Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 213217

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Pakistans progress in solar PV based energy generation

Hadeed Ahmed Sher a,n, Ali F Murtaza b, Khaled E Addoweesh a, Marcello Chiaberge c
a
b
c

Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 25 January 2014
Received in revised form
2 February 2015
Accepted 4 March 2015
Available online 24 March 2015

Solar PV has been a cornerstone for the energy policy makers around the globe. It is because the
environmental effects of solar energy are low as compared to the conventional energy sources. It is free
and virtually inexhaustible. Developed countries have long been in the business of using solar energy for
energy generation. However, for the third world countries like Pakistan, the use of solar energy for
power generation is a relatively new experience. In recent months, Pakistan has shown a paradigm shift
in its renewable energy policy and invested on mega power plants based on solar PV system. This paper
reviews the recent exponential rise of using solar energy for power generation in Pakistan. The results of
this paper will not only help in understanding and hence, curbing the power crisis in Pakistan, but will
also be relevant to the other countries of the third world.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Solar photovoltaic
Renewable energy in Pakistan
Renewable energy technologies (RET)
Policies

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Present state of energy in Pakistan. . . .
3. Solar sites in Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Organizational level efforts . . . . . . . . . .
5. Recent development in solar PV sector
6. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1. Introduction
Pakistan has seen a bitter taste of recent energy crises in the
form of violent mob protests in major cities across the country. The
change in international oil markets has had a constant pressure on
the national economy and with the uctuating prices of furnace
oil, the per unit cost of electricity also oscillates and under such
circumstances, the ination rate is also difcult to control. The
dependence of furnace oil for electricity generation has costed
Pakistan a lot of nancial burden. In 2001 the share of power
sector in consuming petroleum products was 37.8% which is now
40.82% mainly because the number of electricity consumers have

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hsher@ksu.edu.sa (H.A. Sher).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.017
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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213
214
214
214
215
216
217
217
217

increased from 17.9 million to 21.7 million [1]. The recent energy
crisis in Pakistan has forced the policy makers to bring a paradigm
shift in Pakistans energy policy. A good solution to reduce the
dependence on imported furnace oil is to invest in Renewable
Energy (RE) technologies. Several countries have successfully
installed the RE based power sources to deal with their growing
energy demand [2,3]. Various forms of RE sources are used in the
modern world. As far as Pakistan is concerned there has been a lot
of work explaining the possibilities of using RE sources that
includes biomass, wind, hydel solar, etc. [49]. This paper, however focusses on utilizing solar energy for coping the energy crisis.
Solar PV is among the prominent renewable energy sources.
They are highly valuable when it comes to the environmental
aspects. They does not produce greenhouse gases, improves the
quality of water resources and if used as distributed power system,
reduces the cost of transmission lines [10]. The work done by [11]

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H.A. Sher et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 213217

shows that solar PV is among those renewable energy technologies that is sustainable when it comes to the constraints like green
house gasses emissions, life cycle cost and net energy ratio. This
substantiality is evident from the fact that the total installed
capacity of PV around the globe has exceeded 100 GW [12]. Most
of the installed PV systems are in Europe, where solar plants
cumulatively produce more than 70 GW. Third world countries
like Pakistan, despite having an abundance of sunlight almost
throughout the year, are far behind in the use of solar PV systems.
Recently, the policy makers in Pakistan have decided to use
sunlight to harness energy in the form of electricity. The inclusion
of solar PV in the energy mix will not only produce employment
opportunities, but will also boost the research activities, industrial
progress and hence new markets will emerge [13]. With the huge
economic burden on Pakistan, there is a need to shift from the
expensive furnace oil based power generation to cheap sources of
electricity generation. This paper will evaluate the use of solar PV
plants in Pakistan and is being set out in the following order.

 It explains the present state of energy generation and consumption.

 It then discusses the solar PV sites selected for the establishment of solar parks.

 It explains the organizations involved in the dissemination of

solar PV technology.

