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The Eastern Sunda Arc of Indonesia that consists of the islands of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa represents one
of the most complex arc magmatism settings in the world. Cenozoic magmatism associated with a subduction
along the Java trench started since Eocene in west Java to Pacitan section, Oligocene for the easternmost Java to
probably west Lombok, and Miocene for most of Lombok and Sumbawa. Cenozoic volcanoes demonstrate
common features of island arc magmatism, such as a wide variation in SiO2 contents, high A12O3, with low TiO2,
Na2O and MgO contents. Magma alkalinity increased towards younger volcanoes and towards the backarc-side. On
the other hand, the arc also demonstrates several unique features that differ to idealized temporal and spatial
schemes of subduction zone magmatism. For example, the region holds the widest range of K2O contents among
all subduction-related magmatic arcs in the world. Volcanic centers and arc have also experienced migrations
towards the backarc-side during its Cenozoic history, which is different from a typical trench-side migration of a
subduction zone.
Along the whole section, there are at least two distinctive petrochemical (or lithochemical) arc sectors to be
present, i.e. west Java and east Java to Sumbawa. Such differences are products of different crustal types and
source components for the magma generation that may produce different mineralization styles. West Java is
dominated by low-sulfidation Au-Ag epithermal system associated with Neogene-Quaternary high-K to shoshonitic
volcanism at continental crust setting. Meanwhile, eastern Java to Sumbawa sector is dominated by porphyryrelated Cu-Au mineralization system associated with middle Tertiary-Neogene, low- to moderate-K magmas with
high Sr/Y affinity, suggesting immature arc magmas with minimum crustal contamination.
INTRODUCTION
The Eastern Sunda Arc of Indonesia (Java, Bali,
Lombok and Sumbawa islands) is part of the
Sunda-Banda Arc that represents one of the
most complex arc magmatism settings in the
world. As early as 1954, Rittman (in Foden and
Varne, 1980) has recognized that the erupted
Quaternary lavas in the Sunda Arc show
increasing alkalinity with increasing distance
from the trench, leading to the formulation of
the k-h rule. More recent studies even reveal
greater diversity of island-arc rock types, range
from tholeiitic through calc-alkaline and
shoshonitic to leucititic, which is the widest
compositional span of magmatism known from
an active arc setting (Wheller et al., 1987).
Some sections in the Sunda Arc also differ to
the idealized temporal and spatial schemes that
have been proposed for subduction zone
magmatism (e.g. Foden and Varne, 1980).
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character of their fore-arc, from the welldefined Java Trench to the west to a series of
shallow troughs and emergent outer-arc ridges
in the east.
The Indian oceanic crust is being subducted
northward, more or less perpendicular, to the
Eastern Sunda Arc at a rate of about 6-7 cm/yr
(Hamilton, 1979; Simandjuntak and Barber,
1996). Between the trench and island there is a
high submarine forearc ridge and a continuous
forearc basin. The subducted oceanic plate is
gently dipping to beneath the forearc basin,
before it steepens gradually to a depth of a little
over 100 km beneath the volcanic arc, beyond
which its dip is steeper than 60o. The Benioff
seismic zone currently extends to depths of
more than 600 km in Java to Sumbawa
(Hamilton, 1979; Puspito and Shimazaki, 1995).
Tomographic imaging survey beneath the Sunda
arc further suggested that the lithospheric slab
penetrates to a depth of at least 1500
kilometers (Widiyantoro and Van der Hilst,
1996).
SUBDUCTION ZONES AND VOLCANIC ARCS
During Cretaceous, a subduction trench is
believed to exist from Sumatra, central Java to
southeastern Kalimantan (Meratus Mountains),
with the associated Cretaceous arc stretched
along Sumatra island, northwestern Java, to
southeastern Kalimantan (e.g., Hamilton, 1979;
Carlile and Mitchell, 1994; Metcalfe, 1996).
There are abundant granitic and acid igneous
rocks older than 80 Ma exposed throughout the
area. In contrast, there is almost no evidence
for subduction-related volcanism during most of
the Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene, except in
West Sulawesi and Sumba (Clements and Hall,
2011) and probably the Jatibarang Volcanic
Formation (JVF) in west Java (Soeria-Atmadja
and Noeradi, 2005) that may represent
evidence for a short-lived Late Palaeocene to
Early Eocene subduction system arc (Clements
and Hall, 2011).
