B

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CPE554)
NAME
STUDENT ID
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMIT TO
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
: NURUL AIN BINTI ZULKIFLEE

: 2013452866
:4
: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
: 11TH MARCH 2015
:4
: EH2214A / CPE554
: MS HABSAH ALWI
Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
TOTAL MARKS
Allocated Marks (%)

5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
10
5
5
5
100
Marks
Remarks:
Checked by:
Rechecked by:
---------------------------
--------------------------
Date:
Date:
ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment is to evaluate and study the function as well as the
performance of shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions. The
conditions are:
1) Heat Load and Heat Balance, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
2) Turbulent/Laminar Flow, Reynolds Number Shell Side, Reynolds Number
Tube Side
3) Heat Transfer Coefficients
4) Pressure Drop, Shell Side, Tube Side
[EDIT]From the data collected, the configuration of Shell and Tube heat exchanger
in counter current flow has a higher effectiveness than the co-current flow.
INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is equipment built for efficient heat transfer that takes place
between two fluids that enter and exit at different temperatures. The media may be
separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. The
main function of heat exchanger is to either remove heat from a hot fluid or to add
heat to the cold fluid. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, airconditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum
refineries, natural gas processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a
heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid
known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils,
which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.
The direction of fluid motion inside the heat exchanger can normally categorised as
parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow. In this experiment, only parallel flow and
counter flow is highlighted. For parallel flow, also known as co-current flow, both the
hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction. Both the fluids enter and exit the heat
exchanger on the same ends. For counter flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in
the opposite direction. Both the fluids enter and exit the heat exchanger on the
opposite ends. In this experiment, shell and tube heat exchanger is focused on.
AIMS
To evaluate and study the performance of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger at
various operating conditions. The conditions are
1) Heat Load and Heat Balance, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
2) Turbulent/Laminar Flow, Reynolds Number Shell Side, Reynolds Number
Tube Side
3) Heat Transfer Coefficients
4) Pressure Drop, Shell Side, Tube Side
THEORY
Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat from one fluid to another
without the fluids coming into contact. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the most
common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications. They contain a large
number of tubes packed in a shell with their axes parallel to that of the shell. Heat
transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the tubes while the other fluid flows
outside the tubes through the shell.
Figure 1: a) Co-current Flow and b) Counter Current Flow

a) Co-current (Parallel) flow
The flow of the hot and the cold fluid is taking place in the same direction in
this case. As the graph shown in Figure 1a, the temperature difference
between the hot and the cold fluid keeps on decreasing from one end to the
other.
b) Counter current flow
The hot fluid enters from one end of the exchanger and the cold from the
opposite end. This results in nearly constant temperature difference between
the hot and the cold fluid. This is a significant aspect and makes counter
current exchangers preferable over co-current exchangers.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Construction
4
Figure 2: Construction of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

a) Tubes
The tubes provide the heat transfer area in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
The tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger are arranged in various
arrangements. They are enclosed by a shell around them. They are available
in various sizes and shapes according to B.W.G (Birmingham wire gauge)
system. The selection of wall thickness of tube depends on maximum
operating pressure and corrosion characteristics.
b) Tube Pitch
Various aspects have to be kept in mind while designing a shell and heat tube
exchanger. The tubes cannot be made very close to each other as that would
then leave very less amount of metal between the drilled tubes holes in tube
sheets attached at the ends of the exchanger. And if the space between the
tubes is very high, it would result in less surface area which in turn, would
affect the efficiency of the exchanger. Hence, an optimum distance should be
maintained. The shortest distance between centers of two adjacent tubes is
called the tube pitch, should not be less than 1.25 times the tube diameter.
c) Shell
As shown in the Figure 2, the shell is the outer casing of the heat exchanger.
One fluid flows between the outer wall of the heat exchanger and inner wall of
the shell while the other flows inside the tube. Shell has a circular cross
section and selection of material of the shell depends upon the corrosiveness
of the fluid and the working temperature and pressure. Carbon steel is a
common material for the shell under moderate working conditions.
d) Baffles
These are panels responsible for obstructing and redirecting the flow of fluid
in the shell side of an exchanger. They are situated normal to the walls of the
shell and force the liquid to flow at right angles to the axis of the tubes. This
increases turbulence resulting in greater heat transfer. Also, the baffles help in
keeping the tubes from sagging and increase the strength of the tubes by
preventing their vibration.
Heat Balance
For a parallel-flow shell and tube heat exchanger with one tube pass and one shell
pass shown in Figure 1a, the heat balance is given as:
mt C pt ( t 2 t 1 ) =m s C ps ( T 2 T 1) =q
Similarly, for the counterflow shell and tube heat exchanger with one tube pass and
one shell pass, the heat balance is given as:
mt C pt ( t 2 t 1 ) =m s C ps ( T 2 T 1) =q
where,
mt
1
= mass flowrate of cold fluid in the tube (kg s )
ms
1
= mass flowrate of hot fluid in the shell (kg s )
C pt
1
1
= specific heat of cold fluid in the tube (kJkg C )
C ps
1
1
= specific heat of hot fluid in the shell (kJkg C )
t1 , t2
= temperature of cold fluid entering/leaving the tube ( C )
T1 , T2
= temperature of hot fluid entering/leaving the shell ( C )
= heat exchange rate between fluid (kW )
Heat Transfer
The general equation for heat transfer across the tube surface in a shell and tube
heat exchanger is given by:
q=U o A o T m=U i Ai T m
where,
Ao
2
= outside area of the tube (m )
Ai
2
= inside area of the tube (m )
Tm
Uo
= mean temperature difference ( C )

= overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tube
( kW m2 C1 )
Ui
= overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area of the tube
( kW m2 C1 )
The coefficients
Uo
and
Ui
are given by:
do
)
di
d
d
1
1 1
= + +
+ o + o
U o ho hod
2 kw
d i hid d i h i
ln (
and
do
)
di
di
di
1 1 1
= + +
+
+
U i hi hid 2 k w d o hod d o h o
ln (
where,
ho
hi
2
1
= outside fluid film coefficient (kW m C )
= inside fluid film coefficient
(kW m C )
hod
2
1
= outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor) (kW m C )
hid
2
1
= inside dirt coefficient (kW m C )
kw
2
1
= thermal conductivity of the tube wall material (kW m C )
do
= tube outside diameter (m)
di
= tube inside diameter (m)
The mean temperature difference for both parallel and counterflow shell and tube
heat exchanger with single shell pass and single tube pass is normally expressed in
terms of log-mean temperature difference (LMTD)
T lm=
T 1 T 2
T1
ln (
)
T2
Figure 3: Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger

For a more complex heat exchanger, such as 1:2 heat exchanger in Figure 3, an
estimate of the true temperature difference is given by:
T m=F t T lm
where
Ft
is the temperature correction factor as a function of two dimensionless
temperature ratios R and S:

R=
T 1T 2
t 2t 1
S=
t 2t 1
T 1t 1
Having calculated R and S, then
Ft
is determined from the standard correction
factor figures in Figure 6.
10
Tube-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,
hi
For turbulent flow, Sieder-Tate equation can be used:

0.8
Nu=C Pr
0.33
0.14
( f / w )
where,
f ut d e
f
Gt d e / f
= Reynolds Number =
Nu
= Nusselt Number =
hi d e /k f
Pr
= Prandtl Number =
C p f /k f
de
= equivalent (or hydraulic) diameter (m)
= 4 (cross-sectional area of flow)/wetted perimeter

Gt
f
2
= mass velocity, mass flow per unit area (kg /s . m )
= fluid viscosity of bulk fluid temperature
2
= fluid viscosity at the wall ( Ns m )
3
= fluid density ( kg m )
(Ns m2 )
ut
= fluid velocity in tube
Cp
= fluid specific heat, heat capacity (J /kg C)
= 0.023 for non-viscous liquids
( m s1)
= 0.027 for viscous liquids

kf
=Fluid thermal conductivity
( Wm C )
For laminar flow (Re < 2000), the following correlation is used:
Nu=1.86(. Pr)0.33 ( d e / L)0.33( f / w )0.14
11
where,
L = the tube length (m)
12
Tube-side Pressure Drop,
Pt
The tube-side pressure drop is given by:
[ ( )( ) ]
L
Pt =N p 8 j f
di
u
+2.5 f t
2
where,
Pt
2
= tube-side pressure drop ( N /m )
Np
= number of tube-side passes
jf
= tube dimensionless friction factor in Figure 8
= length of one tube, (m)
ut
= tube-side velocity (m/s)
= 0.25 for laminar, Re < 2100

= 0.14 for turbulent, Re > 2100
Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,
hs
(Kerns Method)
In order to determine the heat transfer coefficient for fluid film in shell, first calculate
the cross-sectional area of flow
As
for hypothetical row of tubes of the shell as
follows:
A s =( pt d o ) Ds l B / pt
where,
do
= tube outside diameter (m)
pt
= tube pitch (m)
Ds
= shell inside diameter (m)
lB
= distance between baffle (m)

13
14
Gs
Then, the shell-side mass velocity,
and linear velocity,
follows:
G s=
us =
Ws
As
Gs
f
where,
Ws
= Fluid flowrate on the shell-side
= shell-side fluid density
( kgm )
3
de
The shell equivalent diameter,
de
4 pt
do
4
( kgs )
is given by:
do
1.27 2
2
( pt 0.785 d o)
do
(For square pitch arrangement)
de
2
pt
1 do
4
0.87 pt
2
2 4
do
2
1.10 2
( pt 0.917 d 2o)
do
(For equilateral triangular pitch arrangement)

Thus, Reynolds number in shell is given by:
15
us
are calculated as
G s de
f
u s d e f
f
16
Baffle cut,
Bc
, is used to specify the dimensions of a segmental baffle. It is the
height of the segment removed to form the baffle, expressed as a percentage of the
baffle disc diameter.
Using this Reynolds number and given
Bc
value, the heat transfer factor,
jh
value is determined from Figure 9. Then, the heat transfer coefficient for fluid film in
shell is calculated from:
hd
Nu= s e = j h Pr 0.33 f
kf
w
0.14
( )
Ps
Shell-side Pressure Drop,
(Kerns Method)
The shell-side pressure drop is given by:

Ds
Ps =8 j f
de
L u s f
l B 2 w
0.14
( )( ) ( )
where,
Ps
= shell pressure drop
( mN )
2
jf
= shell dimensionless friction factor in Figure 10
lB
= distance between baffle (m)
us
= shell-side velocity
( ms )
Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,
hs
(Bells Method)
The shell-side heat transfer coefficient is given by:

h s=hoc F n F w Fb F L
where,
17
hoc
= heat transfer coefficient calculated for cross-flow over an ideal tube bank, no
leakage or by-passing
Fn
= correction factor to allow for the effect of the number of vertical tube rows
Fw
= window effect correction factor
Fb
= by-pass stream correction factor
FL
= leakage correction factor
18
hoc
The ideal cross-flow heat transfer coefficient

hoc d o
= j h Pr 0.33 f
kf
w
is given by:
0.14
( )
where,
G s do
f
u s d o f
f
Heat-transfer coefficient for an ideal cross-flow tube banks can be calculated using
the heat transfer factors,
The correction factor
Fn
jh
from Figure 11.
is determined as follows:
a. For Re > 2000, turbulent, take
Fn
from Figure 12
b. For Re > 100 to 2000, transition region, take

c. For Re < 100, laminar region,
Fn =1.0
' 0.18
Fn ( N C )
where,
N 'C =
numbers of rows crossed in series from end to end of the shell.
The window correction factor

Rw
Fw
is plotted against
Rw
, in Figure 13 where
is the ratio of the numbers of tubes in the window zones to the total number in
the bundle.
19
The by-pass correction factor
[ (
( ) )]
A
2Ns
Fb =exp b 1
As
N cv
1
3
Fb
for
is
N s N cv
/2
where,
= 1.5 for laminar flow, Re < 100

= 1.35 for transitional and turbulent flow Re > 100
Ab
= clearance area between the bundle and the shell
As
= maximum area for cross-flow
Ns
= number of sealing strips encountered by the by-pass stream

in the cross-flow zone
N cv
= the number of constrictions, tube rows, encountered in the

cross-flow section
If there is no sealing strips used,

The leakage correction factor
FL
Fb
is obtained from Figure 14.
is,
F L =1 L [ ( A tb + 2 A sb ) / A L ]
where,
L
= a factor obtained from Figure 15
A tb
= tube-to-baffle clearance area, per baffle
A sb
= shell-to-baffle clearance area, per baffle
AL
= total leakage area,
A tb + A sb
20
Shell-side Pressure Drop,
Ps
(Bells Method)
The total shell-side pressure drop is the sum of pressure drop in cross-flow and
window zones, determined separately. The pressure drop in the cross-flow zones
Pc
between the baffle tips is calculated from the correlations for ideal tube
banks, and corrected for leakage and bypassing.

