Exercises

Communications Technology II
WS 2010/2011
Yidong Lang, Henning Schepker
NW1, Room N2350, Tel.: 0421/218-62393
E-mail: lang / schepker@ant.uni-bremen.de

Universitat Bremen, FB1

Institut f
ur Telekommunikation und Hochfrequenztechnik
Arbeitsbereich Nachrichtentechnik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Dekorsy
Postfach 33 04 40
D28334 Bremen
WWW-Server: http://www.ant.uni-bremen.de

Version December 15, 2010

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Communications Technology II Exercises

Contents
1 Equalization
Exercise 1 (eq03):
Exercise 2 (eq08):
Exercise 3 (eq09):
Exercise 4 (eq11):
Exercise 5 (eq12):

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3
4
5
6

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7
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8
9
10
11

3 Mobile Radio Channel

Exercise 11 (2007-03-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 12 (2007-10-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 13 (2009-10-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
12
13
14

4 OFDM
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise

15
15
16
17
18
19

2 Viterbi
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise

6 (vit01):
7 (vit08):
8 (vit10):
9 (vit14):
10 (vit15):

DFE-Equalizer . . . . . . . . .
Equalizer, T -spaced, T /2-spaced
Equalizer, T -spaced . . . . . . .
Non-linear Equalization . . . . .
Linear Equalizer . . . . . . . . .

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Viterbi for QPSK . . . . . . . . .

Viterbi-Detection . . . . . . . . .
Viterbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ISI-Signal Space at QPSK . . . .
Error Event at Viterbi-Detection

14 (ofdm03): OFDM Error Probability

15 (ofdm04): OFDM . . . . . . . . . .
16 (ofdm05): OFDM . . . . . . . . . .
17 (2007-10-6): OFDM . . . . . . . .
18 (2009-10-ofdm): OFDM . . . . . .

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Communications Technology II Exercises

WS 2010/2011

II

Conventions and Nomenclature

All references to passages in the text (chapter- and page numbers) refer to the book:
K.-D. Kammeyer: Nachrichten
ubertragung, 2.Edition, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart,
1996, ISBN: 3-519-16142-7; References of equations of type (1.1.1) refer to the book,
too, whereas these of type (1) refer to the solutions of the exercises.
The functions rect () and tri () are defined analogous to:
N. Fliege: Systemtheorie, 1.Edition, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1991, ISBN: 3-51906140-6.
Thus rect (t/T ) has the temporal expanse T , whereas tri (t/T ) is not zero for the
length of 2T .
The letters f and F represent frequencies (in Hertz), and angular frequencies (in
rad/s). The following relations are always valid: = 2f resp. = 2F .
0 (t) denotes the continuous(!) Dirac-pulse, whereas (i) represents the timediscrete impulse sequence.
So called ideal low-, band- and highpassfilter G(j) have value 1 in the respective
passing range and value 0 in the stop range.
If a time-discrete data sequence d(i) of rate 1/T stimulates a continues filter with
impulse response g(t), it has to be interpreted as
"
#

X
X
x(t) = T
d(i) 0 (t iT ) g(t) = T
d(i) g(t iT ).
i=

i=

Abbreviations
ACF
BW, BB
BP
DPCM
F {}
H{}
HP

auto-correlation function, sequence

bandwidth, baseband
bandpass
differential PCM
Fourier transform
Hilbert transform
highpass

ISI
inter-symbol interference
KKF
cross-correlation function, sequence
AF
audio frequency
PCM
pulse-code modulation
PR
partial response
S/N = SNR signal-to-noise ratio
LP
lowpass

Availability on Internet
PDF (or PS) -files of the exercises can be downloaded from:
http://www.ant.uni-bremen.de

1 WS 2010/2011

Communications Technology II Exercises

Equalization
Exercise 1 (eq03): DFE-Equalizer

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 10/12/00

The following symbol clock model of a transmission system is given:

n(i)
Mod.
QPSK

d ( i)

c(i)

Channel

y(i)

DFE

d ( i)

Equalizer

Decod.

QPSK

The channel has the symbol clock impulse response c(i) = 12 [1; 1]. After equalization with
decision feedback (DFE) QPSK decoding is applied (Gray coding). At the receiver input an
Eb /N0 of 10 dB has been measured.
a) Draw the block diagram of the equalizer.
b) Find expressions for the received signal y(i) and the signal yq (i) at the detector input,
considering the source data d(i) and the noise n(i), assuming no wrong decisions have
been made.
c) What is the bit error probability at the output of the system assuming that all previous
decisions were correct?

