NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010

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Table NA.5 External pressure coefficients for flat roofs (Cpe,10 and
Cpe,1) 20
Table NA.6a) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs
(Cpe,10 and Cpe,1) 21
Table NA.6b) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs
(Cpe,10 and Cpe,1) 21
Table NA.7a) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
(Cpe,10 and Cpe,1) 22
Table NA.7b) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
(Cpe,10 and Cpe,1) 23
Table NA.8 External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs (Cpe,10
and Cpe,1) 24

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The start and finish of text introduced or altered by National
Amendment No. 1 is indicated in the text by tags !". Minor
editorial changes are not tagged.
National Amendment No. 1 has been made to reflect Amendment
No. 1 to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.

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1>&/@8&>. /1;&>1;&/@8&:0;8 /0129&/@./&=08&&IJP 80/@8;&90:8&1>&/@8&21;5.=&/1&/@8&>. 8&1>&/@8&7-0=:02?&09&/1&78&-98:'
()*+&I &K1298;<./0<8=6G&

_ V W @AX 2011

:0;&5.6&78&/.D82&.9&"G#&>1;&.==&:0;8

/0129'

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

H9I;48 &'(!

B-.C(/+0/0C,A-D(,*-./E-F&) G&,A/H(.+)&*I/!E1D-J/=DKF>/E(0+'(/*L(/
-.*&*CA(/)+''()*&+,/&F/-JJ.&(A

31

30

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

29

28

27
26
23
25

24

22

21.5
28
23

NOTE 1 This map is intended for sites in the United Kingdon, Isle of Man and Channel Islands only.
NOTE 2 The isopleths in the Irish Republic are shown for purposes of interpolation only."

W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

H9I;48 &'()

%(0&,&*&+,/+0/F&O,&0&)-,*/+'+O'-JLI/=A(0&,&*&+,/+0/FIDE+.F/O&H(,/
&,/!"N=N>>
7'.5.   .7'0
#',.5.   .7'0

.").)

-1

"4 4 .*"$..7'7


-1

#'.5.   .7'0
.5.   .7'0


$4 .*"$......7'7

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

..
*.".2$4 
")")$6

"4 4 .*"$..7'7

-1

-1

*)$ /

!"#"M

4(-F+,/0-)*+'1/ F(-F+,
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"#/=#>?/ +*(/N@
R78 :8+:3= 2+N-34

R+*,8 &'()
P+,*LF

6/D+,*L

4(-F+,/0-)*+'/
#/D+,*LF

:8+:3= 9:

I9>8= 9= R+*,8 &'()(

F(-F+,

9/D+,*LF

Y+=;+4O
"0CU
"0CU
H8*4;+4O
"0UT
"0UJ
"0CU
Z+4N7
"0U)
"0UT
'K49,
"0LG
"0LG
Z+O
"0JC
"0L!
Y;=8
"0JJ
"0JL
"0LT
Y;,O
"0J)
"0L!
';I;:"0L!
"0U)
A8K-8#*84
"0U)
"0UG
[N-3*84
"0U)
"0UC
"0CJ
&3>8#*84
"0UU
"0CG
\8N8#*84
"0CE
!0""
Y+=;+4O
"0CU
"0CU
H8*4;+4O
"0UT
"0UJ
Z+4N7
"0U)
()*+&" *@8&>. /1;&>1;&/@8&90H&512/@&C02/8;&B8;01:&) /178;&/1&L.; @&02
9-558;&B8;01:&!B;0=&/1&M8B/8578;&02 =-90<8&09&#GNI'

"0UL
"0UT
"0LJ
"0UT
"0UJ
"0C"
!0""
!0""
!0""

=-90<8 09&"G##&.2:&>1;&/@8&90H&512/@&

()*+&3&&&*@898&>. /1;9&B;1<0:8&/@8&#G#3&B;17.70=0/6&1>&8H 88:82 8&>1;&/@8&B8;01:&?0<82&'

J V W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

!"#"Q

B-.C(F/+0 "/-,A/#/CF(A/*+/A(*('D&,(/*L(/
J'+E-E&.&*I/0-)*+'/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"#/=#>?/ +*(/<@
R78 48N3##8=<8< >+,;8: 32 :7+K8 2+N-34 O . "0) +=<
8]K3=8=- 2&. "0G +48 -3 *8 ;:8<(

!"#"7

R'+O'-JLI/0-)*+'/ +=$>/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"6=6>/ +*(/6@
R78 48N3##8=<8< K43N8<;48 I9>8= 9= @A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G !"N
:73;,< *8 ;:8<(

!"#"6;

%(F&O,/)L-'*F/0+'/!D=$>/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"6=6>/ +*(/#@

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

\8:9I= N7+4-: 234 <#%%$ +48 =3- K43>9<8<(

!"#"66

?'+)(AC'(/0+'/A(*('D&,&,O/*L(/'+COL,(FF/
0-)*+'/ '=$>/234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"#/=6>@
@A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G B]K48::93=: %E(E$ +=< %E(G$ <3 =3- +KK,O(
R78 N,+::929N+-93= 32 43;I7=8:: N+-8I3498: 7+: *88= :9#K,9298< -3 I9>8
-78 23,,369=I -7488 -844+9= N+-8I3498:F
V

R844+9= N+-8I34O " 9: 4828448< -3 +: A8+?

R844+9= N+-8I3498: X +=< XX 7+>8 *88= N3=:9<848< -3I8-784 -3 I9>8 +

:9=I,8 -844+9= N+-8I34O 4828448< -3 +: ^3;=-4O -844+9=?

R844+9= N+-8I3498: XXX +=< X_ 7+>8 *88= N3=:9<848< -3I8-784 -3 I9>8

+ :9=I,8 -844+9= N+-8I34O 4828448< -3 +: R36= -844+9=(

',, 9=,+=< ,+Q8: 8]-8=<9=I #348 -7+= ! Q# 9= -78 <948N-93= 32 69=< +=<
N,3:84 -7+= ! Q# ;K69=< 32 -78 :9-8 :73;,< *8 -48+-8< +: A8+(
R78 43;I7=8:: 2+N-34 4%%$ <8K8=<: 3= ;K69=< <9:-+=N8 -3 :8+ +=<
+<<9-93=+,,O 3= -78 <9:-+=N8 ;K69=< -3 -78 8<I8 32 -78 ;4*+= +48+ 234
:9-8: 9= R36= -844+9=(
H34 :9-8: 9= ^3;=-4O -844+9=0 -78 43;I7=8:: 2+N-34
9= H9I;48 &'(T :73;,< *8 ;:8<(