The paucity of volcanic rocks is interpreted to
indicate the termination of Cretaceous
subduction and a period from the Late
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Figure 1. Geological framework of the Eastern Sunda Arc (Java to Sumbawa islands). Note differences in crust types
and ages of subducted oceanic crusts. Most publications consider the subducted Indian oceanic crust is cold and
old, with increasing ages from west (Cretaceous) to east (Jurassic), but Hall (2002) suggested the presence of a Late
Createceous-Early Eocene MORB south of eastern Java (shown here). Boundary between Eastern Sunda Arc and
Banda Arc is located between Sumbawa and Flores islands, as suggested by location of westernmost uplifted
forearc island of Sumba, reversal polarity of Quaternary volcanoes, and the boundary of Indian oceanic crust and
Australian continental crusts entering the subduction zone.
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Figure 2. The principal crustal blocks in SE Asia according to Hall and Sevastjanova (2012). The crust of Eastern
Sunda Arc is composed of three Australian blocks separated by two ophiolitic/arc sutures. The SW Borneo and East
JavaWest Sulawesi blocks are interpreted to have been rifted from western Australia and added in the Late
Cretaceous. The block beneath South Sulawesi, Flores and Sumba is considered part of the East JavaWest
Sulawesi block. The suture interpreted on the northwest side of this block is based on evidence from South
Sulawesi and its extension to the southwest is very speculative.
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Figure 3. Quaternary volcanoes in Java, with volcano-type terminology follows Tatsumi and Eggins (1995). Note the
presence of several segments of volcanic configuration (Setijadji, 2005).
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Figure 4. Reconstructed Cenozoic volcanic centers in Java island, overlain on regional gravity data from Geological
Agency (Setijadji, 2005). Note regional stuctural features associated with volcanic centers belong to major metal
districts in Bayah, Pacitan (and Trenggalek) and Merubetiri.
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Figure 5. Geological sketch map of Bali (Purbo-Hadiwidjojo, 1971 in Wheller and Varne, 1986).
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Figure 7. Simplified geologic map and chronology of map units for Sumbawa island (Garwin, 2002).
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Figure 9. Variation diagram of Rb/K ratios for Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks in Java.
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Figure 10. Ksi values against longitude in 80 Sunda-Banda volcanic suites showing definition of geochemical arc
sectors (Wheller et al., 1987).
Figure 11. The gridded map of 87Sr/86Sr radioisotope anomaly for Quaternary lavas in Java island (Setijadji, 2005).
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Figure 12. Different styles of mineral deposits in Eastern Sunda Arc (represented by Java island) as functions of
different arc magmas between west and east Java.
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Gold, Silver and Copper Metallogeny of the Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc Indonesia
Adi Maryono1), Lucas Dony Setijadji2), Johan Arif 3), Rachel Harrison4) and Elang Soeriaatmadja 3)
1). PT Buena Sumber Daya, Jl. Radin Inten II No 2, Buaran Duren Sawit Jakarta Timur,
Corresponding author: adi.maryono@buena.co.id.
2). Geology Department University of Gadjah Mada, Bulak Sumur, Yogyakarta
3). Newmont Asia Pacific, #388 Hay Street Subiaco Perth Western Australia
4). Independent Geologist, Sading Sempidi Badung Bali
ABSTRACT
With the recent discovery of another world class gold-silver-copper deposit at the Tujuh Bukit Project (30.1 million
ounces of gold and 19 billion pounds of copper), the Eastern Sunda Arc has continued to prove itself as an
emerging economically important magmatic belt. This paper provides a general description of the metallogeny of
the Eastern Sunda Arc, covering a wide spectrum of topics, from its tectonic setting, general geology, magmatic
evolution, metal endowment and prospectivity, mineralization styles and implications towards exploration.
The Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc is constructed on thinner island arc crust, bounded by the margin of Sundaland
to the west and by the Australian continental crust to the east. As one of five different ages of magmatic belts
defined along the Arc, the Neogene magmatic belt is considered to be important as an overwelming number of
gold, silver and copper deposits and prospects are spatially associated with Late Miocene-Pliocene age intrusions.
The metallogeny of the Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc is dominated by gold, silver and copper which are
predominantly contained in porphyry and epithermal deposit types. With a world class gold-silver-copper
endowment of 92.44 million ounces of gold, 279.17 million ounces of silver and 61.92 billion pounds of copper, the
Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc has emerged as one of the most prospective gold-copper belts in the world. Porphyry
gold-copper and epithermal gold-silver mineralization styles in the Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc share similarities
to those in typical island arc settings, e.g. the Philippines. They also display some unique characteristics that are
spatially and genetically associated with ore and its environment and provide selection criteria for prospective
regions and a further basis for construction of exploration models.