Pc = P i F 'b F 'L
where,
Pi
= pressure drop calculated for an equivalent ideal tube bank
N cv
= number of tube rows crossed (in the cross-flow region)
us
= shell-side velocity, based on the clearance area
jf
= friction factor from Figure 16 for Re calculated with us
F'b
= by-pass correction factor
F'L
= leakage correction factor
Calculate
F'b
with
=5.0
As
at the bundle equator
for laminar region, Re < 100 and
transition and turbulent region, Re > 100. If no sealing strips used, take
Figure 17
Calculate
'
F L from Equation 22 taking
'
The window-zone pressure drop is,

Pw =F 'L ( 2+0.6 N wv ) u2z /2
where,
21
from Figure 18
=4.0
F'b
for
from
uz
= geometric mean velocity =
uw
= velocity in the window zone =
Ws
= shell-side fluid mass flow (kg / s)
N wv
uw u s
W s / A w
= number of restrictions for cross-flow in window zone, approximately

equal to the number of tube rows
22
The end-zone pressure drop is,

Ps = Pi [ ( N w + N cv ) /N cv ] F 'b
Thus, the total shell-side pressure drop is the sum of pressure drops over all the
zones in series from inlet to outlet:
Ps
N b1
= 2(end zones) + (
=
)(crossflow zones) +
Nb
(window zones)
2 Pe + ( N b1 ) Pc + N b Pw
where,
N b=number of baffles=( L /l B 1 )
Shell and Bundle Geometry

The shell and bundle geometry described below shall be used for calculating the
correction factors above.
Where,
Hc
= baffle cut height=
Bc
Hb
= height from the baffle chord to the top of the tube bundle
Bb
= bundle cut =
= angle subtended by the baffle chord (rads)
Db
= bundle diameter
Ds
, where
H b / Db
Subsequently,
Hb
N cv
Db
D s ( 0.5Bc )
2
D b2 H b
Bc
'
pt
23
is the baffle cut as a fraction
N wv
'
H b / pt
where,
p't
= vertical tube pitch

pt
for square pitch
= 0.87
pt
for equilateral triangular pitch
The number of tubes in a window zone
Nw
is given by:
'
N w =N t Ra
'
Ra
where
can be obtained from Figure 20, for the appropriate bundle cut,
The number of tubes in a cross-flow zone Nc is given by:

N c =N t 2 N w
and
Rw =2 N w / N t
A w =( Ra ( D 2s /4 ) )( N w ( d 2o / 4 ) )
Ra
where
A tb =
is obtained from Figure 20 for the appropriate baffle cut,
Bc
( c 2d )(N N )
where
A sb=
ct
is the diametrical tube-to-baffle clearance, typically 0.8 mm.
( c 2D )(2 )
s
24
Bb
where
cs
is the baffle-to-shell clearance and
for the appropriate baffle cut, Bc.

A b =l b (D sD b)
where
lb
is the baffle spacing.
25
can be obtained from Figure 20
APPARATUS
1) Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
2) Stopwatch
Figure 4: Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model: HE158C)
Figure 5: Schematic Diagram for Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus
26
PROCEDURE
General Start-up
1) A quick inspection is performed to make sure that the equipment is in a proper
working condition.
2) All valves are ensured to be initially closed, except V1 and V12.
3) Hot water tank is filled up via a water supply hose connected to valve V27.
The valve is closed once the tank is full.
4) The cold-water tank is filled up by opening valve V28 and the opened valve is
left for continues water supply.
5) A drain hose is connected to the cold water drain point.
6) The main power is switched on. The heater is switched on for the hot water
tank and the temperature controller is set to 50C.
7) The water temperature is allowed in the hot water tank to reach the set-point.
8) The equipment is now ready to be run.
General Shut-down
1)
2)
3)
4)
Heater is switched off. Wait until the hot water temperature drops below 40C.
Pump P1 and pump P2 are switched off.
Main power switched off.
All water in the process lines is drained off. Water in the hot and cold water
tanks are retained for next laboratory session.

5) All valves are closed.
27
Experiment A: Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

1) General start-up procedures is performed.
2) The valves are switched to counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
arrangement.
3) Pumps P1 and P2 are switched on.
4) Valves V3 and V14 are opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flowrates
for hot water and cold water streams, respectively.
5) The system is allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
6) FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 is recorded.
7) The pressure drop measurements are recorded for shell-side and tube-side
for pressure drop studies.
8) Steps 4 to 7 is repeated for different combinations of flowrate FT1 and FT2 as
in the results sheet.
9) Pumps P1 and P2 are switched off after the completion of experiment.
10)The next experiment is proceeded.
Experiment B: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
1) The valves are switched to co-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
arrangement
2) Pumps P1 and P2 are switched on.
3) The valves are switched to counter-current and the air is bled with high water
flowrate if there is air trap in the shell-side. Then the valves are switched
position back to co-current position.
4) Valves V3 and V14 are opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flowrates
for hot water and cold water streams, respectively.
5) The system is allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
6) FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 is recorded.
7) The pressure drop measurements are recorded for shell-side and tube-side
for pressure drop studies.
8) Steps 5 to 8 are repeated for different combinations of flowrate FT1 and FT2
as in the results sheet.
9) Pumps P1 and P2 are switched off after the completion of experiment.
10) Shut-down the equipment is proceeded.
RESULTS
FI 1
FI 2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
DPT1
DPT1
(LPM)
2
4
(LPM)
10
10
(C)
30.8
31.5
(C)
29.2
29.2
(C)
38.1
43.1
(C)
49.3
48.8
(mmH2O)
193
195
(mmH2O)
-5
-5
28
6
8
10
10
10
10
32.2
33.3
34.0
29.3
29.7
29.8
44.0
44.8
45.1
49.2
49.5
48.7
191
192
191
-5
-5
-5
FI 1
FI 2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
DPT1
DPT1
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
(C)
41.4
37.9
35.4
34.0
33.2
(C)
29.9
30.2
29.2
28.9
28.9
(C)
47.5
46.6
45.6
44.9
44.6
(C)
49.1
49.1
49.0
48.9
48.9
(mmH2O)
6.0
69.0
126
214
377
(mmH2O)
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
29
HOT FLUID (TUBE)

