridge Girder Sections Bridge Girder Sections
Analysis assumptions
Plane section remains plane
Pl l after
f bending
b d (linear
(l strain
distribution)
Perfect bond between steel and concrete (strain
p y)
compatibility)
Concrete fails when the strain is equal to 0.003
Tensile strength
stren th off concrete
c ncrete is neglected
ne lected at ultimate
ltimate
Use rectangular stress block to approximate concrete
stress distribution
Analysis for Ultimate Moment Capacity Analysis for Ultimate Moment Capacity
Recall from RC Design that the followings must For equilibrium, there are commonly 4 forces
b satisfy
be ti f att allll times
ti no matter
tt what
h t happens:
h Compression in concrete
C
Compression
p in Nonprestressed
p reinforcement
EQUILIBRIUM Tension in Nonprestressed reinforcement
Tension in Prestressed reinforcement
STRAIN COMPATIBILITY
For concrete compression, we still use the ACI’s
They also hold in Prestressed Concrete! rectangular stress block
Rectangular Stress Block Rectangular Stress Block
β1 is equal to 0.85
0 85 for f ’c < 28 MPa
It decreases 0.05 for everyy 7 MPa increases in f ’c
Until it reaches 0.65 at f ’c > 56 MPa
Analysis for Ultimate Moment Capacity Analysis for Ultimate Moment Capacity
Rectangular vs.
vs TT-Section
Section Rectangular vs.
vs TT-Section
Section
T-Section
T Section Analysis T-Section
T Section Analysis
0.85f 'c bw β1c + 0.85f 'c (b − bw )β1hf = Aps fps + As fy − As ' fy ' 0.85f 'c bw β1c + 0.85f 'c (b − bw )β1hf = Aps fps + As fy − As ' fy '
⎛ c ⎞
For preliminary analysis, or first iteration, we may assume fps = fpy Substitute fps = fpu ⎜ 1 − k ⎟⎟ , Rearrange and solve for c
and solve for c ⎜ dp
⎝ ⎠
Aps fy + As fy − As ' fy '− 0.85f 'c (b − bw )β1hf Aps fpu + As fy − As ' fy '− 0.85
0 85f 'c (b − bw )β1hf
c= c=
0 85f 'c bw β1
0.85 0 85f 'c bw β1 + kAps fpu / d p
0.85
T-Section
T Section Analysis T-Section
T Section Analysis Flowchart
T-Section
T Section Analysis Flowchart T Section
T-Section
In actual structures, the section is pperfect T or I shapes
p -
there are some tapering flanges and fillets. Therefore, we
need to idealized the true section to simplify the analysis.
Little accuracy may be lost.
There are 3 more things we need to consider specially There are 3 value of widths we will use:
for composite section (on top of stuffs we need to Actuall width
A d h off the
h composite section (b):
(b) This
Th is
consider for noncomposite sections) equal to the girder spacing
T
Transformation
f i off SSection
i Effective width of the composite section (be)
Actual width vs. Effective width vs. Transformed width
Transformed width of the composite section (btr)
Composite Section Properties
Loadingg Stages
g
Allowable Stress Design
SShored
o vs. U
Unshored
s o Beams
a s
Horizontal Shear Transfer
Composite Section Properties Composite Section Properties
Effective Width Effective Width s
The stress distribution across the width are not uniform – the (AASHTO LRFD be be
ts bf
farther it is from the center, the lesser the stress. - 4.6.2.6.1)
To simplify the analysis, we assume an effective width where the
stress are constant throughout
We also assume the effective width to be constant along the span. boverhang bw
⎧ b
b 'w = max ⎨ w Exterior Interior
⎩bf / 2 Girder Girder
Summary of steps for Width calculations After we get the transformed section, we can
th calculate
then l l t other
th section
ti properties
ti
Acc = Ac + tsbtr
Actual Width Effective Width Transformed Width
ytc, ytb
b be btr
Igc
Equals to girder Accounts for Accounts for
p g
spacing nonuniform stress dissimilar material Ztc, Zbc
distribution properties dpc
Composite Cross-
btr
Most of the theories learned previously for the
Precast Cross
Cross-
Sectiona Area: Ac
Sectiona Area: Acc
noncompositeit section
ti still
till hold
h ld but
b t with
ith some
ytc
yy’tc modifications
((abs)
b)
(abs)
yt
(abs) c.g. We will discuss two design limit states
p
Composite dpc
h c.g. dp
Allowable
All bl St
Stress D
Design
i
(abs) Precast
ybc
Ultimate Strength Design
yb (abs)
(abs)
Aps Aps
Shored vs
vs. Unshored Shored vs
vs. Unshored
F Feo (MGirder ) (MSlab + MSD + MLL +IM )y 'tc F Feo (MGirder + MSlab ) (MSD + MLL +IM )y 'tc
σt = − + + ≤ σ cs σt = − + + ≤ σ cs
Ac Zt Zt Igc Ac Zt Zt Igc
Shored vs
vs. Unshored Stress Inequality Equations Top
p of precast,
p
not top of
composite
From both case we can rewrite the stress equation
q as:
Case Stress Inequality Equation
F Feo (MP ) (MC ) I Initial-Top Fi Fi eo Mmin Fi ⎛ eo ⎞ Mmin
σt = − + + ≤ σ cs σt = − + =
Ac Zt Zt Z 'tc ⎜1− ⎟ + ≥ σ ti
Ac Zt Zt Ac ⎝ kb ⎠ Zt
VI Service-Top Mc M E
σ t ,slab = nc = c c ,CIPC ≤ σ cs,Slab
Slab Ztc Ztc Ec ,PPC
II. Cracking moment is greater Mp Ultimate strength of composite section follows similar
Cracking
C k occurs in the
h composite section procedure to the T-section.