District and deposit exploration models are refined on the basis of shared key features of the deposits in the region
as guides during exploration. These key features provide vectors to ore, applicable in identifying the central,
proximal and distal parts of mineralized systems during exploration activities. Keys to exploration success include
understanding the characteristic features of ore systems, observing key geological features in the field and
determining vectors to ore.
INTRODUCTION
With the recent discovery of another world class
gold-silver-copper deposit at the Tujuh Bukit
Project, Banyuwangi, East Java, in addition to
another two known world class deposits, the
Eastern Sunda Arc has continued to prove itself
an emerging economically important magmatic
belt. Despite legal and social concerns, recent
positive exploration drilling results in Java,
Lombok and Sumbawa have reinforced the
prospectivity of the arc.
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Figure 1. Gold-copper deposits and mineralization systems in the Southwest Pacific Region including the Eastern Sunda arc as one of most
prospective magmatic belts in the region.
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MAGMATIC EVOLUTION
In total the Eastern Sunda Arc consists of five
different ages of magmatic belts: pre-Tertiary,
Paleocene-Eocene, Oligocene-Middle Miocene,
Late
Miocene-Pliocene
(Neogene)
and
Quaternary (Hamilton, 1979; Carlile and Mitchell,
1994; Hall, 2002; Setijadji, 2006). The Arc is
defined by a similar tectonic setting, constructed
on thinner island arc crust, bounded by the
margin of Sundaland in the west and by
Australian continent crust in the east.
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Figure 2. Regional geology of the Eastern Sunda Arc, summarised from Hamilton, 1979;
Carlile and Mitchell, 1994; Hall, 2002; Setijadji et al., 2006.
Figure 3. Five magmetic belts of the Eastern Sunda arc that show consistent northward migration from
Early Tertiary to Quaternary (Hamilton, 1979; Carlile and Mitchell, 1994; Hall, 2002; Setijadji et al., 2006).
Figure 1. Research area located in PT. SMR tenement area at Supul, Timor Tengah Selatan regency, East
Nusa Tenggara province
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Figure 4. The Eastern Sunda Magmatic Arc with three world class-porphyry Cu-Au deposits discovered along the belt, making it one
of worlds most fertile and prospective magmatic belts.
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porphyry
zones
alteration produced
of
chlorite-sericite32
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Figure 5. Conceptual district scale exploration deposit model in section view showing central porphyry
gold-copper deposit with peripheral epithermal, skarn and sediment-hosted deposits.
Figure 6. Conceptual district scale exploration deposit model in plan view showing centralporphyry
gold-copper deposit with peripheral epithermal deposits and diatreme breccia body.
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Figure 7. Large surface lithocap alteration footprints with underlying porphyry gold-copper systems at some
porphyry gold-copper deposits/prospects along the Eastern Sunda Arc.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper benefitted from contributions from
many colleques during work on several projects
along this magmatic arc. The authors would like
to thank site exploration/geology teams at Batu
Hijau, Elang, Selodong, Tujuh Bukit and
Brambang for their work, site assistance and
contribution. Noel White is specially thanked
for constructive review and editing.
The
authors would also like to thank the
Management of PT Buena Sumber Daya in
particular Bambang Irianto and Rayes Sembiring
for the support to publish this paper.
REFERENCES
Arif,J., 2002, Gold distribution at the Batu Hijau
porphyry copper-gold deposit, Sumbawa
Island, Indonesia: M.Sc. thesis, Queensland,
Australia, James Cook University.
Arribas,A. Jr., 1995, Characteristics of highsulfidation epithermal deposits, and their
relation to magmatic fluid, In J.F.M.
Thompson (ed.), Magmas, Fluids, and Ore
Deposits, Mineralogical Association of
Canada Short Course Vol. 23.Basuki, A.,
Sumanagara, D.A., Sinambela, D., 1994. The
Gunung Pongkor gold-silver deposit, West
Java, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Expl. 50: 371391.
Brimhall, G.H., Jr., 1977, Early fracturecontrolled disseminated mineralization at
Bute, Montana: Economic Geology, Vol. 72,
p 37-59.
Carlile, J.C., Mitchell, A.H.G., 1994, Magmatic
Arcs and Associated Gold and Copper
Mineralization in Indonesia, Jour. Of
Geochemical Explor., v. 50, p. 91, Elsevier
Sci. Publish. Co.