4%%$

I9>8=

H34 :9-8: +<`+N8=- -3 A8+ -844+9= %:8+ 34 ,+4I8 9=,+=< ,+Q8:$0 -78 <9:-+=N8
;K69=< 243# -78 :7348,9=8 :73;,< *8 -+Q8= +: "0! Q#(
H34 :9-8: 9= R36= -844+9=0 -78 43;I7=8:: 2+N-34 4%%$ I9>8=
9= H9I;48 &'(T :73;,< *8 #;,-9K,98< *O -78 43;I7=8:: N3448N-93=
2+N-34 40R 234 R36= -844+9= I9>8= 9= H9I;48 &'(E(
()*+ *@8&.BB;1B;0./8 <.=-8&1>&@<9:&09&/1&78&-98:&02&P0?-;8 (!'E&.2:&
P0?-;8&(!'I'&P1;&90/89&02 K1-2/;6&/8;;.02G&@<9:&Q&#'&P1;&90/89&02&*1C2&
/8;;.02G&@<9:&09&?0<82&76&RM&+(&"SS"T"TIU3##J&%&''

W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

H9I;48 &'(T

B-.C(F/+0

'=$>

()*+&&&&*@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&<5&09&91-?@/'

U V W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

H9I;48 &'(E

B-.C(F/+0/)+''()*&+,/0-)*+'/

'1S/0+'/F&*(F/&,/S+G,/*(''-&,

1 &*@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&<5&09&91-?@/'
()TE&&&
!NOTE 2 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."

!"#"6#

?'+)(AC'(/0+'/A(*('D&,&,O/*L(/-,OC.-'/F()*+'/
-,A/CJF*'(-D/A&F*-,)(/0+'/*L(/-FF(FFD(,*/+0/
*(''-&,/'+COL,(FF/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"#/=#>/ +*(@
R78 48N3##8=<8< >+,;8 32 -78 +=I;,+4 :8N-34 :73;,< *8 ;:8<(
R78 48N3##8=<8< >+,;8 32 ;K:-48+# <9:-+=N8 9=
@A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G !"#/:73;,< =3- *8 ;:8<( a43N8<;48: I9>8= 9=
-79: &+-93=+, '==8] 9#K,9N9-,O -+Q8 9=-3 +NN3;=- -78 ;K:-48+#
<9:-+=N8: 32 -844+9= +=< -844+9= N7+=I8:(

W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

!"#"6N

?'+)(AC'(/0+'/A(*('D&,&,O/*L(/+'+O'-JLI/0-)*+'/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"N/=6>@
R78 48N3##8=<8< K43N8<;48 9= @A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G !"N :73;,< *8
;:8< 234 :9-8: -7+- ,98 9= -78 :7+<8< P3=8: :736= 9= H9I;48 &'()( [;-:9<8
32 -78:8 P3=8:0 -78 343I4+K7O 2+N-34 #+O *8 -+Q8= +: !0" 34 N+= *8
N+,N;,+-8<( M78= -78 343I4+K7O 2+N-34 9: -+Q8= +: !0"0 -78 +,-9-;<8 !
:73;,< *8 -+Q8= +: -78 :9-8 +,-9-;<8(

!"#"69

500()*/+0/.-'O(/-,A/)+,F&A('-E.I/*-..('
,(&OLE+C'&,O/F*'C)*C'(F/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"9/=6>@
R78 48N3##8=<8< K43N8<;48 9= @A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G !"9 #+O *8
;:8<(

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

!"#"6<

500()*/+0/).+F(.I/FJ-)(A/EC&.A&,OF/-,A/+EF*-).(F/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"N"</=6>@
R78 48N3##8=<8< K43N8<;48 9= @A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G !"< #+O *8
;:8<(

!"#"6$

%(*('D&,-*&+,/+0/*L(/*C'EC.(,)(/0-)*+'/(T
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"9/=6>/ +*(/#@
_+,;8: 234 -;4*;,8=N8 2+N-34 DX 3= 9-: 36= +48 =3- I9>8=( X- 9:
9=N34K34+-8< 9= + =86 -84# A>%%$2,+-(
A>%%$2,+- .&DXb,=%%%

@<9:$b%"$0 >+,;8: 32 679N7 +48 I9>8= 9= H9I;48 &'(G(

M7848 343I4+K7O 9: =3- :9I=929N+=- +: <829=8< *O

H9I;48 &'()F A>%%$ . A>%%$2,+- 234 :9-8: 9= ^3;=-4O -844+9=? +=<
A>%%$ . A>%%$2,+- DX0R0 234 :9-8: 9= R36= -844+9=( DX0R 9: -78 -;4*;,8=N8
N3448N-93= 2+N-34 234 R36= -844+9=0 >+,;8: 32 679N7 +48 I9>8= 9=
H9I;48 &'(J(
M7848 343I4+K7O 9: :9I=929N+=-0 -78 >+,;8 3*-+9=8< 243# H9I;48 &'(G
:73;,< *8 <9>9<8< *O -78 343I4+K7O 2+N-34 3(
()*+ &&&*@8 .BB;1B;0./8&<.=-8&1>&@<9: /1&78&-98:&02&P0?-;8&(!'J&
.2:&P0?-;8&(!'V'&@<9: 09&:8>028:&02&RM&+(&"SS"T"TIU3##J&%&''&

!" V W @AX 2011

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

H9I;48 &'(G

B-.C(F/+0 )H=$>0.-*

()*+&&&&*@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&,B 09&91-?@/&-902?&+HB;899012&(!'I74'

W @AX 2011

!!

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

H9I;48 &'(J

B-.C(F/+0/*C'EC.(,)(/)+''()*&+,/0-)*+'/(T1S 0+'/F&*(F/&, S+G,

*(''-&,

()*+&&1 &&*@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&,B&09&91-?@/&-902?&+HB;899012&(!'I 74'

!NOTE 2 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."

!"#"6M

%(*('D&,-*&+,/+0/J(-U/H(.+)&*I/J'(FFC'(1/*J=$>/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"</=6>/ +*(/6@
@A B& !CC!D!DEF)""G B]K48::93= %E(U$ <38: =3- +KK,O(
M78= 343I4+K7O 9: =3- :9I=929N+=- +: <829=8< *O H9I;48 &'() %

!) V W @AX 2011

%&'(T+$

,K%%$ .

8%%$,*

%&'(T*$

,K%%$ .

