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2D Biplane CFD Results - Phase I

Spyridon Kontogiannis and Alexandros Kontogiannis
January 8, 2015

For the first phase of the CFD analysis the 2D Biplane arrangement with g=1, st=0.3 and
decalage=-3o with the S1210 airfoil was tested. The analysis was held with S-A and SST k-
models using Fluent for the Reynolds number of 200k while the mesh was constructed using
Gambit. The forces on the biplane airfoils were investigated for angles ranging from 0 to 14o
with a step of 2o .
In the next pages there is a brief report consisting mainly of plots and screenshots of the
data. The following are included:
Coefficient plots of pressure, lift, drag and moment.
Qualitative data of the static pressure, velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, velocity
profile of BL and the pre-stall characteristics.
The purpose of this analysis was to validate that the arrangement is efficient and to provide
more accurate results to account for viscous effects. The results were promising (high clmax ,
relatively low cd and cm for the operational angles and high stall angle) and the arrangement
is considered fixed.

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Mesh with Gambit

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Cp Distributions
Spalart-Allmaras (1st order upwind discr. scheme)
- 2o Angle

- 4o Angle

- 6o Angle

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Spalart-Allmaras (2nd order upwind discr. scheme)

- 2o Angle

- 4o Angle

- 6o Angle

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SST k-omega (1st order upwind discr. scheme)

- 2o Angle

- 4o Angle

- 6o Angle

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SST k-omega (2nd order upwind discr. scheme)

- 2o Angle

- 4o Angle

- 6o Angle

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Lift Coefficient vs Angle

2D BIPLANE ANALYSIS g=1, st=0.3, dec=-3 S1210

2
1.9
1.8

Lift Coefficient

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
SA 1st ord. upw.
SA 2nd ord. upw.
SSTkw 1st ord. upw.
SSTkw 2nd ord. upw.

1.2
1.1
1
0

6
8
Angle (deg)

10

12

14

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Lift Coefficient vs Drag Coefficient

2D BIPLANE ANALYSIS g=1, st=0.3, dec=-3 S1210

2
1.9
1.8

Lift Coefficient

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
SA 1st ord. upw.
SA 2nd ord. upw.
SSTkw 1st ord. upw.
SSTkw 2nd ord. upw.

1.2
1.1
1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08
0.1
Drag Coefficient

0.12

0.14

0.16

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Moment Coefficient vs Angle

2D BIPLANE ANALYSIS g=1, st=0.3, dec=-3 S1210

Moment Coefficient [CG: (142mm,0,145mm)]

0.2
SA 1st ord. upw.
SA 2nd ord. upw.
SSTkw 1st ord. upw.
SSTkw 2nd ord. upw.

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

6
8
Angle (deg)

10

12

14

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Qualitative Data
S-A - Contours of Static Pressure at 4o

S-A - Velocity Field at 4o

10

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SST k-omega - Turbulent Kinetic Energy (k) at 4o

Transition
0.4c

11

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Boundary Layer
S-A - Fully Turbulent Velocity Profile at 8o

Turbulent BL/ Velocity Profile

SST k-omega - Laminar to Turbulent Velocity Profiles at 8o

Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow
Reverse Flow and Transition

12

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Pre-Stall Characteristics
SST k-omega - Laminar Separation Bubble of upper airfoil at 14o

Laminar Separation Bubble

S-A - No Laminar Separation Bubble on upper airfoil at 14o

13

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SST k-omega - Laminar Separation Bubble of lower airfoil at 14o

SST k-omega - Transition and LSB of lower airfoil at 14o

14