 The recent developments in the use of solar PV are discussed.

 It argues about the paradigm shift in energy policy of Pakistan.

Fig. 2. Sector wise percentage consumption of electricity in Pakistan [16].

generation in Pakistan is based on furnace oil and 29% is through

natural gas, which is way high compared to the neighboring India as
shown in Table 1 [16]. This certainly means that Pakistan has a very
high percentage of electric power generation through conventional
sources. The consumption of electricity in different sectors of daily life
has seen dramatic changes too, as shown in Fig. 2
In view of authors, the household load as well as the load in the
agriculture sector can be greatly shifted to the PV system because
of the availability of sunlight.

3. Solar sites in Pakistan

2. Present state of energy in Pakistan
Pakistan is currently facing an average decit of 4500
5000 MW in supply and demand of electricity [14]. The present
state of energy is very stiff and controlled power outages (usually
termed as load management by the utility ofcials) are usually
adopted by the utility to control the peak demand of various areas.
The electricity demand growth is expected to be 56% over the
next ten years, which demands the injection of new sources of
electricity generation in addition to the already installed power
plants. The conventional national energy reserves like gas and
crude oil (30% requirement of oil is fullled by domestic oil rigs)
are also at the edge of their limit as far as the conrmed reserves
are concerned [15]. Energy consumption is directly related to the
national progress. In fact, the national progress can be seen as a
function of energy consumption as shown in Fig. 1 [16].
It is visible from Fig. 1 that in 2006 the GDP has seen high values
because of high energy consumption per capita, while in 20082009 it
has seen the negative impact primarily because of less energy
consumption. It is pertinent to mention that 35% of electricity

Pakistan receives an average irradiation of 57 kWh/m2 a day

in 95% of its land [10]. Fig. 3 shows the four season solar irradiation
distribution in Pakistan [17]. It can be seen that the vast deserts of
Sindh, Cholistan desert of Punjab and Balochistan offers exquisite
possibilities of installing mega solar PV power plants. In these
areas the sun shines in the range of 23002700 h per year [18]. In
[19] the authors have evaluated the most suitable sites for solar PV
systems, keeping in view the monsoon weather. The authors of
[19] concluded that District Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan are best
for installing the solar PV power plants. These districts are located
in southern Punjab along the provincial boundary of Balochistan
and Punjab. It is also visible that out of four provinces of Pakistan,
Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab receive above 5 kWh/m2/day in all
four seasons. Almost half of north-west frontier, and Federally
Administrative Tribal Areas (FATA) receive 5 kWh/m2/day and
above solar irradiation round the year. This makes it feasible to
use solar PV systems for energy harnessing. It should be noted that
vast area of Balochistan is remote and it is not practical to connect
far ung villages with national grid. The solar irradiation however,
make solar PV an ideal candidate for electrifying these villages.
Similarly, the villages in the desert of Sindh and south Punjab are
ideal candidates of rural electrication using solar PV.

4. Organizational level efforts

Fig. 1. GDP as a function of energy consumption per capita [16].

Table 1
Indo-Pak comparison of electricity generation W. R. T sources [16].
2012

Gas (%)

Furnace oil (%)

Coal (%)

Hydel, nuclear, import (%)

Pakistan
India

29
9.2

35.0
0.8

0.
71

19
35.7

Historically the statistics show very encouraging start when in 80s

Pakistan installed about 18 PV sites that generate a cumulative
440 kW, however, this progress was not sustained due to lack of
expertise and technical issues related to their maintenance [20,29]. In
June 1983, Kyocera donated a 6 kW in order to electrify a village
named Kankoi in Pakistan [26]. Some authors believe that due to lack
of marketing instruments the project was opped [27]. Later in 90s,
departments were established to work in the eld of RE technologies.
During the rst decade of 21st century Pakistan established two

H.A. Sher et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 213217

215

Fig. 3. Four season irradiation map of Pakistan [17].

dedicated departments for expediting the renewable energy work.