Cooke,D.R., 1996, Case studies of western
Pacific porphyry Cu-Au deposits in Indonesia:
CODES Key Centre, University of Tasmania,
Economic Geology Short Course notes
(unpublished)
Clode, C.H. Proffect,J.M. and Munajat, I., 1999,
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INTRODUCTION
Kerta project is administratively located in Lebak
Regency, Banten Province. Exploration works
have been conducted by PT Suma Heksa Sinergi
in cooperation with PT AGC Indonesia, a
subsidiary of Turqouise Hill Resources (formerly
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Figure 2. Bayah Dome Complexes and known deposits (from various sources)
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Figure 3. Regional geology of Kerta (Sujatmiko & Santosa, 1992 and Sudana & Santosa, 1992)
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Figure 7. Geochemical image of soil samples for Au and rock sample assays in Kerta
Figure 8. Geochemical image of soil samples for As and rock sample assays in Kerta
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Figure 9. Geochemical image of soil samples for Sb and rock sample assays in Kerta
Figure 10. VRMI image from ground magnetic survey indicating low mag zone over Cisadang,
Leuwikopo and Gunung Batu areas.
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Photo 1. Volcaniclastic conglomerate at Cisadangs drill holes, cross cut by chalcedonic veins
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Figure 13. Simplified geology map of Kerta, showing the location of Leuwikopo and Cisadang
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Sinter
The Sinter unit is interlayered in the Tuffaceous
Sediment unit, commonly within mudstonesiltstone sequence. The sinter is formed as a
product of the neutral-silicate hydrothermal
fluid injected to the surface. The textures seen
on the sinter are laminated, banded-colloform
like, ladder textures and locally associated with
organic rich such algae and twig remnants. The
sinter is also noted as a fragmental sinter
breccia that supported by sinter-silicified tuffsorganic materials clasts, set in sinter and
siliceous sediment matrix. All the sinter horizos
are flat lying.
Three siliceous sinter horizons crop out around
the contours of the high ground on both flanks
of Ciliman River valley (Marjoribank, 2011).
They are defined by mapping, soil anomalies
and drill intercepts. The horizons are horizontal
and appear at the same height on either side of
Ciliman valley. The lowest unit (Unit 1)
outcrops at around 160-170mRL and is best
exposed in Gunung Gundil and Cilimus. The
middle unit (Unit 2) forms the major cliff in
Gunung Batu, Leuwikopo and Cisadang. It crops
out at the 200mRL. The upper most unit (Unit
3) outcrops at the 250mRL and forms the upper
line of cliff at Gunung Batu. Unlike the lower
two units, Unit 3 is only present to on the NE of
the Ciliman valley, and presumably not as
extensive as the lower sinter horizons.
Geochemically, the sinters and siliceous
horizons are commonly anomalous in As, Sb
and Hg. Au and Ag will only be elevated in
where the sinter cross cut by later quartz
veins/ veinlets.
Thin layer of tuff was identified covering the
ridges/ spurs in Cisadang, Cisadang West and
Gunung Batu. It is clearly identified in the drill
holes that the tuff overlying the sinter layers.
The thickness of this tuff in general is less than
10m, but hindering the exploration efforts since
it is covering the targeted mineralized quartz
veins. The rock is weakly to moderately clay
(kaolinite) altered and often containing
anomalous Hg, Sb and As. It is postulated that
the alteration is mainly as results of steam
heated process. However, although the tuff
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(QUARTZ
VEINING
AND
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Figure 21. Interpretative geology of section CSD-05, CSD-03 and CSD-10, Cisadang
Figure 22. Interpretative alteration of section CSD-05, CSD-03 and CSD-10, Cisadang
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Photo 2. Quartz vein, exposed in Leuwikopo trench; banded - crustiform and crudely colloform;
chalcedony to mesocrystalline quarz, pseudomorph bladed carbonate
Photo 4. Different types of sinter ranging from bedded to brecciated bluish opaline silica, cut by
chalcedonic to mesocrystalline veins in places
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Photo 5. Quartz veins in Cisadang; chalcedonic mesocrystalline quartz with colloform crustiform
bandings associated with oat mill breccias
Photo 6. Hydraulic quartz vein breccias in Cisadang; chalcedonic to mesocrystalline quartz associated with
silica sulfide bands and crudely crustiform-colloform bandings associated with adularia (cream color)
at C and D, containing high grade Au - 0.67 m @ 84 g/t & 339 g/t Ag
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combined
dataset,
vein
orientation
measurements display main NW-SE strike trend,
with vein sets dipping at high angle both to the
NE and SW. Some flat lying quartz veins were also
identified in both surface and drill holes. At the
current knowledge, the veins are confined in an
area of 1,200m x 200m in NW-SE trending, from
CSD-13 in the SE to CSD-18 in the NW (see
Figures 19 and 20). This veined area is matched
very well with the CSAMT anomaly, although this
resistive zone extended longer than 1.2 km (see
Figure 11), a part of this anomaly has not been
drill tested yet. It is also a unique thing that the
veins are developed only at certain level, i.e.
between 0m to 150m elevation. Below 0m, the
veins somehow disappear. Geological modelling
of the vein distribution has confirmed that lateral
and vertical distribution of the vein zones.
