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FUNDAMENTALS OF STABILITY
Stability is the tendency of a vessel to rotate one way or the other when
forcibly inclined. Stability can be broken down into several categories, each
of which are alternatively emphasized in designing and operating Navy and
Coast Guard ships.
STABILITY
DISPLACEMENT
The weight of the volume of water that is displaced by the underwater portion
of the hull is equal to the weight of the ship. This is known as a ship's
displacement. The unit of measurement for displacement is the Long Ton (1 LT
= 2240 LBS).
GRAVITY
The force of gravity acts vertically downward through the ship's center of
gravity. The magnitude of the force depends on the ship's total weight.
UNITS OF MEASURE
Force: A push or pull that tends to produce motion or a
change in motion. Units: tons, pounds, Newtons, etc.
Parallel forces may be mathematically summed to produce one
"Net Force" considered to act through one point.
Weight: The force of gravity acting on a body. This force
acts towards the center of the earth. Units: tons, pounds,
kilograms, etc.
Moment: The tendency of a force to produce a rotation about a
pivot point. This works like a torque wrench acting on a
bolt. Units: foot tons, Newton meters, etc.
M - Metacenter
G - Center of Gravity
B - Center of Buoyancy
K - Keel
K - Keel: The base line reference point from which all other
reference point measurements are compared.
The Center of Buoyancy will move as the shape of the underwater portion of
the hull body changes. When the ship rolls to starboard, "B" moves to
starboard, and when the ship rolls to port, "B" moves to port.
When the ship's hull is made heavier, the drafts increase as the ship sits
deeper in the water. "B" will move up.
When the ship's hull is lightened, the drafts decrease as the ship sits
shallower in the water. "B" will move down.
KG
KM
GM
BM
The distance between the forces of buoyancy and gravity is known as the
ships righting arm. As shown above, the righting arm is a perpendicular line
drawn from the center of gravity to the point of intersection on the force of
buoyancy line.
For small angles of heel (0o through 7o to 10o, metacenter doesnt move), the
value for the ships righting arm (GZ) may be found by using trigonometry:
With initial stability (0o to 7o-10o) the metacenter does not move, and the
Sine function is almost linear (a straight line.) Therefore, the size of the
ships Righting Arm, GZ, is directly proportional to the size of the ships
Metacentric Height, GM. Thus, GM is a good measure of the ships initial
stability.
Example:
A destroyer displaces 6000 LT and has a righting arm of 2.4 FT when inclined
to 40 degrees. What is the ships Righting Moment?
RM = 2.4 FT x 6000 LT
RM = 14,400 FT-Tons (pronounced "foot tons")
STABILITY CONDITIONS
The positions of Gravity and the Metacenter will indicate the initial
stability of a ship. Following damage, the ship will assume one of the
following three stability conditions:
POSITIVE STABILITY
The metacenter is located above
the ships center of gravity. As
the ship is inclined, Righting
Arms are created which tend to
return the ship to its original,
vertical position.
NEUTRAL STABILITY
The metacenter and the ships
center of gravity are in the same
location. As the ship is inclined,
no Righting Arms are created.
(until the metacenter starts to
move after the ship is inclined
past 7o-10o)
NEGATIVE STABILITY
The ships center of gravity is
located above the metacenter. As
the ship is inclined, negative
Righting Arms (called upsetting
arms) are created which tend to
capsize the ship.
Range of Stability: This ship will generate Righting Arms when inclined from
0o to approximately 74o. (This curve usually assumes that the entire
superstructure is watertight.)
Maximum Righting Arm: The largest separation between the forces of buoyancy
and gravity. This is where the ship exerts the most energy to right itself.
Angle of Maximum Righting Arm: The angle of inclination where the maximum
Righting Arm occurs.
Danger Angle: One half the angle of the maximum Righting Arm.
marks
include
the
depth
of
any
Example:
FFG-21 has the following drafts: Forward: 14'0" Aft: 15'6"