TEST
VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE
10
10
10
10
10
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
3162.99
1925.0
1100.17
825.13
618.85
(LPM)
MASS FLOW RATE
(kg/s)
HEAT TRANSFER RATE
(J/s)
COLD FLUID (SHELL)
TEST
VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE
(LPM)
MASS FLOWRATE
(kg/s)
HEAT TRANSFER RATE
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.03319
0.0664
0.0996
0.1328
0.1659
111.06
222.13
416.49
499.79
832.97
(J/s)
TEST
T LOG MEAN,
)
HEAT LOSS
(W)
EFFICIENCY
(%)
17.94
19.58
19.50
19.85
19.15
3051.93
1702.87
683.68
325.34
235252
3.51
11.54
37.86
60.57
134.60
T lm
30
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

TEST
Total exchange area
2
( m
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
3526.19
1966.29
1128.38
831.36
646.32
Overall heat transfer coefficient

(W /m 2 . K )
TUBE SIDE
TEST
CROSS SECTION AREA
2
( m
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
295.69
295.69
295.69
295.69
295.69
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
MASS VELOCITY
(kg /m2 . s)
LINEAR VELOCITY
(m/s)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
PRANDTL NUMBER
NUSELT NUMBER
TYPE OF FLOW
STANTON NUMBER
HEAT TRANSFER
FACTOR,
jh
TUBE COEFFICIENT,
ht
(W /m 2 . K )
31
SHELL SIDE
TEST
CROSS FLOW AREA
2
( m
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
6.92
13.83
20.75
27.67
34.56
0.0069
0.0138
0.02084
0.0278
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
445.76
891.26
1337.20
1783.15
5.44
5.29
5.44
9.21
5.44
12.75
5.44
16.05
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
0.0021
0.0019
0.00175
0.0067
0.0059
0.00545
0.00513
0.0049
63.14
427.62
609.79
855.54
MASS VELOCITY
(kg /m2 . s)
LINEAR VELOCITY
(m/s)
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER
(m)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
PRANDTL NUMBER
NUSELT NUMBER
TYPE OF FLOW
STANTON NUMBER
HEAT TRANSFER FACTOR,
jh
SHELL COEFFICIENT,
(W /m 2 . K )
0.00165
hS
32
0.0347
1
0.0516
2227.1
7
5.44
19.17
Lamina
r
0.0015
8
1068.5
8

FI 1
FI 2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
DPT1
DPT1
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
(C)
29.9
29.9
30.0
30.1
30.2
(C)
31.4
31.8
32.7
33.7
34.0
(C)
38.6
43.2
44.3
45.4
45.4
(C)
49.5
48.8
49.2
50.0
49.4
(mmH2O)
679
678
675
678
676
(mmH2O)
604
601
583
530
527
FI 1
FI 2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
DPT1
DPT1
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
(C)
30.3
30.4
30.3
30.1
30.0
(C)
38.1
36.0
34.4
34.0
33.7
(C)
47.2
46.6
46.0
45.6
45.2
(C)
48.7
48.9
48.9
48.7
49.0
(mmH2O)
23
7
653
670
712
(mmH2O)
526
524
524
523
530
33
HOT FLUID (TUBE)

TEST
VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE
10
10
10
10
10
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
3162.99
1925.0
1100.17
825.13
618.85
(LPM)
MASS FLOW RATE
(kg/s)
HEAT TRANSFER RATE
(J/s)
COLD FLUID (SHELL)
TEST
VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE
(LPM)
MASS FLOWRATE
(kg/s)
HEAT TRANSFER RATE
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.03319
0.0664
0.0996
0.1328
0.1659
111.06
222.13
416.49
499.79
832.97
(J/s)
TEST
T LOG MEAN,
)
HEAT LOSS
(W)
EFFICIENCY
(%)
17.94
19.58
19.50
19.85
19.15
3051.93
1702.87
683.68
325.34
235252
3.51
11.54
37.86
60.57
134.60
T lm
34
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

TEST
Total exchange area
2
( m
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
3526.19
1966.29
1128.38
831.36
646.32

