1.

SUBSTANTIVUL
a) Genul:
Masculin: men, boys, male animals
Feminin: women, girls, female animals
Neutru: animale despre care nu stim sexul sau bebelusi (nu stim daca
sunt baieti sau fete).
b) Pluralul:
Se adauga terminatia s la forma de singular:
- day days
- dog dogs
Se adauga terminatia es (se pronunta /iz/) daca substantivul se
termina in:
- o: tomato tomatoes
- ch: church churches
- sh: brush brushes
- ss: kiss kisses
- x: box boxes
Substantivele care se termina in y urmate de o consoana formeaza
pluralul prin adaugarea terminatiei ies.
- baby babies
- country countries
- lady ladies
Substantivele care se termina in y urmate de o vocala fac pluralul prin
adaugarea terminatiei s.
- boy boys
- day days
- donkey donkeys .
Exista 12 substantive care se termina in f sau fe si la care se adauga
terminatia ves.
- calf calves (vitel)
- half halves (jumatate)
- knife knives (cutit)
- leaf leaves (frunza)
- life lives (viata)
- loaf loaves (franzela)
- self selves (sine)
- sheaf sheaves (manunchi)
- shelf shelves (raft)
- thief thieves (hot)
- wife wives (sotie)
- wolf wolves (lup)
Exista cateva substantive cu forme de plural neregulate:
- man men
- woman women
- mouse mice
- child children
- goose geese

- tooth teeth
- foot feet
Exista cateva nume de animale care nu isi schimba forma la plural:
- fish (one fish two fish)
- salmon (somon)
- trout (pastrav)
- deer (caprioara)
- sheep (oaie)
Unele substantive sunt mereu la plural si sunt urmate de verbe la
plural:
- clothes
- glasses
- scissors
- pants
- binoculars
- earrings
Cuvinte cu forma de plural dar cu inteles de singural cu verbe la
singular:
- news The news is good.
- billiards
- dominoes
c) Substantive care nu se numara:
Nume de substante sau materiale despre care se vorbeste in mod
general:
- bread
- beer
- coffee
- glass
- gold
- ice
- sand
- paper
- tea
- water
- wine
- wood
Substantive abstracte:
- advice
- information
- knowledge
- fear
- hope
- death
- beauty
Substantivele urmatoare sunt considerate uncountable in engleza:
- luggage
- baggage
- furniture
- weather

d)
e)
f)

g)

h)

i)

- shopping
- parking
Many = multi, multe folosit cu substantive care se numara.
- He didnt make many cakes.
Much = multi, multe folosit cu substantive care nu se numara.
- We havent much coffee.
Some = niste, cateva, cativa.
Folosit in propozitii afirmative.
Folosit cu substantive care se numara si care nu se numara.
- I saw some deer.
- I need some coffee.
Folosit in intrebari pentru a exprima o rugaminte sau o oferta:
- Would you like some more tea?
- Could I have some milk, please?
Any = niciun, nicio, vreun, vreo.
Folosit de obicei in propozitii interogative si negative.
- I didnt get any nice presents for Christmas this year.
- I dont need any help.
- Do you have any brothers or sisters?
- Did you catch any fish?
Folosit in propozitii afirmative pentru a exprima ideea ca nu conteaza
care:
- Which book shall I read? Any one. Its up to you.
- You can come and ask for my help any time.
(A) few = putin, putine. (= some)
Folosit cu substantive care se numara.
- There are a few books on the table.
- A few friends are coming for dinner tonight.
(A) little = putin, putine. (= some)
Folosit cu substantive care nu se numara.
- Weve got very little time, we must hurry.