These are the Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) and the
Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET). Besides
these dedicated departments a small scale division is also working in
the Pakistan Council of Scientic and Industrial Research (PCSIR) for
development of renewable energy products. A unit for manufacturing
of solar PV panels and solar thermal products is also working in
National Engineering and Scientic Commission (NESCOM) [18].
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) runs a separate unit for the
dissemination of information and technology in the eld of RE
technologies. PEC also holds information about some 26 companies
who are working in the eld of solar PV in Pakistan [21]. Two
independent government organizations are also working to provide
the legal framework for power generation in Pakistan. Among these
are Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB) and National Electric
Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). The establishment and working
of these institutes is an important step for tilting the Pakistans energy
mix from thermal to renewable energy [22]. The latest legislation by
these departments is the National Power Policy [14] which aims in
getting rid of the present energy crisis by 2017. Besides the efforts at
federal government level, it is pertinent to mention that after the 18th
constitutional amendment in 2010, provinces have also established
energy departments to work at provincial levels. At present the
combined installations of PV systems from all these institutes is
merely 1 MW [10].

5. Recent development in solar PV sector

While it was believed by many some 5 years ago that the solar
PV will not prove to be the yardstick for renewable energy
development [7] a lot of huge projects are underway in 2014.
The tax exemption on the import of solar modules given by AEDB

Fig. 4. Progress of Pakistan in solar PV power generation.

has resulted in a steep rise in the imports of solar panels in

Pakistan [16] as shown in Fig. 6. At federal level PEC has successfully installed 178 kWh capacity grid connected solar PV plants
each in PEC and Planning Commission (PC) sites in Islamabad [21].
At the provincial level the use of solar PV for electricity generation
is prominent in Punjab and Balochistan only. According to the
annual report of the Punjab energy department, private entrepreneurs are working on a cumulative 90 MW power plants in various
districts of Punjab [23]. As shown in Fig. 4 the majority of the work
is done in southern districts of Punjab. In the Cholistan desert of
Southern Punjab a 1000 acres land is allocated for the solar PV
park. Named after the founder of the nation, Quaide-Azam solar

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H.A. Sher et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 213217

Fig. 5. Installed PV modules in Pakistan (1) Race Course, Park Lahore, (2) Grand Trunk Road, Gujranwala, Punjab (3) installation in progress on Wahdat Road Lahore (4) grid
connected PV system at PEC Islamabad.

Fig. 6. Solar modules imported in Pakistan [16].

park will contribute 300 MW to the national grid. This project is

planned to generate 1000 MW by the end of 2016. The Punjab
government has signed Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs)
for setting up of 400 solar power projects for industrial zones in
Faisalabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala and Lahore. Another project will be
set up on Faisalabad Motorway and it will add 150 MW to the
national grid. In the provincial capital of Punjab the lighting loads
in Public parks are also converted on solar PV system. Fig. 5 shows
some of the PV panels installed at various sites in Punjab and
Islamabad. The province of Balochistan is the largest province of
Pakistan by area, but it has the least population density. Most of
the villages are located in remote far ung areas and it is very
expensive to provide them electricity through conventional system. The Government of Balochistan (GoB) is therefore working on
electrifying the remote areas through a solar PV system. Several
small scale projects for providing electricity to remote villages has
been executed in Balochistan. Among these include 10 kW in
Tahsil Zehri of district Khuzdar and 7.9 kW in district Jaffarabad.
Work in progress for electrifying 595 houses each with 100 W
solar PV systems in tahsil Surab and 411 houses in tahsil Kalat of
district Kalat. Similar work is going on for electrifying 343 houses
in various areas of Khuzdar district. A 14.5 kW solar PV system for

a public sector hospital in district Mastung is also in progress and

the GoB intends to convert the tube wells and water supply
schemes to solar PV based systems [24]. Like Punjab the GoB has
also signed an MoU for the construction of 300 MW solar power
project in Khuchlk district Quetta [24]. According to AEDB projects
worth 772 MW are in pipeline and are expected to have generation
by 2016 [28]. Fig. 4 is a map of Pakistan specially worked out to
indicate the PV projects in various parts of Pakistan. The summary
of the projects is shown in Table 2.