8%%$

234 :9-8: 9= ^3;=-4O -844+9=? +=<

80R

T ,* 234 :9-8: 9= R36= -844+9=(

. !0"$F

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

R78 >+,;8: 32 8]K3:;48 2+N-34 8%%$ +48 I9>8= 9= H9I;48 &'(L +=< -78
>+,;8: 32 8]K3:;48 N3448N-93= 2+N-34 234 R36= -844+9= 80R +48 I9>8=
9= H9I;48 &'(U(
M78= 343I4+K7O 9: :9I=929N+=-F
,K%%$ .=&,K%%$ 243# Bc;+-93= &'(T+ 34 &'(T*A T =% 3%%$ / "(J$b!(JA)
234 % G" #?

%&'(E+$$
34

,K " ! # Z $% &'( T " " ! #) T (*+ T T !

%&'(E*$$

234 % 5 G" #(

'==8] ' -3 -79: &+-93=+, '==8] :736: 2,36 <9+I4+#: 234 -78
<8-84#9=+-93= 32 ,K%%$(
!NOTE

H9I;48 &'(L

B-.C(F/+0

Expression NA.4b) is generally applicable."

(=$>

4.2
4.1
4

100
90
80
70

3.9

60
50
40

3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4

30

3.3
z - hdis (m)

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

! 200

3.2
3.1

20

3
2.9
2.8
2.7
10
9
8
7

2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3

2.2

2.1
2

1.9
1.8

1.7
1.6
1.5

2
0.1

10

100

Distance upwind to shoreline (km) "

()*+&"& *@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&,B&09&91-?@/&-902?&+,-./0129&(!'E.4&1;&(!'E74'

()*+&3& W1289&!&.2:&R&.;8&02:0 ./8:&>1;&-98&02&*.7=8&(!'E'

W @AX 2011

!T

&' -3 @A B& !CC!D!D4:2005+A1:2010

H9I;48 &'(U

B-.C(F +0/(VJ+FC'(/)+''()*&+,/0-)*+'/)(1S 0+'/F&*(F/&, S+G,

*(''-&,

200

100
90
80
70

Use 1.0 in this area

A or B

60
50

30

0.98
0.96

z - h dis (m)

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

40

0.94

20

0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82

10
9
8
7

6
5
4

0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66

2
0.1

10

20

Distance inside town terrain (km)

()*+&"&&&&*@8&@80?@/&%&09&/@8&@80?@/&./&C@0 @&,B&09&91-?@/&-902?&+,-./012&(!'E.4&1;&(!'E74'
()*+&3 &W1289&!G&R&.2:&K&.;8&02:0 ./8:&>1;&-98&02&*.7=8&(!'E'
!NOTE 3 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."

!E V W @AX 2011

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010
! Table NA.3
b+h
m

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

z hdis

6m

Size factor cs for zones A, B and C indicated in Figures NA.7

and NA.8

z hdis = 10 m

z hdis = 30 m

z hdis = 50 m

z hdis = 200 m

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,00

10

0,95

0,94

0,88

0,95

0,95

0,90

0,96

0,96

0,93

0,97

0,96

0,94

0,98

0,97

0,97

20

0,93

0,91

0,84

0,93

0,92

0,87

0,95

0,94

0,90

0,95

0,95

0,92

0,96

0,96

0,95

30

0,91

0,89

0,81

0,92

0,91

0,84

0,94

0,93

0,88

0,94

0,93

0,90

0,96

0,95

0,93

40

0,90

0,88

0,79

0,91

0,89

0,82

0,93

0,91

0,86

0,93

0,92

0,88

0,95

0,94

0,92

50

0,89

0,86

0,77

0,90

0,88

0,80

0,92

0,90

0,85

0,92

0,91

0,87

0,94

0,94

0,91

70

0,87

0,84

0,74

0,88

0,86

0,77

0,90

0,89

0,83

0,91

0,90

0,85

0,93

0,92

0,90

100

0,85

0,82

0,71

0,86

0,84

0,74

0,89

0,87

0,80

0,90

0,88

0,82

0,92

0,91

0,88

150

0,83

0,80

0,67

0,84

0,82

0,71

0,87

0,85

0,77

0,88

0,86

0,79

0,90

0,89

0,85

200

0,81

0,78

0,65

0,83

0,80

0,69

0,85

0,83

0,74

0,86

0,84

0,77

0,89

0,88

0,83

300

0,79

0,75

0,62

0,80

0,77

0,65

0,83

0,80

0,71

0,84

0,82

0,73

0,87

0,85

0,80

b = cross wind breadth of building or building part or width of element

h = height of building or building part or length of element
z = height of building or height to top of element (or height of building part, subject to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 7.2.2 (1))
interpolation may be used

The zone A, B or C to be used for a building can be determined as follows:

For sites in country terrain, it is determined with respect to distance from shore and (z ! hdis) using
Figure NA.7.
For sites in town terrain, using the distance into town and (z ! hdis) in Figure NA.8 it is first determined
whether zone C applies. If not, zone A or B will apply depending on the distance of the site from shore
and (z ! hdis) as shown in Figure NA.7.

!"#"6Q

B-.C(/*+/E(/CF(A/0+'/-&'/A(,F&*I/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/9"</=6>/ +*(/#@
R78 +94 <8=:9-O

!"#"67

:73;,< *8 -+Q8= +: !0))J QIb#T(

?'+)(AC'(/0+'/A(*('D&,&,O/.-)U/+0/)+''(.-*&+,/
E(*G((,/G&,AG-'A/-,A/.((G-'A/0-)(F/
234/5 /67768689:#;;<1/<"N/=<>@
!When applying Expression (5.5) of BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, the
rule given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 7.2.2 (3) may be applied to the
summation of the loads on all windward and leeward surfaces, i.e. the
reduction factor may be applied to the horizontal force component
from both the walls and the roof."

+"%&,"2011

!G

"

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!"#"#$

%&'()(*+,-.,/.*0&.1*)23*2)(4./(3*,). 1 5.+-*,.(.
1&'()(*&.1+6&./(3*,). 1.(-5.57-(8+3./(3*,). 5.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.C"<.D<EF
/01"2#345#4367"865#$3" 2 9":6;"<1"21=636#19">?"#$"6"2>@1"865#$3 2"6?9"
6"9;?6:>5"865#$3" 9A"/01"2>@1"865#$3" 2":6;"<1"91#13:>?19"83$:"
/6<71" !AB"$3"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG"'H=3122>$?"I.AEJA"/01"9;?6:>5"
865#$3 9":6;"<1"91#13:>?19"83$:"K>L431" !A)"$3"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG
'H=3122>$?"I.ABJA
!"#$ #%&'()!*+,)%-.)/0123()!*+4)5%6()&((-).(306(.)270-1)
89)$!):44:;:;<=>??@)$AB3(770C-7)DE+>F)%-.)DE+,F+

K>L431" !A)

#17

-..1



-..7



##

-..#

##7

##7

-..71

#7
#7

%&

#77

177

G* .7#

#1

#77

##

-..