Communications Technology II Exercises

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10

erfc(x)

10

10

10

10

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8
x

2.2

2.4

2.6

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Exercise 2 (eq08): Equalizer, T -spaced, T /2-spaced

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 04/10/97
The following transmission line is given:
k T /w

LTI-Channel
d(i) {+1, 1}

g(t)

c(t)

h(t)

?


y(k)

Bitrate 1/T
The transmit channel has the impulse response c(t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t T2 ). The joint impulse
response of transmit filter g(t) and receiver filter h(t) is the following triangular impulse:
1

6g(t) h(t)
@
@
@
@
@
@

2T

(a) Find the total impulse response

f2 (k) = g(t) h(t) c(t)|t=k T

after sampling with double bit rate at the receiver output (w = 2).
(b) The receive signal y(k) is passed through a T /2-spaced equalizer. The impulse response
of this T /2-equalizer is given by
eT /2 = [0.75 0.25]T .
Find the total impulse response at the output of the T /2-equalizer.
(c) At the equalizer output sampling with the bit rate is performed. Specify the sampling
phase such that the total impulse response of b) results in a distortionless system (even
or odd k?).
d) As an alternative, a symbol rate equalizer (T -equalizer) is applied. Hence, the receive
filter output is sampled with bit rate 1/T (w = 1). Find the symbol rate impulse
response
f (i) = g(t) h(t) c(t)|t=iT .
The coefficients of the T -equalizer are given by
eT = [0.0008 0.0026 0.6658

0.1998]T .

Determine the total impulse response at the output of the T -equalizer.

Communications Technology II Exercises

WS 2010/2011

Exercise 3 (eq09): Equalizer, T -spaced

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 04/08/99
The symbol rate model of a transmission system is described by the impulse response
f (i) = (i) + (i 1) ;

R ,

|| < 1.

The receiver uses a symbol rate equalizer with the impulse response
e(i) = (i) (i 1) + 2 (i 2) 3 (i 3).
This design is called Zero Forcing solution.
a) Find the total impulse response of the symbol rate model and equalizer.
b) Depict the pole-zero plot of the total system.
c) Determine the output (S/N)ISI of the equalizer, as well as the maximum error, which
is caused by inter-symbol interference with two-level transmission.
d) Increase the order of the equalizer to n by continuing the Zero Forcing design.
Determine (S/N)ISI (at the equalizer output) depending on and the order of the
equalizer n.

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Exercise 4 (eq11): Non-linear Equalization

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 10/15/98
The symbol clock model of a transmission channel is characterized by the impulse response
as
f (i) = (i) + 0.5 (i 2).
The data transmission is bipolar. An equalization by means of quantized feedback is realized
at the receiver.
n(i)
d(i)

Channel

x(i)

Entzerrer

y(i)
d(i)

a) Draw the block diagram of the equalizer.

b) Assume a decision error occurs at i 2. For this case specify the signal y(i) at the
detector input at the time i.
2) = d(i 2))
(Hint: A decision error occurs at i 2, for d(i
c) Calculate the probability of a subsequent error, if the additive noise n(i) on the
transmission line is symmetrically distributed and has zero mean. What is the influence
of the power of the noise on this probability?

Communications Technology II Exercises

WS 2010/2011

Exercise 5 (eq12): Linear Equalizer

Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 10/06/04 (Problem 5)
The figure below illustrates a discrete time model of a digital communication link in the
equivalent baseband domain. QPSK modulated data, given by
d(i){1 + j, 1 j, 1 j, 1 + j},
is transmitted over a frequency selective channel with the impulse response
h(i) = {1, 0.5 ej/4 }.
In order to equalize the channel, a linear equalizer e(i) is applied:
x(i)
h(i)

y(i)
e(i)

d(i)

w(i)

(a) Which values may the distorted signal x(i) take? Sketch the admissible signal space
points for x(i) in the complex plain.
(b) In order to mitigate the impact of inter-symbol interference (ISI), we apply a linear
filter at the receiver, with the impulse response
e(i) = {1, 0.5 ej5/4 }.
Determine the impulse response of the overall system w(i) = h(i) e(i).
(c) Which values may the equalized signal y(i) take? Sketch the admissible signal space
points for y(i) in the complex plain.
(d) Determine and sketch the squared magnitude frequency response of the overall system
w(i) = h(i) e(i) for 0 < < . What shape would the squared magnitude frequency
response of the overall system have, if the linear filter is an ideal equalizer with respect
to the channel?