(W /m 2 . K )
TUBE SIDE
TEST
CROSS SECTION AREA
2
( m
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
0.00055
295.69
295.69
295.69
295.69
295.69
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
0.2992
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
14337.7
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
9
3.56
73.94
turbulent
0.00145
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
0.00339
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
1786.33
MASS VELOCITY
(kg /m2 . s)
LINEAR VELOCITY
(m/s)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
PRANDTL NUMBER
NUSELT NUMBER
TYPE OF FLOW
STANTON NUMBER
HEAT TRANSFER
FACTOR,
jh
TUBE COEFFICIENT,
ht
(W /m 2 . K )
35
SHELL SIDE
TEST
CROSS FLOW AREA
2
( m
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
6.92
13.83
20.75
27.67
34.56
0.0069
0.0138
0.02084
0.0278
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
445.76
891.26
1337.20
1783.15
5.44
5.29
5.44
9.21
5.44
12.75
5.44
16.05
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
0.0021
0.0019
0.00175
0.0067
0.0059
0.00545
0.00513
0.0049
63.14
427.62
609.79
855.54
MASS VELOCITY
(kg /m2 . s)
LINEAR VELOCITY
(m/s)
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER
(m)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
PRANDTL NUMBER
NUSELT NUMBER
TYPE OF FLOW
STANTON NUMBER
HEAT TRANSFER FACTOR,
jh
SHELL COEFFICIENT,
(W /m 2 . K )
0.00165
hS
36
0.0347
1
0.0516
2227.1
7
5.44
19.17
Lamina
r
0.0015
8
1068.5
8
Temperature Profile for counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer Coefficient Study
37
CALCULATIONS
The specific results for this experiment allow us to determine the heat transfers, heat
losses, heat transfer coefficient and LMTD values.
(do)
Tube O.D.
Tube I.D.
: 9.53 mm
(di )
: 7.75 mm
( L)
Tube Length
: 500 mm
N
Tube Count ( t )
Tube Pitch
: 10 (single pass)
( pt )
: 18 mm
Tube arrangement
: Triangle
Shell O.D.
: 100 mm
D
Shell I.D. ( s )
: 85 mm
Baffle Count
:8
B
Baffle Cut ( c )
: 20 %
Baffle Distance
( lB )
Material of Construction
Density
Heat capacity
Thermal cond
Viscosity
: 50 mm
: 316 L Stainless Steel/Borosilicate Glass
Hot water
: 988.18 kg/m3
: 4175.00 J/kg.K
: 0.6436 W/m.K
: 0.0005494 Pa.s
Density
Heat capacity
Thermal cond
Viscosity
38
Cold water
: 995.67 kg/m3
: 4183.00 J/kg.K
: 0.6155 W/m.K
:0.0008007 Pa.s

[Fixed Cold Water Flow Rate 10 LPM]
1) Calculations of heat transfer and heat lost
The heat transfers of both hot and cold water are both calculated using the
heat balance equation.
Heat transfer rate for hot water
i)
2.0
Qhot (W )=mh C P T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(30.829.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 220.03 W
ii)
4.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(31.529.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
632.60 W
iii)
6.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(32.229.3)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1196.44 W
iv)
8.0
L
1 m3
1min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(33.329.7)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1980.31 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(34.029.8)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2887.96 W
39
Heat transfer rate for cold water

i)
10.0
Qcold ( W )=mc C P T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.338.1)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 7774.46 W
ii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.843.1)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3956.64 W
iii)
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
10.0
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.244.0)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3609.57 W
iv)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.544.8)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3262.50 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.745.1)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 2498.93 W
Heat Lost Rate =
Qhot Qcold
i)
220.037774.46=7554.43 W
ii)
632.603956.64=3 324.04 W
iii)
1196.443609.57=2 413.13 W
iv)
1980.313262.50=1 282.19W
v)
2887.962498.93=389.03 W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
i)
7774.46
100 =3533.36
220.03
ii)
3956.64
100 =625.46
632.60
iii)
3609.57
100 =301.69
1196.44
40
iv)
3262.50
100 =164.75
1980.31
v)
2498.93
100 =86.53
2887.96
2) Calculations of Log Mean Temperature Difference

h ,T c ,out
T
c ,
T h ,out T
( ]
T lm
c
,
i)
=
T h ,out T
T h ,T
( ]
c ,out
ii)
( 30.849.3 )(29.238.1)
30.849.3
ln
29.238.1
13.12
T lm
iii)
T lm
( 31.548.8 )(29.243.1)
31.548.8
ln
29.243.1
1 5.54
( 32.249.2 )(29.344.0)
32.249.2
ln
29.344.0
15.82
41
iv)
T lm
v)
T lm
15.64
( 33.349.5 )(29.744.8)
33.349.5
ln
29.744.8
( 34.048.7 )( 29.845.1)
34.048.7
ln
29.845.1
15.00
42
3) Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns method
T m=T lm
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,
Heat transfer coefficient at Tube side:
d 2i
Cross Flow Area, A
=
4
Total cross Flow Area,
0.00775 2
4
0.0000472 m2
At
= 0.0000472 number of tubes

= 0.0000472 10
= 0.000472 m2
Mass velocity,
Gt
mt
At
0.1659
0.000472
Linear Velocity,
Reynolds No, Re
Prandtl No, Pr
ut
351.58
kg
.s
m2
Gt
351.58
995.67
0.3531 m/s
Gt d e
351.58 0.00775
0.0008007
3402.95
cp
k
43
(Turbulent Flow)
0.0008007 4183
0.6155
= 5.44
44
Tube Side Coefficient, hi
j h ReP r 0.33 k
di
0.0039 3402.95 5.440.33 0.6155

0.00775
2426.16 W m2 K
Heat transfer coefficient at Shell side:

Cross Flow Area, A
=
[( Tube pitch Tube OD ) ( Shell Diameter ) ( Baffle distance ) ]

Tube pitch
Mass velocity,
Gs
(0.0180.00953) 0.085 0.05

0.018
0.002 m2
Ws
As
0.0332
0.002
Linear Velocity,
us
Equivalent Diameter,
Reynolds No, Re
16.60
kg
.s
m2
Gs
16.60
995.67
0.0167 m/s
de
1.1 2
( p 0.917 d2o)
do t
1.1
( 182 0.917 ( 9.53 )2 )
9.53
0.02778 m
Gs de
45
Prandtl No, Pr
16.60 0.027 78
.0008007
575.88 (Laminar Flow)
cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
j h ReP r 0.33 k
=
di
Shell Side Coefficient, hi
0.023 605.16 5.440.33 0.6155

0.02053
513.18W m2 . K

Cross Flow Area, A
Number of tube Tube OD Length of Tubes
10 (9.53/1000)0.5
0.15 m
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
Qhot
A T lm
220.03
0.15(13.12)
= -111.80
W
.K
2
m
4) Calculation of Pressure Drop across Tube and Shell