##

##7

-..1

-..#

%&

#77

%&

177

#77

177

G* .71



#17

#7

#7

#1

-..#7

#7

-..7

#7

#17

#77

-..

-..#7

#17

- .#

##

#77

G* .77

#1

-..1

-..



Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

G* .771

-..#7

#1

G7-(8+3./(3*,). 5./,).H()+,21.H(42&1.,/.4,I()+*08+3.5&3)&8&-*.,/.
1*)23*2)(4.5(8'+-IB. 1!

-..#7

-..

##7
#7
#77

#7

!"#$): ))/0123()!*+4)07)&%7(. C- 6<)G >E)HI7J)-(5)G)<EJ)K1)G)?JE5+ DL%'2()CM

MC3)CN5(3)P0-.)7B((.7+F

%&
.

#77

177

.C(7)-CN) 5%-1()701-0M0 %-N'O)

!"#$)> #5()70K()(MM( N M% NC3) 2 % C2-N7)MC3)N5()-C-;70H2'N%-(C27)% N0C-)CM)127N7)C6(3)(AN(3-%')723M% (7+)QN)

H%O)&()%BB'0(.)NC)0-.060.2%')7N32 N23%') CHBC-(-N7 %-.) '%..0-1)2-0N7)%-.)NC)N5()C6(3%'')7N32 N23(+
!"#$), )#5().O-%H0 )M% NC3) 9)% C2-N7)MC3)N5()(MM( N)CM M'2 N2%N0-1)P0-.)'C%.7)0-) CH&0-%N0C-)P0N5)N5(
3(7C-%- ()CM)N5()7N32 N23(+)#5()70HB'0M0(.)%BB3C% 5 106(-)0-)/0123( !*+4)5%7)&((-).(306(.)MC3)NOB0 %')
&20'.0-17)P0N5)NOB0 %' .%HB0-1)%-.)-%N23%')M3(R2(- O) 5%3% N(307N0 7+)SC3()% 23%N()6%'2(7)P0'')&()106(-)
270-1)N5()B3C (.23()0-)89)$!):44:;:;<=>??@)!"#+)
!NOTE 4 The dynamic factor cd may be taken as 1,0 for a) buildings not exceeding 20 m in height either
framed s with structural walls around lifts and stairs with additional masonry internal walls, or buildings
of masonry construction or timber framed housing and b) for cladding panels and elements."
!"#$)@ )L%'2(7)CM)!7)MC3)NOB0 %') '%77(7)CM)7N32 N23()%3()106(-)0-)*--(A)/+@)CM)89)$!):44:;:;<=>??@+)

(. - +"%&,"2011

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

J),3&52)&.*,.5&*&)8+-&.'&(KB.L(3KI),2-5.(-5.
)&1,-(-3&.)&1',-1&./(3*,)1.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.C"M"<.D<E. ,*&.MF

!"#"#<

/01"315$::1?919"=3$519431"L>N1?">?"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG"!??1H"%
20$479"<1 4219A"

N&*0,5./,).5&*&)8+-+-I.*0&.(4,-I>O+-5.
5+1'4(3&8&-*.(-5.*0&.1*(-5()5.5&H+(*+,-.,/.*0&.
(4,-I>O+-5.(33&4&)(*+,-.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.C"M"#.D<E. ,*&F

!"#"##

/01"315$::1?919":1#0$9">?"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG"!??1H"%"20$479"<1"
4219A

!1788&*)+3.(-5.3,2-*&)(3*+-I.')&112)&1.(-5.
/,)3&1.P.*0&.)&')&1&-*(*+,-.,/.*,)1+,-(4.&//&3*1.
52&.*,.(-.+-34+-&5.O+-5.,).4(3K.,/.3,))&4(*+,-.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.Q"<"#.D#E. ,*&F

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

!"#"#M

/01"315$::1?919"=3$5194312 >?"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG Q"<"#"IEJ"

$#1"6J"6?9"<J"6==7;"<4#"%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG"K>L431"MA(">2"31=76519"
O>#0"K>L431" !A(FA
K>L431" !A(F

J)&112)&.5+1*)+L2*+,- 21&5.*,.*(K&.*,)1+,-(4.&//&3*1.
+-*,.(33,2-*".R0&.6,-&1.(-5. '&.H(42&1.()&.I+H&-.
+- :%.; .<==<><>?@#$$A.R(L4&.Q"<.
(-5.:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$A.S+I2)&.Q"A


 $ ." ..32.2/$. 6.#'0

 $ ." ..32.2/$. 6.#'0

)/" .".4 

!"#$ 1 )#5()B3(7723().07N30&2N0C-)75CP-)0-)N5()M0123()07)MC3)B3C.2 0-1) C2-N(3; 'C TP07()NC370C-+

!NOTE 2

Net pressure coefficients should be similarly distributed to derive torsional loads."

+"%&,"2011

(M

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!"#"#?

;//&3*1.,/.+3&.(-5.1-,O.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.Q"<"M.D<EF
$"699>#>$?67"L4>96?51">2"L>N1?">?"#0>2" 6#>$?67"!??1HA"
%&"' "())B*B*("L>N12"L4>96?51"8$3"76##>51"2#345#4312Q"8$3"$#013"
2#345#4312R"2=15>67>2#"69N>51"20$479"<1"2$4L0#A

!"#"#A

J),3&52)&./,).5&*&)8+-+-I.*0&.&T*&)-(4.
')&112)&.3,&//+3+&-*./,).4,(5&5.()&(1.
L&*O&&-.<.8#.(-5.<$.8#.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.Q"#"<.D<E. ,*&.#F
%&"' "())(*(*CDEFFG"K>L431"MAE"20$479"?$#"<1"4219A

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

=1R("N67412"20$479"<1"4219"8$3"7$6919"63162"( :
<1"4219"8$3"7$6919"63162"S(":EA

!"#"#C

E"6?9"

=1R(F"N67412"20$479"

U24&1./,).H&4,3+*7.')&112)&.5+1*)+L2*+,-.,-.
4&&O()5.(-5.1+5&.O(441.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.Q"#"#.D<EF
/01"315$::1?919"3471"20$479"<1"4219"6?9"#01"=3122431"9>2#3><4#>$?"
20$479"<1"6224:19"#$"<1"4?>8$3:"$N13"#01"O0$71"01>L0#A