6. Discussion
Considering the scenario of Pakistan it is recommended that to
cope with the increasing decit of supply and demand and to
reduce the nancial burden on national economy the use of
renewable energy sources like solar is feasible. Solar PV based
power plants can readily be set up for power generation. The
barren land of deserts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan provides
the exquisite possibility for PV plants. The installation of solar PV
plants in these areas will not only save the agricultural land, but
will also improve the living standard of the people living there.
Government of Sindh must focus on initiating the solar PV projects
in far ung areas of Thar desert. Presently, as seen in Fig. 4, the
Govt. of Sindh is not investing much into the PV systems, they
however, have programs in the eld of wind energy. The installed
plants in Thar desert of Sindh as shown in Fig. 4 are the projects of
AEDB and PCRET. The vast desert land in Sindh and the remotely
located villages can be electried using solar PV system, on the
grounds similar to GoB. The government level initiatives are now
in a take off position and it is high time for the private sector to

H.A. Sher et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 213217

217

Table 2
List of PV projects in Pakistan.
Project

Capacity

Status

Province

Grid connected PVPEC

Grid connected PVPC
Quaid e Azam Solar Park
Industrial zones project
Faisalabad Motorways Project
Tehsil Zahri, Dist. Khuzdar
Tehsil Jaffarabad
Rural electrication, tehsil Surab
Rural electrication, tehsil Kalat
Rural electrication, District Khuzdar
Hospital electrication, Dist Mastung
Solar power project Khuchlk district Quetta

178 kW
178 kW
300 MW
N/A
150 MW
10 kW
7.9 kW
59.5 kW
41.1 kW
34.3 kW
14.5 kW
300 MW

Completed
Completed
In process
MoU signed
MoU signed
Completed
Completed
In process
In process
In process
In process
MoU signed

Islamabad Capital Territory

Islamabad Capital Territory
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Balochistan
Balochistan
Balochistan
Balochistan
Balochistan
Balochistan
Balochistan

contribute in disseminating this technology at small scale levels.

As discussed by [15] the private sector should contribute in
spreading awareness among the people. The government must
realize that by providing the policy and regulatory framework for
rural renewable energy similar to China and India [25], will further
boost the use of solar PV in Pakistan.
7. Conclusion
Pakistan is among those countries that are blessed with a bountiful
amount of solar energy. The use of solar energy to generate electricity
will certainly help in reducing the import bill of Pakistan, thus it will
contribute in strengthening the energy security of Pakistan. Large as well
as small scale projects for rural electrication, and water pumping for
agriculture requirements are needed. New plants installed in the deserts
of Pakistan are indeed a pleasant step towards a sustainable future. This
will also help in bridging the demand, supply gap of electricity. The
reduction in air pollution due to this technology will improve the health
of the people. However, Pakistan still needs a well designed framework
to attract investment in this eld. Authors like to recommend the
following steps for enhancing the usage of solar PV systems in Pakistan.

 The establishment of mega power plants in the country calls for

the adaptation of smart grid in the country.

 Peak load management during day time can be accomplished

by efciently utilizing the solar PV based systems.

 Shifting lighting load of public parks and street lights on solar








PV is also recommended. This will not only reduce the load on

grid, that will clip the load prole during night time, but will
also reduce the street crimes.
A dedicated engineering programs at national engineering
universities for energy generation through renewable energy
sources.
Micro nancing on the solar PV products specically targeting
the end user.
Indigenous manufacturing of solar PV panels.
Business security against any possible market failures.
Public private partnership.
Establishment of research chairs in universities for research
and development.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the nancial support
provided by the College of Engineering Research Center and
Deanship of Scientic Research at King Saud University (KSU) in
Riyadh, KSA.

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