Pt
u2t
Np
8 j f ( L/d i )
2
w
( )
+2.5
988.18 0.35332
0.5
8 0.0058
+2.5
2
0.00775
= 338.8 Pa
46
Ps
u
8 j f ( D s / D e ) ( L /l B ) s
2 w
0.14
( )
0.085
0.5
995.67 0.0167
8 0.098 (
(
(
) 1.0
)
)
0.02778
0.05
2
=
= 3.3 Pa
47
0.14
[Fixed Hot Water Flow Rate 10 LPM]

i)
Qhot (W )=mh C P T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
10
988.18 3 4175
(41.429.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 7907.50 W
ii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(37.930.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 5294.59 W
iii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(35.429.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 4263.17 W
3
iv)
10.0
L
1m
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(34.028.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3506.80 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(33.228.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2956.72 W
48

i)
2.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
995.67 3 4183
(49.147.5)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 222.13 W
ii)
4 .0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
995.67 3 4183
(49.146.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 694.15 W
iii)
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
6 .0
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.045.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1416.06 W
iv)
8 .0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.944.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2221.27 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.944.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 2984.84 W
Heat Lost Rate =
Qhot Qcold
i)
7907.50222.13=7685.37 W
ii)
5294.59694.15=4600.44 W
iii)
4263.171416.06=2847.11W
iv)
3506.802221.27=1285.53 W
v)
2956.722984.84=28.12W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
i)
222.13
100 =2.81
7907.50
ii)
694.15
100 =13.11
5294.59
iii)
1416.06
100 =33.22
4263.17
49
iv)
2221.27
100 =63.34
3506.80
v)
2984.84
100 =100.95
2956.72

h ,T c ,out
T
c ,
T h ,out T
( ]
T lm
c
,
i)
=
T h ,out T
T h ,T
( ]
c ,out
ii)
( 41.449.1 )(29.947.5)
41.449.1
ln
29.947.5
11.98
T lm
iii)
T lm
( 37.949.1 ) (30.246.6)
37.949.1
ln
30.246.6
13.64
( 35.449.0 )(29.245.6)
35.449.0
ln
29.245.6
14.96
50
iv)
T lm
v)
T lm
( 34.048.9 )(28.944.9)
34.048.9
ln
28.944.9
15.44
( 33.248.9 ) (28.944.6)
33.248.9
ln
28.944.6
= undefined
51
T m=T lm
d 2i
Cross Flow Area, A
=
4
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.0000472 m2
At

= 0.0000472 10
= 0.000472 m2
Mass velocity,
Gt
mt
At
0.1647
0.000472
Linear Velocity,
Reynolds No, Re
Prandtl No, Pr
ut
349.13
kg
.s
m2
Gt
349.13
988.18
0.3533 m/s
Gt d e
349.13 0.00775
0.0005494
4924.93
cp
k
52
(Turbulent Flow)
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
53
j h ReP r 0.33 k
di
0.0039 4924.98 3.560.33 0.6436

0.00775
2426.16 W m2 K

Cross Flow Area, A
=

Tube pitch
Mass velocity,
Gs
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.002 m2
Ws
As
0.0332
0.002
Linear Velocity,
us
Reynolds No, Re
16.60
kg
.s
2
m
Gs
16.60
995.67
0.0167 m/s
de
1.1 2
( p 0.917 d2o)
do t
1.1
( 182 0.917 ( 9.53 )2 )
9.53
27.78 mm
Gs de
54
Prandtl No, Pr
16.60 0.027 78
.0008007
cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
j h ReP r 0.33 k
=
di
0.023 605.16 5.440.33 0.6155

0.02053
513.18W m2 . K

Cross Flow Area, A
10 (9.53/1000)0.5
0.15 m
Qhot
A T lm
220.03
0.15(13.12)
= -111.80
W
.K
2
m

Pt
u2t
Np
8 j f ( L/d i )
2
w
( )
+2.5
988.18 0.35332
0.5
8 0.0058
+2.5
2
0.00775
= 338.8 Pa
55
Ps
u
8 j f ( D s / D e ) ( L /l B ) s
2 w
0.14
( )
0.085
0.5
995.67 0.0167
8 0.098 (
(
(
) 1.0
)
)
0.02778
0.05
2
=
= 3.3 Pa
56
0.14
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, there are a few objectives that are need to be achieved which
are, to demonstrate the working principles of concentric flow heat exchanger under
counter-current and co-current flow conditions, to observe the effect of the heat
water inlet temperature variation on the performance characteristic of a concentric
tube heat exchanger, to show the effect of flow rate variation on the performance of a
concentric heat exchanger and the major part of the objectives is to determine the
most efficient flow of concentric tube heat exchanger whether it is the counter-flow or
co-current flow.
In addition, double pipe concentric heat exchanger is used to archive these
objectives. It is combined with thermometers and the flow rates meter. Moreover, the
control of the hot fluids temperature and both hot and cold fluid flow rates were made
much easier.
Furthermore, notice that for both experiment 3a and 3b, the counter-flow produce
greater efficiency that co-current flow. This result obey the theoretical conclusion
where the counter-flow heat exchanger is more efficient that co-current flow.
Moreover, there are a lot of mistakes and error that might have affected the results
obtained. The most common error occurred during the experiment is parallax error.
The eye position is not perpendicular to the scale when recording the temperatures
of the fluids. Besides that, the flow rates always change easily during the
experiments and the reading of
TH
in from the typical laboratory thermometer is
merely different from the reading on the digital thermometer.