!"#"#Q

V(42&1.,/.&T*&)-(4.')&112)&.3,&//+3+&-*1./,).
H&)*+3(4.O(441.,/.)&3*(-I24()>'4(-.L2+45+-I1.
9:%.; .<==<><>?@#$$AB.Q"#"#.D#E. ,*&.<F

!BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.1 should not be used. Table NA.4

should be used to derive values of external pressure coefficients for
walls for the various zones shown in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,
Figure 7.5.
/6<71" !AC

Values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of

rectangular-plan buildings (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)
Zone

h/d
A

1,2

0,8

0,5

+0,8

0,7

1,0

1,2

0,8

0,5

+0,8

0,5

! 0,25

1,2

0,8

0,5

+0,7

0,3

#5()MC''CP0-1)75C2'.)&()-CN(.=

! a) The coefficients may be applied to non-vertical walls within

15 of vertical.
b) For deriving cladding pressure in buildings with h/d > 5, pressure
coefficients for h/d = 5,0 may be used in the absence of better test
data."
F /C3)&30.1()B0(37J)7(()$%"&"'')3('%N0-1)NC)89)$!):44:;:;<=>??@)(")"&+

(P - +"%&,"2011

"

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010
.F

U5(3()N5()P%''7)CM)NPC)&20'.0-17)M% ()(% 5)CN5(3)%-.)N5()1%B)&(NP((-)

N5(H)07)'(77)N5%-)()D7H%''(3)6%'2()CM)()0-) %7()CM)&20'.0-17)P0N5)
.0MM(3(-N)()6%'2(7FJ)VM2--(''0-1W)P0'')% ('(3%N()N5()M'CP)%-.)H%T()N5()
B3(7723() C(MM0 0(-N7)0-)KC-(7)*J)8)%-.)X)HC3()-(1%N06()N5%-)0-)N5()
%7()P5(3()N5()&20'.0-1)07)V07C'%N(.WJ)% C3.0-1)NC)N5()MC''CP0-1=
:F

P5(3()N5( 1%B)&(NP((-)N5( &20'.0-17)07)Y)(I<)C3)Z)(J)N5(

C(MM0 0(-N)MC3)07C'%N(.) %7()75C2'.)&()27(.[

>F
\

P5(3()N5( 1%B)&(NP((-)N5( &20'.0-17)07)Z)(I<)%-.)Y)(=

(0N5(3)27()N5()M2--(''0-1)6%'2(7J) C-7(36%N06('OJ)C3

0-N(3BC'%N()'0-(%3'O)% C3.0-1)NC)N5()% N2%')1%B)&(NP((-)N5()

MC''CP0-1)6%'2(7=)N5()M2--(''0-1)6%'2(7)NC)%BB'O MC3)%)1%B
CM)(I>)%-.)N5()07C'%N(.)6%'2(7)NC)%BB'O)MC3)%)1%B)CM)(I<)%-.
%)1%B)CM)([

! 3) where the two buildings are sheltered by upwind buildings such

that (ze hdis)< 0.4ze for the lower of the two buildings, then
funneling can be disregarded (ze is the reference height)."
#5()(AN(3-%')B3(7723() C(MM0 0(-N7 MC3)70.()M% (7)%MM( N(.)&O)M2--('0-1)
75C2'.)&()N%T(-)%7) :+E)MC3)]C-()*J) )?+4)MC3)]C-( 8)%-.) )?+4 MC3)
]C-()X+

! f) For the determination of overall loads on buildings, the net pressure

coefficients in the following Figure may be used instead of the sum
of the pressure coefficients for zones D and E. The rule given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.2.2 (3) accounting for lack of correlation
between the front and rear faces may also be applied to the net
pressure coefficients.
Net pressure coefficients
1.3

1.2
Net pressure coefficient

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

(F

1.1

0.9

0.8
0.1

10

h/d

NOTE The figure is based on the following equations.

For 5 > (h/d) > 1,00, coefficient = 1,1 + 0,1243 ln(h/d);
For 1 > (h/d) > 0,25, coefficient = 1,1+ 0,2164 ln(h/d)
Where net pressure coefficients are used for overall loading, cladding
pressures should be derived using pressure coefficients in Table NA.4
and the additional notes a) to f) as appropriate."

+"%&,"2011

()

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!"#"#W

!"##$!"%&'"(()&)"*+# !for flat roofs,

monopitch roofs, duopitch roofs and hipped
roofs [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.2.3 to 7.2.6]
The recommended zones in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Figures 7.6, 7.7,
7.8 and 7.9 should be used respectively for flat roofs, monopitch
roofs, duopitch roofs and hipped roofs.
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Tables 7.2, 7.3a), 7.3b), 7.4a), 7.4b), and 7.5
should not be used.
External pressure coefficients for flat roofs, monopitch roofs,
duopitch roofs and hipped roofs are given in Tables NA.5, NA.6a),
NA.6b), NA.7a) NA.7b) and NA.8.

Table NA.5

External pressure coefficients for flat roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Roof type

Zone

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

F
Sharp eaves

G
2.0

H
1,4

I
0,7

0,2
0,2

With parapets

hp/e=0,05

1,9

1,3

0,7

0,2
0,2

hp/e=0,1

1,85

1,3

0,7

0,2
0,2

hp/e 0,20

1,4

1,0

0,7

0,2
0,2

Curved eaves

r/e = 0,05

1,05

1,2

0,4

0,2
0,2

r/e = 0,10

0,75

0,8

0,3

0,2
0,2

r/e = 0,20

0,55

0,55

0,3

0,2
0,2

Mansard eaves

a = 30

0,95

1,0

0,3

0,2
0,2

a = 45

1,2

1,3

0,4

0,2
0,2

a = 60

1,35

1,25

0,6

0,2
0,2

NOTE 1 For roofs with parapets or curved eaves, linear interpolation may be used for intermediate values of hp/h
and r/h.
NOTE 2 For roofs with mansard eaves, linear interpolation between a = 30, 45 and a = 60 may be used. For
a > 60 linear interpolation between the values for a = 60 and the values for flat roofs with sharp eaves may be
used.
NOTE 3 In Zone I, where positive and negative values are given, both values shall be considered.
NOTE 4 For the mansard eave itself, the external pressure coefficients are given in Table 7.4a) External pressure
coefficients for duopitch roofs: wind direction 0, Zone F and G, depending on the pitch angle of the mansard eave.
NOTE 5 For the curved eave itself, the external pressure coefficients are given by linear interpolation along the
curve, between values on the wall and on the roof.
NOTE 6 For mansard eaves with horizontal dimension less than e/10, the values for sharp eaves should be used.
For the definition of e see Figure 7.6

./ + ,"%&-"2011

"

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!Table NA.6a)
Pitch angle a

External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Zone for wind direction h = 0
F

1,8

1,2

0,6

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

1,1

0,8

0,4

+0,2

+0,2

+ 0,2

0,5

0,5

0,2

+0,8

+0,5

+0,4

0,0

0,0

0,0

+0,8

+0,6

+0,7

60

+0,8

+0,8

75

+0,8

+0,8

15

30

45

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Zone for wind direction h = 180

G

2,4

1,1

0,8

2,6

1,0

0,9

1,7

1,0

0,9

0,9

0,8

0,9

+0,8

1,0

0,7

0,7

+0,8

1,1

0,7

0,7

NOTE 1 At h = 0 (see Table NA.5) the pressure changes rapidly between positive and negative values around a
pitch angle of a = +5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, two cases should be
considered: one with all positive values, and one with all negative values. No mixing of positive and negative
values is allowed on the same face.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles may be used between values of the same sign. The
values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.