T-section Some analysis tips are:
When the neutral axis is in the slab, we can use a composite T-
We find ∆Mcr ((moment in addition to Mp) section with flange width equals to Effective Width and using ff’c
of the slab
F Feo M p ΔMcr F ⎛ eo ⎞ M p ΔMcr
σb = + − − = ⎜1− ⎟− − ≥ σ ts When the neutral axis is in the precast section
section, we may use a
Ac Zb Zb Zbc Ac ⎝ kt ⎠ Z b Z bc Transformed Section and f’c of the precast section - This is an
pp
approximate value but the errors to the ultimate moment
Zbc capacity is small.
ΔMcr = ⎡F (eo − kt ) − M p ⎤⎦ − fr Zbc
Zb ⎣
Mcr = ΔMcr + M p
Shear Transfer Shear Transfer Mechanisms
Vuh =
( ΔVu ) Q composite section only (SDL +LL+IM)
If less, then we cannot use any Avffy in the nominal shear strength
Igc Moment of Area above the shear plane
The spacing of shear reinforcement must be ≤ 600 mm Moment of Inertia of the about the centroid of composite section
Possible reinforcements are: composite section
Single
S l bbar Using Approximate Formula (C5.8.4.1-1)
Stirrups (multiple legs)
Total Factored vertical shear at the section
W ld d wire
Welded i fabric
f bi Vu
Vuh = Distance from centroid of tension
Reinforcement must be anchored properly (bends, hooks, etc…) de
p of the deck
steel to mid-depth
Ultimate Shear Force at Interface Some Design Tips
The critical section for shear at the interface is generally the For T and Box Sections which cover the full girder spacing
section where vertical shear is the greatest
g with thin concrete topping (usually about 50 mm), we may
First critical section: h/2 from the face of support not need any shear reinforcement (need only surface
May calculate at some additional sections away from the support roughening)
g g) – need to check
(which has lower shear) to reduce the shear reinforcement accordingly
For I-Sections, we generally require some shear
Critical Section For Shear reinforcement at the interface
We generally design the web shear reinforcement first (not taught),
h and extend that shear reinforcement through the interface. Then
we check if that area is enough for horizontal shear transfer at the
h/2 h/2 interface.
Resistance Factor (Φ) for shear in normal weight concrete : 0.90 If not, we need additional reinforcement
If enough, then we do nothing
There are various ways to transfer shear at steel-concrete interface Shear Stud is one
of the most
common shearh
connectors – it is
welded to the top
flange of steel
girder
Spirals Studs Channels
Traditionally, the shear design in AASHTO Standard The shear resisting mechanism in concrete is very
Specification is similar to that of ACI,
ACI which is empirical- complex and we do not clearly understand how to
based predict it
Th axial
The i l force
f from
f prestressing
i reduces
d the
h principal
i i l AASHTO LRFD (5.8.3)
(5 8 3) uses new theory,
theory called
tensile stress and helps close the cracks; thus, increase “modified compression field theory (MCFT)”
shear
h resistance. Th actuall theory
The h is very complicated
l d but
b somewhath
simplified procedure is used in the code
This theory is for both PC and RC
The nominal shear resistance is the sum of shear strength We need some transverse reinforcement when the
of concrete,
concrete steel (stirrups)
(stirrups), and shear force due to ultimate shear force is greater than ½ of shear strength
prestressing (vertical component) from concrete and prestressing force
Av fy dv cot θ
Vs = If we need it,
it the minimum amount shall be
s
bv s
Av ≥ 0.083
0 083 f 'c
Vc = 0.083 β f 'c bv dv fy
Minimum Transverse Reinforcement Unbonded or External Prestressing
Post-tensioning
anchorages
creates very high
compressive
stress behind the
bearing plate
Strut-and-Tie Method
Strut-and-Tie Method
Detailed Calculation of Prestress Loss References
In many cases,
cases it is adequate to use the “Lump
Lump Sum
Sum” loss
AASHTO (2000). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications – SI
Units, Second Edition, 2000 Interim Revisions, American
IIn some cases, we Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
need to know Washington D.C.
exactly
tl the
th stress
t in
i http://www.transportation.org
the strands so we
can determine the Naaman, A. E. (2005), Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design:
camber and Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Technopress 3000, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
deflection h //
http://www.technopress3000.com
h 3000
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