In some drill holes, sinter layers were
intercepted, and interestingly this sinter is also
cross cut by the quartz vein. This strongly
indicates that the mineralization event postdate
the sinter deposition event.
The best gold-silver intercept to date at Cisadang
was intersected at drill hole CSD-03, within an
interval of strongly silica-adularia altered
conglomerate that has been hydro-fractured,
silica re-healed and is cut by numerous greywhite colloform-banded and massive chalcedonic
to chertose quartz veinlets, veins and hydraulic
breccias. The interval is 4.95m from 203.90m
depth @ 24.24 g/t Au and 113.1 g/t Ag. Within
this mineralized intercept, a hydraulic vein
breccia, with symmetrical margins of colloformbanded
alternating
grey
and
black
mesocrystalline to chertose quartz was defined
(see Photos 6 - C and D). Assay result of this
breccias zone is 0.67 m (from 205.83m depth) @
84 g/t Au and 339 g/t Ag.
A preliminary study on the paragenesis of veins/
breccias suggested that the multiphase
hydrothermal events in Cisadang consist of at
least 4 stages forming (1) cream-white to grey,
crystalline quartz, (2) chalcedonic quartz with
adularia partings, (3) chertose microcrystalline
grey to black sulfide bearing quartz, and (4)
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PENDAHULUAN
Endapan emas Pongkor merupakan salah satu
penemuan emas yang penting di Indonesia.
Lokasi Tambang Emas Pongkor (Pongkor Gold
Mine) secara administratif terletak di dalam
wilayah Kecamatan Nanggung, Kabupaten Bogor,
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Or
H/W
eB
od
F/W
Development
Stope
Cemented Backfill
Temporary
Barikade
XC
ut A
cces
s
Ramp Up
Permanent Barikade
Waste Rock
Drainage Layer
High Strength
fill
L. 500m
Gambar 8
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METODE PENGOLAHAN
METODE PENAMBANGAN
Terdapat dua metode penambangan di Pongkor,
yaitu secara mekanis (Gambar 8) dan shrinkage
stoping (Gambar 9). Secara garis besar
penambangan di Ciurug menggunakan metode
cut and fill yaitu kegiatan pemboran dan
peledakan bijih, dan kegiatan pemuatan serta
pengangkutan bijih dari stope menggunakan alat
mekanis, apabila pengambilan bijih telah selesai
dilanjutkan
pengisian
stope
dengan
menggunakan cemented fill. Proses produksi
tambang merupakan bagian dari siklus
penambangan cut and fill, dimana siklus produksi
terdiri dari rangkaian pekerjaan; pemboran,
peledakan, pemuatan, penyanggaan dan scaling.
Penambangan bawah tanah dengan metode
shrinkage stoping merupakan salah satu metode
penambangan dengan menggunakan batuan itu
sendiri sebagai penyangganya. Bisa juga disebut
dengan metode penambangan swa sangga.
Kondisi tersebut membutuhkan karakteristik dari
batuan dan teknik penambangan tertentu agar
menghasilkan produktivitas yang tinggi dengan
ongkos penambangan yang relatif murah.
Shrinkage stoping adalah suatu metode
penambangan yang dapat dilakukan apabila
broken ore pada stope untuk sementara dijadikan
sebagai pijakan tempat kerja dan atau sebagai
penahan/support sementara dinding stope
selama penambangan dilakukan. Broken ore
dapat diturunkan sekiranya cukup ruang untuk
bekerja di stope. Hal ini dikarenakan broken ore
hasil peledakan volumenya lebih besar daripada
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REFERENSI
___. 2012. Rencana Kerja Teknik Tahunan ___.
2012. Rencana Kerja Teknik Tahunan
Lingkungan (RKTTL). PT Antam (Persero) Tbk.
Basuki, A., Sumanagara, A., Sinambela, D. 1992.
Deposit Emas Perak Gunung Pongkor, Jawa
barat, Indonesia. PT Antam (Persero) Tbk.
(Tidak diterbitkan).
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