Table NA.6b)
Pitch angle a

External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Zone for wind direction h = 90
Fup

15

30

45

60

75

Flow

2,2

2,1

1,1

0,7

0,7

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

2,6

1,6

1,1

0,8

0,8

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

1,7

1,3

1,2

1,0

0,8

+0,5

+0,5

+0,4

+0,3

+0,2

1,5

1,3

1,2

1,0

0,9

+0,6

+0,6

+0,5

+0,4

+0,3

1,2

1,2

1,2

0,4

0,2

+0,7

+0,7

+0,7

+0,5

+0,5

1,2

1,2

1,2

0,4

0,2

+0,8

+0,8

+0,8

+0,7

+0,6

NOTE Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles may be used between values of the same sign. The values
equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.

,"%&-"2011

"

.(

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!Table NA.7a)

External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Pitch angle a

Zone for wind direction h = 0

F

45

0,9

0,8

0,9

0,7

1,1

30

1,7

1,0

0,9

0,7

0,8

15

2,6

1,0

0,9

0,5

0,7

2,4

1,2

0,8

0,5

0,5

1,8

1,2

0,6

0,4

0,9

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

0,4

0,9

1,1

0,8

0,4

0,5

1,3

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

0,5

1,3

0,5

0,5

0,2

0,5

0,9

+0,8

+0,5

+0,4

0,5

0,9

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,5

0,8

+0,8

+0,6

+0,7

0,5

0,8

60

+0,8

+0,8

+0,8

0,6

0,8

75

+0,8

+0,8

+0,8

0,8

0,9

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

15

30

45

NOTE 1 At h = 0 the pressure changes rapidly between positive and negative values on the windward face around
a pitch angle of a = 5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, four cases should
be considered where the largest or smallest values of all areas F, G and H are combined with the largest or smallest
values in areas I and J. No mixing of positive and negative values is allowed on the same face.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the
same sign. (Do not interpolate between a = +5 and a = 5, but use the data for flat roofs in 7.2.3). The values
equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.

22 + ,"%&-"2011

"

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

! Table NA.7b)
Pitch angle a

External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Zone for wind direction h = 90
F

45

1,5

1,3

1,0

0,9

30

1,7

1,3

1,0

0,8

15

2,6

1,4

0,8

0,8

2,2

1,5

0,7

0,7

2,0

1,1

0,6

0,5

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

1,6

1,5

0,6

0,4

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

1,2

1,1

0,6

0,5

+0,5

+0,4

+0,3

+0,2

1,2

1,2

0,6

0,4

+0,6

+0,5

+0,4

+0,3

1,2

1,2

0,7

0,6

+0,7

+0,7

+0,5

+0,5

1,2

1,2

0,7

0,6

+0,8

+0,8

+0,7

+0,6

15

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

30

45

60

75

NOTE Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the same
sign. (Do not interpolate between a = +5 and a = 5, but use the data for flat roofs in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,
7.2.3). The values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.

,"%&-"2011

23

"

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

!Table NA.8
Pitch
angle a

External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs (Cpe,10 and Cpe,1)

Zone for wind direction h = 0 and h = 90

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

45

1,4

1,0

1,0

0,7

0,7

0,4

1,1

1,0

0,9

30

2,3

1,2

1,0

0,7

1,3

0,8

1,0

1,0

0,8

15

2,6

1,0

0,9

0,6

1,4

1,3

0,9

0,9

0,8

2,3

1,1

0,8

0,6

0,8

0,6

1,1

0,8

0,8

1,8

1,2

0,6

0,6

0,8

0,6

1,1

0,6

0,6

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

0,6

0,8

0,6

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

1,3

0,8

0,5

0,6

1,4

1,3

0,9

0,6

0,4

+0,2

+0,2

+0,2

0,6

1,4

1,3

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

0,5

0,5

0,2

0,6

1,3

0,8

1,0

0,6

0,5

+0,8

+0,5

+0,4

0,6

1,3

0,8

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,6

0,7

0,4

1,1

0,6

0,4

+0,8

+0,6

+0,7

0,6

0,7

0,4

+0,0

+0,0

+0,0

60

+0,8

+0,8

+0,8

0,7

0,6

0,3

1,2

0,7

0,6

75

+0,8

+0,8

+0,8

1,2

0,6

0,3

1,2

0,7

0,6

15

30

45

NOTE 1 At h = 0 the pressures changes rapidly between positive and negative values on the windward face at pitch
angle of a = +5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, two cases should be
considered: one with all positive values, and one with all negative values. Positive and negative values should not be
mixed.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the same
sign. The values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
NOTE 3 The pitch angle of the windward face always will govern the pressure coefficients.

,-././0

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!NOTE 1

Zones A, B and C are defined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure 7.11.

NOTE 2 For h/d 0,5 there will be alternative cases of positive and negative pressures on zone A;
both need to be considered.
NOTE 3 Pressure distribution in zones A and B is not uniform and high local pressures could occur
For local ridge and edge zones the cpe,1 values for zones G, F and J from Table NA.7a) are to be used.
The equivalent roof pitch is to be taken as the tangent of the area of the part of the barrel vault under
consideration.
NOTE 4 The values of cpe,10 and cpe,1 for duopitch roofs given in Table NA.7b) may be used for wind
blowing on to the gable end of cylindrical roofs (h = 90)."

,-./.K8

L*+"!*23%4!"##$!"%M%277)+)'*23%)*('!:2+)'*%
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-?"#<8"B@;8?D8"$E"N$78";C8D4E4D"4?E$7NB#4$?L"FB=68;"4?"OB@=8" !: "NBI"
@8"6;8>:"P$>87?"D$?;#76D#4$?"N8#<$>;"B78"=4K8=I"#$"=8B>"#$"=$G87"FB=68;"
#<B?"#<$;8"4?"OB@=8" A.9.