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Viterbi
Exercise 6 (vit01): Viterbi for QPSK

Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 04/10/03 (Problem 7)

Consider a QPSK transmission at symbol rate T with the symbol alphabet
d(i){1 j , 1 + j , +1 j , +1 + j}.
Transmit and receive filter are square-root cosine roll-off filter. Both filters fulfill the 1st
Nyquist criterion. The transmission is characterized by a multipath channel with impulse
response
c(t) = (t) + (t T ).
The data at the receiver is detected by the Viterbi algorithm.
a) Sketch the Trellis diagram and determine all undistorted signal levels z of the state
transistions in a table.
b) Sketch the appropriate path into the Trellis diagram for the symbol sequence given by
d(i) = {1 + j , 1 j , 1 j , 1 + j , 1 j} ;

i = 1, , 5

and
d(i) = 1 j

i 0 and i > 5.

c) At the receiver we obtain the sampled signal

y(i) = {0.5 + j , 2 + 0.5j , 3j , 2 , 2 + j} ;

i = 1, , 5

after matched filtering. Calculate the sum metric (euclidian distance, path cost) of
the path determined in problem b).

Communications Technology II Exercises

WS 2010/2011

Exercise 7 (vit08): Viterbi-Detection

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 04/08/99
A data sequence d(i) {1, 1} is modulated with a BPSK (symbol length T ) and transmitted
on a multipath channel. The transmission and the reception filter are matched, together they
fulfil the 1st Nyquist criterion. The impulse response of the channel is known as:
c(t) = (t) + (t T ) + 0.5 (t 2 T ) .
The data is transmitted in blocks, where one block consists of four data bits and two tail bits.
The two tail bits have the value 1. The transmissed data has to be recovered at the receiver
by MLSE.
a) Sketch the appropriate Trellis diagram.
b) After sampling we have the following sequence at the output of the receiver:
s(i) = 1.5; 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 2.5; 0.5 ;

i = 1...6 .

Perform a MLSE using the Trellis diagram from problem a) and mark the approriate
path.
c) Specify the approriate data sequence for i = 1...4.

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Exercise 8 (vit10): Viterbi

Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 04/07/04 (Problem 6)
A signal modulated by a linear modulation scheme is transmitted over a radio link and
distorted by a frequency selective multipath channel. After sampling at symbol rate the
Viterbi algorithm is applied, in order to recover the transmitted symbol sequence at the
receiver. The corresponding Trellis diagram is depicted in the figure below.

S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
(a) Determine the linear modulation scheme according to the depicted Trellis diagram.
How many taps does the channel have? Give the contents of the channel memory for
each state.
(b) Determine the symbol sequence d(i), according to the solid line in the figure.
(c) The dashed line represents an error event. Determine the error vector e and determine
2
the corresponding S/N loss factor min
, if the product of the channel convolution
matrices is given by

1
0 0.7

FH F = 0
1
0 .
0.7 0
1

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10

Exercise 9 (vit14): ISI-Signal Space at QPSK

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 10/06/97
Statistically independent, equally distributed QPSK symbols are transmitted on a channel
with a memory of 1st order. The real-valued symbol clock impulse response of the channel is
given as
f (i) = 0.8 (i) + 0.6 (i 1) .
Inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurs. The QPSK symbols are taken from the symbol
alphabet
1 + j
1 j
1j
1+j
, d3 =
, d4 = ,
d1 = , d2 =
2
2
2
2
which results in the signal space diagram of transmission symbols shown below.
QPSK symbols
1

imag

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1

-0.5

0
0.5
real

a) Sketch the block diagram of the symbol clock model for the transmission channel.
b) Calculate the resulting signal levels w11 and w42 at the output of the channel for the two
combinations of input symbols {d(i) = d1 , d(i 1) = d1 } resp. {d(i) = d4 , d(i 1) =
d2 }.
c) Sketch the signal space diagram at the output of the channel which results from all
possible combinations of input symbols. You can avoid further calculations, if you draw
conclusions on the analogy of problem b).
d) Additional task for the exercise (not in the test):
Calculate the average signal powers at the input and output of the channel.

