DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
LECTURE # 1: INTRODUCTION

Muhammad Rzi Abbas

muhammadrziabbas@uet.edu.pk
Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

WHAT???

Digital

Signal
Processing

Digital Signal Processing

SIGNAL
A signal conveys information about the state or behavior of a physical system
It is a measured quantity that varies with time (or position)
Examples:
Voltage: Represented as a function over time -> 1D signal
Image signal: Represented as an intensity function of two spatial variables
-> 2D signal
Video signal: A sequence of images spanning over a period of time -> 3D
signal

SIGNAL

Information is always contained in some pattern of variation..

What did I just

said?????

SIGNAL PROCESSING

Signal processing is concerned with the representation, transformation, and

manipulation of signals and the information they contain.

TYPES OF SIGNALS

Continuous-Time (CT) or Analog signal:

Example: Voltage, Current, Speech signal, etc.

Discrete-Time (DT) signal:

Example: Daily stock market price, Daily average temperature, Sampled continuous
signals
What type of signal our eyes are
providing? Video is what type of a
signal?

IDENTIFY THE SIGNAL TYPE

Voltmeter

Wall Clock

Thermometer

IDENTIFY THE SIGNAL TYPE

Population Data

Stock Market Data

IDENTIFY THE SIGNAL TYPE

Hourly
Temperature
Measurement
Data

TYPE OF SIGNALS

So what about the word Digital???

What are digital signals???

What is sampling???
What is Quantization???
Why are you here???

DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING (DTSP)

Discrete time processing of Continuous Signals

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP)

Digital signal processing is derived from DTSP

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP)

Converting analog signal into a digital signal

Perform signal processing operations in the digital form
Convert back the digital signal to analog one when necessary

Analog Input

Analog
Filter

ADC

DSP
Processor

DAC

Analog
Filter

Analog Output

WHY PROCESS THE SIGNALS DIGITALLY?

Digital data storage and transmission is more effective than in the analog form
Flexibility: Processing function can be modified or adjusted
Can implement very complex processing functions
Speed of digital operations tends to grow rapidly with the years of technical
progress

A very high accuracy and reliability is possible

Dynamic range can be increased
Simultaneous (Parallel) processing

WHY DO DSP PROCESSORS NEED TO DO WELL?

Most DSP tasks require:
Repetitive numeric calculations
Attention to numeric fidelity
Fixed- vs. floating-point

Standards
High memory bandwidth
Streaming data

Real-time processing
Processors must perform these tasks efficiently while minimizing:
Cost

Power consumption
Memory use
Development time

BENCHMARK
Implementation of Complex Block FIR Filter
DSP vs. High Performance CPU (lower is better)

EXAMPLE DSP APPLICATIONS

Digital cell phones
Automated inspection
Vehicle collision avoidance
Voice -over-Internet
Motor control
Consumer audio
Voice mail
Navigation equipment
Audio production
Videoconferencing
Toys, games consoles
Music synthesis, effects
Satellite communications

Seismic analysis
Secure communications
Tapeless answering machines
Sonar
Cordless phones
Digital cameras
Modems (POTS, ISDN, cable, ...)
Noise cancellation
Medical ultrasound
Patient monitoring
Radar
And many more to come..

SPEECH PROCESSING
Original

High Pass Filter

Low Pass Filter

Down sample

EQUALIZATION
Selectively enhance/attenuate
some parts of the frequency
spectrum
Applications
Coding & compression
Room simulation
Echo or chorus effects

SPEECH TRANSMISSION

IMAGE PROCESSING

IMAGE PROCESSING

SIGNAL INTERPRETATION
The objective of the processing is not to obtain an output signal but to obtain
a characterization of the input signal
Database of
Attributes

Example: Speaker Identification

Signal
Interpretation

Attributes

Attribute
Matching

SPEAKER

DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL (DTS)

Sequence: It is simply a function whose domain is the set of integers.
Practically such sequences may arise from periodic sampling of an Analog
Signal.

x[n] = xa(nT)

- < n <

T = Sampling Time, whiles its reciprocal is called Sampling Frequency.

DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL (DTS)

A sequence of numbers, x, in which nth number in the sequence is denoted by x[n]
x = {x[n]},
- < n <

Note: x[n] is defined only for integer values of n. Moreover, it is not correct to
think that x[n] is zero for non-integer values of n

DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL (DTS)

We want to convert the following Analog Signal into a DTS

BASIC TYPES OF DTS

Unit Impulse Sequence or an Impulse
[n] =

0,
1,

0
=0

Unit Step Sequence

u[n] =

0,
1,

<0
0

BASIC TYPES OF DTS

Sinusoidal Sequence
x[n] = cos (won)

Exponential Sequence

x[n] = an

BASIC OPERATIONS
Ideal delay: A sequence y[n] is said to be a delayed or shifted version of a
sequence x[n] if
y[n] = x [n-n0]

where n0 is an integer

BASIC OPERATIONS
Note that if n0 is negative the sequence will be shifted towards left by n0
samples, corresponding to Time Advance

BASIC OPERATIONS
Sum Difference
y[n] = x1[n] x2[n]

Multiplication
y[n] = x1[n].x2[n]

BASIC OPERATIONS
x[n] via Impulse function
x[n] =

[][nk]

BASIC OPERATIONS
Unit Step Sequence
u[n] = [n] +[n1] + [n2]

u[n] =

=0

[nk]

Impulse Sequence

[n] = u[n] u[n-1]

RESOURCES
Discrete-Time Signal Processing by Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer &
John R. Buck. 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Prentice Hall, 1999

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/mct413_dsp
Lectures slides, assignments (computer/written), research papers, projects,
lab manuals, and announcements will be uploaded to group repository and
will be notified to all group members through email

REFERENCES

Chapter # 1, Discrete-Time Signal Processing by Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W.

Schafer & John R. Buck. 2nd Edition, Pearson Education - Prentice Hall, 1999