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O<8"78D$NN8?>8>"76=8";<$6=>"@8"6;8>:

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(51,*678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"#":?*C$D* +2'*#E
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$%+,#-$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*$/'%$(+,012-31)$45,,-$5)*$%''/-6
!"#$% $"&'($)*+,(-$./-($0/1$+22*3$4/5$(6+**$4/56+1 /7-5*+22'08$5//4'08$
-*-6-01($9'1&$,0(-+*-.$*+2(:$(,)&$+($1'*-($/5$(*+1-(; !Reference may
be made to BS 5534."
!"#$<$$$$=+7'13$9+**($+5-$1/$>-$15-+1-.$+($('08*-$(?'0$-*-6-01(:$9&-0$/0-$
/5$>/1&$*-+7-($+5-$)/0(15,)1-.$/4$(6+**$6+(/053$,0'1(:$';-;$>5')?:$>*/)?:$
(@,+5-$.5-((-.$0+1,5+*$(1/0-$/5$5+0./6$5,>>*-$6+(/053$+0.$1&-$*-+7-($
+5-$-44-)1'vely !connected " 1/8-1&-5;

! NA.2.33

Canopy roofs [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.3 (6)]

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

The recommended values for the location of centre of pressure

should be used."

!"#.34

%&'(()&'*F+'001F1',2( 0+&*0&''<(2.,G1,H*-.//(*
.,G*I.&.I'2(*678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"=":*C:DE
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#-$817#)$1)$9:$;<$=
-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6

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=2=2>?@AAB$!5.,#$C6 $

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678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"="$*C#DE
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6
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BC$# $%<DEEF%;

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N'G)F21+,*0.F2+&*0+&*(O).&'*('F21+,(*-123*
&+),G'G*F+&,'&(*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"P*C:D* +2'*:E
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NA.2.37

=2=2>?@AAB$

82&)F2)&./*'/'4',2(*-123*(3.&I*'GH'G*('F21+,*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"B*C:D* +2'*:E
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$/'%&#$&'#//1&1#)0$'/$@EA$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*$/'%$5,,$-"5%F$
#*8#*$-0%+&0+%5,$#,#(#)0-$410"$-"5%F$#*8#*$-#&01')-6

NA.2.38

82&)F2)&./*'/'4',2(*-123*&'H)/.&*I+/MH+,./*
('F21+,*Q*K./)'(*+0*23'*0+&F'*F+'001F1',2* 0A?
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"R*C:DE
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#-$/'%$)/EA$817#)$1)$9:$;<$=
!5.,#$C6==$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6

=2=2>?@AAB$

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27

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=2=24:2005+A1:2010

! NA.2.39

Force coefficients for circular cylinders

[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.9.2 (2)]
The values of equivalent surface roughness k given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.13 should be used.

NA.2.40

Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row

arrangement [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.14]
In BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.14, no guidance for the value of k
when a/b 2.5 is given."

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

NA.2.41

S+&F'*F+'001F1',2(*0+&*(I3'&'(*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B":?*C:D* +2'*:E
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#-$/'%$)/EK$817#)$1)$9:$;<$=
D18+%#$C6LA$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6

NA.2.42

=2=2>?@AAB$

N'G)F21+,*0.F2+&*0+&*(F.00+/G1,H*-123+)2*.1&*
21H32,'((*G'K1F'(*.,G*.00'F2'G*TM*(+/1G*T)1/G1,H*
+T(2&)F21+,*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B"::*C:D* +2'*#E
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#$817#)$1)$9:$;<$=@M==2=$-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6
!"#$F%'&#*+%#-$817#)$*'$)'0$053#$5&&'+)0$'/$-"#,0#%$#//#&0-$/%'($
(+,01F,#$F,5)#$/%5(#-$'%$,5001&#$-0%+&0+%#-6$:18)1/1&5)0$%#*+&01')-$1)$0"#$
'7#%5,,$,'5*$')$5%%5N-$'/$/%5(#-$&5)$'&&+%$/'%$41)*$)'%(5,$0'$0"#$
/%5(#-6$:## G'0.$*/+.'08H$+$25+)1')+*$8,'.-$1/$BC$IJEEF<:$9'0.$
*/+.($/0$>,'*.'08( =LA$5)*$G'0.$*/+.($/0$,0)*+.$(15,)1,5-( =>A6

NA.2.43

9,G*'00'F2*0.F2+&*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B":$*C:DE
!"#$%#&'((#)*#*$75,+#-$817#)$1) 9:$;<$=
-"'+,*$.#$+-#*6

NA.2.44

=2=2>?@AAB$D18+%#$C6LO$

900'F21K'*(/',G'&,'((*0.F2+&*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*B":$*C#DE
9:$;<$= =2=2>?@AAB$!5.,#$C6=O$-"'+,* )'0 .#$+-#*6$!"#$75,+#-$
'/ ! 817#)$1)$!5.,#$NA.10 -"'+,*$.#$+-#*6

NA.2.45

U1,G*.F21+,*0+&*+23'&*2MI'(*+0*T&1GH'(*
678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*R":*C:D* +2'*:E
<'$5**101')5,$8+1*5)&#$1-$817#)$/'%$41)*$5&01')-$')$'0"#%$0NF#-$'/
.%1*8#-$P#686$5%&"$.%1*8#-E$('71)8$.%1*8#-$5)*$.%1*8#-$410"$(+,01F,#$
'%$-18)1/1&5)0,N$&+%7#*$*#&3-Q6$R+1*5)&#$')$41)*$5&01')-$')$#,#(#)0-$
'/$-+&"$.%1*8#-$(5N$.#$*#%17#*$/%'($0"#$%#,#75)0$&,5+-#-$'/$
9:$;<$= =2=2>?@AABE$5-$('*1/1#*$.N$0"1-$<501')5,$G))#K6$D'%$0"#$
*#%17501')$'/$0"#$'7#%5,,$%#-F')-#$0' 41)* 5&01')$')$-+&"$.%1*8#-E
-F#&15,1-0$5*71&#$-"'+,*$.#$-'+8"06

28 J H$9:I$2011

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%+(121+,*+0*23'*(2&)F2)&'A*-1,G*,+&4./*2+*23'*I/.,'*+0*23'*I.H'

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678*9 *:;;:<:<=>#??@A*R":*C=DE
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29

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NA.2.49

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48;"18;4#;8"#246"("/PQ

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30 - +"%&,"2011

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010
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418;;7"30#2"#2;"8;9;H46#"4C#2$80#5J