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Exercise 10 (vit15): Error Event at Viterbi-Detection

The Trellis diagram of a 2nd order channel for binary transmission is given, whose data
obviously belong to the alphabet d(i) {0, 1} .

S0 = {0,0}
S1 = {0,1}
S2 = {1,0}
S3 = {1,1}
a) Determine the bit sequence that corresponds to the bold path (true data sequence).
b) At the receiver the data sequence corresponing to the dashed path is detected (in the
last part of the Trellis diagram both paths overlap). Determine the error vector.
c) Calculate the energy ACF of the error vector and then use it to determine the 3 3
auto-correlation matrix RE
ee .
d) Calculate the minimum eigenvalue of the matrix. How big is the S/N loss of the Viterbi
detection compared to a transmission on an AWGN channel?

Communications Technology II Exercises

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12

Mobile Radio Channel

Exercise 11 (2007-03-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel

Three reflected radio signals are received by a car driving with a velocity of v = 100km/h, as
shown in the figure below. The relative delay of the signals can be neglected at first and the
carrier frequency is f0 = 2 GHz. The reflection coefficients r0 , r1 , r2 are given in the figure
below.
Hint: Speed of light c0 3 108 m/s

r1 = 0.6

r0 = 1

v
r2 = 0.3
35

a) Calculate the Doppler frequencies fD, of the three signals.

b) Sketch the complete spectrum of the received signal in case of a unmodulated signal.
The velocity of the car shall be v = 0km/h now, so that no Doppler effect occurs. The
reflected path components with reflection coefficients r1 and r2 have relative delays 1 , 2 ,
with 2 > 1 , with respect to the direct path (0 = 0), with coefficient r0 .
c) Sketch die impulse response hK (t) of the multipath channel.
d) Give the expression for the impulse response and calculate the channel transfer function
HK (j) of the multipath channel.
e) At the receiver the received signal is filtered with an ideal bandpass HBP (j) with
center frequency f0 and bandwidth B. Calculate the equivalent lowpass description
HT P (j) of the overall transfer function H(j) = HK (j) HBP (j).
f) Illustrate the impact of the echos on the absolute transfer function |HT P (j)|
(Short explanation please!).

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Exercise 12 (2007-10-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel

Consider a BPSK data transmission, with d(i){1, 1}, over a flat channel with the timevariant channel coefficient h(k)
y(k) = h(k) d(k) + n(k) .
2

E{|d(k)| }
Eb
The symbol duration is TBaud = 50 ns, and the signal-to-noise power ratio is N
= E{|n(k)|
2 } = 7 dB.
0
The channel h(k) can assume three states, which are characterized by the channel coefficients

h1 = 0, 5 exp(j/4),

h2 = 0, 8 exp(j/6),

h3 = 0, 1 + j0, 2 .

Furthermore, the states are characterized by an average probability of occurence P =

Pr{h(k) = h } with P1 + P2 + P3 = 1.
Hint: Assume perfect channel state information and coherent detection at the receiver.
Use the graphic below to solve the following problems.
a) Determine the average bit error probability for uniformly distributed states, P1 = P2 = P3 .
b) Determine the average bit error probability for the following probabilities of occurence:
P1 = 0, 6,

P2 = 0, 3,

P3 = 0, 1 .

c) Asumme perfect channel state transmission at the transmitter. What is the resulting
bit error probability, if the transmitter transmits only during the strongest channel
coefficient?
d) Determie the average bit rate for case c).
0

10

10

10

erfc(x)

10

10

10

10

10

10

0.5

1.5

2
x

2.5

3.5

Communications Technology II Exercises

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14

Exercise 13 (2009-10-mobrad): Mobile Radio Channel

A mobile radio channel scenario is given in the figure below.
1 = 1, 4 km
1 = 0.5

45
Tx

0 = 600 m
0 = 1

Rx

a) Determine the impulse response of the equivalent low-pass channel for a stationary
vehicle. The carrier frequency is f0 = 1 GHz.
Hint: Speed of light c0 = 3 108 m/s
b) Determine the channel transfer function of the equivalent low-pass channel. Determine
the minimum and the maximum of its absolute value and the corresponding frequencies.
Sketch the absolute value of the transfer function.
c) Now the vehicle has a speed of v = 150 km/h. Give an expression for the received
equivalent low-pass signal r(t) for an arbitrary transmitted low-pass signal s(t).