Based on the calculation that had been done, it was found out that the values of
LMTD for co-current flow is higher than the counter-current flow. But, the overall heat
transfer coefficient for counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow. This
mean that counter current flow heat exchanger has a higher effectiveness.
57
CONCLUSION
This experiment shows that the shell and tube heat exchanger follows the basic law
of thermodynamics. In parallel (co-current) flow configuration, the exit temperature of
the hot fluid is always higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. In countercurrent flow configuration, the exit temperature of the hot fluid is also higher than the
exit temperature of the cold fluid. However, in counter current flow configuration, the
exit temperature of the cold fluid is higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid
in co-current configuration. Hence, it is clear that for heat exchanger, counter current
flow configuration has a higher effectiveness than the co-current flow configuration.
The experiment shows that when the flow rate of one of the stream increases, the
rate of heat transfer will also increases. The amount of heat loss form the hot water
is not equal to the heat gain by the cold water due to the heat loss to the
surrounding. From the calculations done, the LMTD (log mean temperature
difference) for co-current flow is higher than the counter-current flow. However, the
overall heat transfer coefficient for counter-current flow is higher than the co-current
flow. As a conclusion, counter current flow configuration of heat exchanger is more
preferred for practical application. One of the applications of heat exchanger is oil
cooler.
58
RECOMMENDATIONS
There are few recommendations that are needed to be considered when conducting
this experiment so that the result obtained can be more accurate and precise. First,
the eye position should be perpendicular to the meniscus and the scale. This can
prevent parallax error from occurring. Next, the experiment should be repeated at
least 3 times in order to get an accurate data which will be more convincing.
Furthermore, the flow rates and the temperature must be monitored regularly during
the experiment to ensure that they remain constant. This can reduced the possibility
for error to occur and achieved the main objective of the experiment.
In addition, the equipment must be check first in order to avoid any error such as
leakage. Always check and rectify any leak and make sure that the heater is fully
immersed in the water. It must assure to run properly.
Other than that, be extremely careful when handling liquid at high temperature. Do
not touch the hot components of the unit as it may cause a serious injury.
The amount of cold water must be continuous in order to avoid the reducing of hot
water because if the hot water reduced into critical level it might cause an explosion.
Lastly, always switch off the heater and allow the liquid to cool down before draining
it out.
59
REFERENCES
1. Chopey, N.P. Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations (2nd Edition),
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
2. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. Chemical Engineering, Volume 1 (3rd
Edition), Pergamon Press, 1977.
3. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
(Revised 3rd Edition), Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
4. Kern, D.Q. Process Heat Transfer (Intl Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1965.
5. Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. and Maloney, J.O. Perrys Chemical Engineering
Handbook (6th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1984.
APPENDICES
Figure 6: Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube
passes
60
Figure 7: Tube side heat transfer factors
61
Figure 8: Tube side friction factors
62
Figure 9: Shell side heat transfer factors, segmental baffles
63
Figure 10: Shell side friction factors, segmental baffles
64
Figure 11: Heat transfer factors for cross-flow tube banks
65
Figure 12: Tube row correction factor,
Fn
Figure 13: Window correction factor,
Fw
66
Figure 14: Bypass correction factor,
67
Fb
Figure 15: Coefficient for
68
FL
, heat transfer
Figure 16: Friction factors for cross-flow tube banks
69
70
Figure 17: Bypass factor for pressure drop,
71
'
Fb
Figure 18: Coefficient for
72
'
F L , pressure drop.
Figure 19: Baffle and tube geometry

Baffle geometrical factors
Figure 20:
73

[Fixed Cold Water Flow Rate 10 LPM]
i)
2.0
Qhot (W )=mh C P T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(31.429.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 206.28 W
ii)
4.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(31.829.9)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 522.58 W
iii)
6.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(32.730.0)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1113.93 W
iv)
8.0
L
1 m3
1min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(33.730.1)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1980.31 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(34.030.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2612.91 W
74

i)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.538.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 7566.21 W
ii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.843.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3887.23 W
iii)
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
10.0
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.244.3)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3401.32 W
iv)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(50.045.4)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 3193.08 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.445.4)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 2776.59 W
Heat Lost Rate =
Qhot Qcold
i)
206.287566.21=7359.93 W
ii)
522.583887.23=3364.65 W
iii)
1113.933401.32=2287.39 W
iv)
1980.313193.08=1212.77 W
v)
2612.912776.59=163.68 W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
i)
7566.21
100 =3667.93
206.28
ii)
3887.23
100 =743.85
522.58
iii)
3401.32
100 =305.34
1113.93
75
iv)
3193.08
100 =161.24
1980.31
v)
2776.59
100 =106.26
2612.91

h ,T c ,out
T
c ,
T h ,out T
( ]
T lm
c
,
i)
=
T h ,out T
T h ,T
( ]
c ,out
ii)
( 29.949.5 )(31.438.6)
9.949.5
ln
31.438.6
12.38
T lm
iii)
T lm
( 29.948.8 )(31.843.2)
29.948.8
ln
31.843.2
1 4.84
( 30.049.2 ) (32.744 .3)

30.049.2
ln
32.744.3
15. 08
76
iv)
T lm
v)
T lm
15.44
( 30.150.0 )(33.745.4)
30.150.0
ln
33.745.4
( 30.249.4 )(34.045.4)
30.249.4
ln
34.045.4
1 4.96
77
T m=T lm
d 2i
Cross Flow Area, A
=
4
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.0000472 m2
At

= 0.0000472 10
= 0.000472 m2
Mass velocity,
Gt
mt
At
0.1647
0.000472
Linear Velocity,
Reynolds No, Re
Prandtl No, Pr
ut
349.13
kg
.s
m2
Gt
349.13
988.18
0.3533 m/s
Gt d e
349.13 0.00775
0.0005494
4924.93
cp
k
78
(Turbulent Flow)
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
79
j h ReP r 0.33 k
di
0.0039 4924.98 3.560.33 0.6436

0.00775
2426.16 W m2 K

Cross Flow Area, A
=

Tube pitch
Mass velocity,
Gs
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.002 m2
Ws
As
0.0332
0.002
Linear Velocity,
us
Reynolds No, Re
16.60
kg
.s
2
m
Gs
16.60
995.67
0.0167 m/s
de
1.1 2
( p 0.917 d2o)
do t
1.1
( 182 0.917 ( 9.53 )2 )
9.53
27.78 mm
Gs de
80
Prandtl No, Pr
16.60 0.027 78
.0008007
cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
j h ReP r 0.33 k
=
di
0.023 605.16 5.440.33 0.6155

0.02053
513.18W m2 . K

Cross Flow Area, A
10 (9.53/1000)0.5
0.15 m
Qhot
A T lm
220.03
0.15(13.12)
= -111.80
W
.K
2
m