+"%&,"2011

31

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

[2;"E49EC94#0$6" $=""@G#I"<2$C97"#4R;"4EE$C6#"$="<0#;<"32;8;"#2; 3067

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#8;4#@;6#"$="A8$D0@0#5";==;E#<"48;"10H;6"06"YK"SSVV*(*MJ

NA.2.50

L")$%&$"%''#$#%,(*&'")&+-)-+%(*&-,0&E-,()#%*&",&
K)#0E%*&123&45&67768689:;<<M>&?@H&A6BC
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4AA8$A804#;J

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

NA.2.51

O%0/$(#",&#,&0)-E&$"%''#$#%,(&'")&
123&45&67768689:;<<=>&?@H@6&A;BC

F&

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:;"8;7CE;7"4EE$87061"#$"%&"' "())(*(*ML>??N"?@H@6&G>IJ

NA.2.52

G-./%*&"'&(!%&F#,0&."-0&'-$(")&!"
123&45&67768689:;<<=>&?@H@;&A6BC
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$

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!NOTE The tabulated values of C are a simplification for the product ce and cf,x.
In general, the individual values to ce and cf,x are to be used."

NA.2.53

&G-./%&"'&(!%&'")$%&$"%''#$#%,(&#'>P
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32 - +"%&,"2011

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33

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NI _46#09;H;8":84ER;#<";D#;67061"$C#<07;"@406"1087;8<"$8"
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:84ER;#"6$#"<20;97;7":5"4"=4<E04"1087;8"$8"47\4E;6#":84ER;#J"[2;"
7841"E$;==0E0;6#"R=D <2$C97":;"#4R;6"=8$@"
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NA.2.55

0<"#2;"=$8E;"E$;==0E0;6#F"#4R;6"=8$@"5D@;@= F"30#2"H49C;<"
$= "467"/"06#;8E2461;7J

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123&45&67768689:;<<=>&?@9@;&A6B&5"(%&6C
!For simplicity, upper bound values of the force coefficient Cfp for
piers may be taken from Table NA.12. These values have been based
on BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.6 using an end-effect factor in
accordance
with Table NA.10 for a l value calculated with a length
"
= 2 height appropriate to a cantilever."
'()* )<3+524$37:23+>."3%+.%++,-.-./+.0+/4+ 3+:037+&42+/<3+/231/!3%/+4&+
108!!3/2.$+6417.%>+4%+ 2.7>3+5.320B

34 + ,"%&-"2011

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

! Table NA.12
Plan shape

$
***
%

Cfp for pier :1)6:+ ratios of

;/1'2+:
1

10

20

40

0,25

1,3

1,4

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,8

1,9

0,333

1,4

1,4

1,5

1,5

1,7

1,8

2,0

0,50

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,7

1,9

2,1

0,667

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,7

1,8

2,0

2,2

1,0

1,4

1,4

1,5

1,5

1,6

1,8

2,0

1,5

1,2

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,4

1,6

1,7

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,6

0,9

0,9

1,0

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

0,8

0,8

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,0

1,1

Square on diagonal (Note: dimension b in this case is the

dimension of the diagonal)

1,0

1,1

1,1

1,2

1,2

1,4

1,5

Octagonal

0,83

0,87

0,91

0,94

1,00

1,10

12 sided polygon

0,72

0,75

0,79

0,81

0,87

0,96

1,21
1,05

Circle with smooth surface where 1,5tVm(z) 6 m2/s

0,48

0,50

0,53

0,56

0,60

0,66

0,72

0,75

0,78

0,82

0,84

0,91

1,00

1,09

NOTE b is the dimension normal to the

direction of wind.

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Force coefficient Cfp for piers

Circle with smooth surface where 1,5tVm(z) < 6 m /s. Also

circle with rough surface or with projections

NOTE 1 After erection of the superstructure, Cfp is to be derived for a height/breadth ratio of 40.
NOTE 2 For a rectangular pier with radiused corners, the value of Cfp derived from Table NA.12 is to be multiplied
by (1 2,5r/b) or 0,5, whichever is greater.
NOTE 3 For a pier with triangular nosings, Cfp is to be derived as for the rectangle encompassing the outer edges of
the pier.
NOTE 4 For a pier tapering with height, Cfp is to be derived for each of the unit heights into which the support has
been subdivided (see BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure 7.4). Mean values of t and b for each unit height is to be used
to evaluate t/b. The overall pier height and the mean breadth of each unit height is to be used to evaluate height/
breadth.
NOTE 5 On relieving areas, use Fm instead of FW (See NA.2.56 ).

!"#$.56

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,"%&-"2011

35

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>,-+*),4&')(>&;8,&>,-:&<-;,)&/,=,/1

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NA.2.57

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#;7"?8K34:"7:57 $="#;7"#$K4"$1"?19.4"9$?4:.1FH"M;7"7==7>#"$="#1.423#3$4"
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NA.2.59

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37

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

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ME)Q&-.1,+0)1+)K,.'*'*J+!H+0)1+(',%(+'*+&)/*,1G

b = (c dir . c season . c prob ) (c alt ) b, map

q b = 0.613 b 2

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Is orography significant?
(see Figure NA.2)

qp= ce (z) . q b
(obtain ce (z) from Figure NA.7)

co (z) from Annex A of EN

50m?

qp= ce (z) . ((co (z) + 0.6)/1.6)2 q b

m = c r (z) . co (z) . b
(obtain c r (z) from Figure NA.3)

qp = (1 + (3 I v (z),flat / c o (z))) 2

. 0.613 . m2

(obtain I v (z), flat from Figure NA.5)

"

38 + ,"%&-"2011

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L?M;H5"!D !D0

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!
b = (c dir . c season . c prob ) (c alt ) b, map
q b = 0.613 b 2

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Is orography significant?
(see Figure NA.2)

qp = c e (z) . ce,T . q b

co (z) from Annex A of EN

(obtain ce (z) from Figure NA.7;

obtain ce,T from Figure NA.8)

50m?

q p= ce (z) . c e,T . ((co (z) + 0.6)/1.6)2 q b

m = c r (z) . c r,T

. co (z) . b

(obtain c r (z) from Figure NA.3;

obtain cr,T from Figure NA.4)

qp = (1 + (3 I v (z),flat . k I,T / c o (z))) 2

. 0.613 . m2

(obtain I v (z),flat from Figure NA.5; obtain k I,T

from Figure NA.6)

"

,"%&-"2011

39

Licensed copy:BAM Construct UK Ltd, 28/10/2014, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

!"#$"%&"' "())(*(*4:2005+A1:2010

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40 + ,"%&-"2011

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