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OFDM
Exercise 14 (ofdm03): OFDM Error Probability

Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 10/12/00

An OFDM system with 2048 active subcarriers is used for wireless transmission. The interval
between two subcarriers is 250 Hz and the guard interval has a length of 2 ms. A BPSK
modulation is used for each subcarrier.
a) Determine the bandwith and transmission rate of the entire system.
b) An IDFT with the length 4096 is used to create the OFDM signal. Determine the
sampling frequency of the output signal and how many samples fall into the guard
interval.
c) The required bandpass energy of an OFDM symbol at the transmitter is EOF DM = 1.4
Ws. White Gaussian noise with the power spectrum N0 /2 = 6 105 Ws is added in
the bandpass. Determine the Eb /N0 ratio (in dB). Specify the bit error rate of the
transmission system. Calculate the average power emitted by the transmitter.
Hint: Take possibly needed values of the erfc-function from the graphic in the textbook.

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16

Exercise 15 (ofdm04): OFDM

Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 04/07/04 (Problem 4)
An OFDM system is operating within a bandwidth of B = 6 MHz on Nc = 16 subcarriers
with a bandwidth efficiency of u = 0.8. The transmitted data is modulated by a 8-PSK
scheme.
(a) Determine the data rate R of the system.
(b) How large is the maximum delay max for the channel? Justify your calculations.
Utilizing the same system parameters, the transmission now uses a data rate of R = 13.5
Mbit/s.
(c) How many of the 16 subcarriers are needed to achieve the given data rate?
A channel estimation yields the impulse response given as:
h(k) = 1 (k) + 0.5 (k 1)
(d) Which subcarriers do you suggest to be switched off?
Hint: The center frequency of the first subcarrier is located at = 0 .

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Exercise 16 (ofdm05): OFDM

Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 10/08/03 (Problem 8)
For a wireless computer network (WLAN, Wireless Local Area Network) an OFDM system
is used. A transmission rate of 32 Mbit/s shall be achieved. The maximum length of the
channel impulse response is 800 ns.
a) Determine the distance of the subcarriers, if the guard interval is 20% of the overall
symbol duration.
b) Calculate the S/N loss due to the insertion of the guard interval (Violation of the
matched-filter criterion!).
c) The bandwidth of the channel is 20 MHz. Of how many subcarriers does the transmitted
signal consist?
d) From the modulation methods BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM choose the
one that just reaches the required transmission rate. Give a calculation for justyfication.

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18

Exercise 17 (2007-10-6): OFDM

The upcoming enhancement of the UMTS system is currently specified under the name Long
Term Evolution (LTE), which applies the transmission scheme OFDM. For this technology a
maximum bandwidth of 30.72 MHz and a FFT length of 2048 are specified. The duration of
the OFDM core symbol is specified with 66.67s, the duration of the cyclic prefix is 16.67s.
a) State one advantage and one disadvantages of using OFDM as transmission scheme.
b) Determine the subcarrier spacing f and the bandwidth efficiency . What is the
maximum allowable delay spread of a channel to guarantee that no inter-symbol
interference occurs?
c) How many subcarriers must be switched off or allocated with zeros, if a maximum
bandwidth of 18 MHz must not be exceeded? Determine the maximum data rate that
can be transmitted with this bandwidth, if 64-QAM modulation is applied.
d) To create the OFDM signal at this bandwidth an IFFT of length 2048 is used.
Determine the sampling frequency at the output of the IFFT and how many sampling
points appear in the guard interval respectively.

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Exercise 18 (2009-10-ofdm): OFDM

An OFDM system with a minimum bitrate of Rb = 10 Mbit/s is to be realized. Due to the
channels frequency selectivity the subcarrier spacing may not exceed f = 10 kHz. An SNR
loss of 2 = 1 dB due to the cyclic prefix is allowed.
a) Determine the maximal duration of the cyclic prefix.
b) Each subcarrier is modulated using QPSK. The cyclic prefix has the duration calculated
in problem a). Determine the number of subcarriers that are required to achieve the
desired bitrate.
c) Implementation constraints demand an FFT length, which is the number of subcarriers
rounded to the next largest power of two. Which sampling frequency do you need to
provide now?
d) Determine the maximal data rate when the number of subcarriers is identical to the
FFT-length in problem c).
e) The channel transfer function is to be estimated via scattered pilot symbols. Determine
the maximal spacing nPi between subsequent pilot symbols in the frequency direction,
if the maximal echo delay of the channel max equals the guard duration.