Pt
u2t
Np
8 j f ( L/d i )
2
w
( )
+2.5
988.18 0.35332
0.5
8 0.0058
+2.5
2
0.00775
= 338.8 Pa
81
Ps
u
8 j f ( D s / D e ) ( L /l B ) s
2 w
0.14
( )
0.085
0.5
995.67 0.0167
8 0.098 (
(
(
) 1.0
)
)
0.02778
0.05
2
=
= 3.3 Pa
82
0.14
[Fixed Hot Water Flow Rate 10 LPM]

i)
Qhot (W )=mh C P T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
10.0
988.18 3 4175
(38.130.3)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 5363.35 W
ii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(36.030.4)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 3850.61 W
iii)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(34.430.3)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2819.20 W
3
iv)
10.0
L
1m
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(34.030.1)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2681.67 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988.18 3 4175
(33.730.0)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 2544.15 W
83

i)
2.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.747.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 208.24 W
ii)
4.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
995.67 3 4183
(48.946.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 638.62 W
iii)
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
6 .0
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.946.0)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1207.82 W
iv)
8 .0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(48.745.6)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m
= 1721.49 W
v)
10.0
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
99 5.67 3 4183
(49.045.2)
min 1000 L 60 s
kg
.
m
= 2637.76 W
Heat Lost Rate =
Qhot Qcold
i)
5363.35208.24=5155.11 W
ii)
3850.61638.62=3211.99 W
iii)
2819.201207.82=1611.38 W
iv)
2681.671721.49=960.18 W
v)
2544.152637.76=93.61W
Efficiency =
Q cold
100
Q hot
i)
208.24
100 =3.88
5363.35
ii)
638.62
100 =16.58
3850.61
iii)
1207.82
100 =42 . 84
2819.20
84
iv)
1721.49
100 =64 . 19
2681.67
v)
2637.76
100 =103.68
2544.15

h ,T c ,out
T
c ,
T h ,out T
( ]
T lm
c
,
i)
=
T h ,out T
T h ,T
( ]
c ,out
ii)
( 30.348.7 )(38.147.2)
30.348.7
ln
38.147.2
13.21
T lm
iii)
T lm
( 30.448.9 )(36.046.6)
30.448.9
ln
36.046.6
14.19
( 30.348.9 )(34.446.0)
30.348.9
ln
34.446.0
14.83
85
iv)
T lm
v)
T lm
1 4.83
( 30.148.7 )(34.045.6)
30.148.7
ln
34.045.6
( 30.049.0 )(33.745.2)
30.049.0
ln
33.745.2
1 4.94
86
T m=T lm
d 2i
Cross Flow Area, A
=
4
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.0000472 m2
At

= 0.0000472 10
= 0.000472 m2
Mass velocity,
Gt
mt
At
0.1647
0.000472
Linear Velocity,
Reynolds No, Re
Prandtl No, Pr
ut
349.13
kg
.s
m2
Gt
349.13
988.18
0.3533 m/s
Gt d e
349.13 0.00775
0.0005494
4924.93
cp
k
87
(Turbulent Flow)
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
88
j h ReP r 0.33 k
di
0.0039 4924.98 3.560.33 0.6436

0.00775
2426.16 W m2 K

Cross Flow Area, A
=

Tube pitch
Mass velocity,
Gs
3.142 0.00775 2
4
0.002 m2
Ws
As
0.0332
0.002
Linear Velocity,
us
Reynolds No, Re
16.60
kg
.s
2
m
Gs
16.60
995.67
0.0167 m/s
de
1.1 2
( p 0.917 d2o)
do t
1.1
( 182 0.917 ( 9.53 )2 )
9.53
27.78 mm
Gs de
89
Prandtl No, Pr
16.60 0.027 78
.0008007
cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
j h ReP r 0.33 k
=
di
0.023 605.16 5.440.33 0.6155

0.02053
513.18W m2 . K

Cross Flow Area, A
10 (9.53/1000)0.5
0.15 m
Qhot
A T lm
220.03
0.15(13.12)
= -111.80
W
.K
2
m

Pt
u2t
Np
8 j f ( L/d i )
2
w
( )
+2.5
988.18 0.35332
0.5
8 0.0058
+2.5
2
0.00775
= 338.8 Pa
90
Ps
u
8 j f ( D s / D e ) ( L /l B ) s
2 w
0.14
( )
0.085
0.5
995.67 0.0167
8 0.098 (
(
(
) 1.0
)
)
0.02778
0.05
2
=
= 3.3 Pa
91
0.14

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

: NURUL AIN BINTI ZULKIFLEE

Allocated Marks (%)

Figure 1: a) Co-current Flow and b) Counter Current Flow

Figure 2: Construction of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

= temperature of cold fluid entering/leaving the tube ( C )

= temperature of hot fluid entering/leaving the shell ( C )

= heat exchange rate between fluid (kW )

= mean temperature difference ( C )

are given by:

= inside fluid film coefficient

= tube outside diameter (m)

= tube inside diameter (m)

Figure 3: Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger

is the temperature correction factor as a function of two dimensionless

temperature ratios R and S:

Having calculated R and S, then

is determined from the standard correction

factor figures in Figure 6.

Tube-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,

For turbulent flow, Sieder-Tate equation can be used:

= equivalent (or hydraulic) diameter (m)

= 4 (cross-sectional area of flow)/wetted perimeter

= fluid viscosity of bulk fluid temperature

= fluid velocity in tube

= fluid specific heat, heat capacity (J /kg C)

= 0.023 for non-viscous liquids

= 0.027 for viscous liquids

=Fluid thermal conductivity

Tube-side Pressure Drop,

The tube-side pressure drop is given by:

= number of tube-side passes

= tube dimensionless friction factor in Figure 8

= length of one tube, (m)

= tube-side velocity (m/s)

= 0.25 for laminar, Re < 2100

Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,

for hypothetical row of tubes of the shell as

= tube outside diameter (m)

= tube pitch (m)

= shell inside diameter (m)

= distance between baffle (m)

Then, the shell-side mass velocity,

and linear velocity,

= Fluid flowrate on the shell-side

= shell-side fluid density

The shell equivalent diameter,

(For square pitch arrangement)

(For equilateral triangular pitch arrangement)

, is used to specify the dimensions of a segmental baffle. It is the

Using this Reynolds number and given

value, the heat transfer factor,

Shell-side Pressure Drop,

The shell-side pressure drop is given by:

= shell pressure drop

= shell dimensionless friction factor in Figure 10

= distance between baffle (m)

Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient,

The shell-side heat transfer coefficient is given by:

= window effect correction factor

= by-pass stream correction factor

= leakage correction factor