UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

EBB 113
Engineering Materials
School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering

Why we need to study Mat. Sci. & Eng. ?

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Cost?
Effective?
Fabrication?
Safety?

Mechanical Engineer
Civil & Structure Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Electronic Engineer
Aerospace Engineer
Chemical Engineer
Etc

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Course Synopsis
The course is an introductory course on engineering materials which is divided into
two main parts.

The first part includes the classifications of materials that determine their
applicability, the structure of the materials explained by the quantum-mechanical
principle that relates electrons to energies, bonding scheme of different materials,
the structure of crystalline solids and introduction to imperfection in solids and
diffusion mechanism. The first part also includes the introduction of phase diagram.
The second part covers the structures, behaviors and characteristics of materials
including mechanical, thermal, optical and magnetic properties.
In general, this introductory materials science and engineering course deals with the
different material types (i.e., metals, ceramics, polymers, composites), as well as
the various kinds of properties exhibited by these materials (i.e., mechanical,
electrical, magnetic, etc.) which intended to equip the students with necessary
knowledge on material science and engineering

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Topic:

Course Structure

1. Introduction of Materials

1st part

2. Bonding and Properties

3. Crystal Structures & Properties

4. Imperfection in Solids
5. Diffusion
6. Phase Diagram

2nd part
7. Structure of Metal, Ceramic, Polymer & Composites
8. Mechanical Properties of Materials
9. Electrical Properties of Materials
10. Thermal, optical & magnetic properties of Materials

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Text Book
W.D. Callister, Jr, Materials Science and
Engineering An Introduction, Wiley:New
York, 7th Ed., 2007

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Recommended
Reference Books
D.R. Askeland, P.P Phul, The Science and
Engineering of Materials, Chapman & Hall.
W.F. Smith, Foundations of Materials Science and
Engineering, McGrew Hill: New York, 3rd Ed., 2004.
J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for
Engineers, Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 5th Ed., 2000.

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Teaching Structure
EBB 113
Engineering Materials

Part 1

Part 2

Topic 1 6

Topic 7 10

Dr. Khatijah Aisha Bt Yaacob

(Civil & Mech)
Dr. Yeoh Fee Yei (EE & Chem)
Dr. Shah Rizal Kasim

(Materials & Aero)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Srimala

Sreekantan (Civil & Mech)
Dr Pung Swee Yong (EE & Chem)
Dr. Sheikh Abdul Rezan Sheikh
Abdul Hamid (Materials & Aero)

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Teaching Structure
Parallel Session
3 session - Mechanic & Civil (DK 9)
- Chemical & EE (DK 3)
- Material & Aero (DK 2)
Monday (2-4 pm)
Thursday (10-11 am)
Notes (1st part) SMMRE web site

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Contribution of Assessment
Final Exam.
(70%)

Coursework
(30%)

3 hours
Essays Question (6)

Tutorial -15% (to be confirm)

Test (2x) 15% (to be confirm)

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Course Outcomes
On the completion of this course, the students should be:
1) Able to define different classification of engineering materials

2) Able to explain the electronic structure of individual atom as

well as inter-atomic bonding, crystal structure of solids,
imperfection and diffusion mechanism
3) Able to interpret the phase diagram and phase transformation
4) Able to explain the structure of metal, ceramic, polymer and
composites
5) Able to state how various mechanical properties are measured
and what these properties represent
6) Able to explain electrical, thermal, optical and magnetic
properties of materials

TOPIC 1

Introduction
to
Materials

TOPIC CONTENTS

1. Introduction.
2. Materials Science and Engineering
3. Classification of Materials

TOPIC OUTCOMES
After careful study of this topic you should be able to
do the following:
List 6 different property classifications of materials that
determine their applicability.
Cite the 4 components that are involved in the design,
production, and utilization of materials, and briefly describe
the interrelationships between these components.

Cite 3 criteria that are important in the materials selection

process.

List the 3 primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite

the distinctive chemical feature of each.
Note the two types of advanced materials and, for each, its
distinctive feature(s).

Briefly define smart material/system.

Briefly explain the concept of nanotechnology as it applies to
materials.

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TOPIC CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

(1) INTRODUCTION
Materials in our live

Electronic & Electrical

Mechanical
Chemical
Civil & Structural
Infrastructure &
Transportation
Aerospace
Military
Telecommunications
Entertainment

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Materials in our live Civil & Structural

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Pole (Construction Industry)

Traditional
woodsteelconcretepolymer
composite (made of layers of glass
fabric + resins)
Advantages of Polymer Composites
1) won't rust, or corrode
2) require no preservatives
3) light-weight, lighter than
aluminum, wood, steel or
concrete.
4) the lowest possible total
installed cost

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Materials in our live Aerospace & Mechanical

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b) The Space Shuttle Challenger Accident

Tragedy
On the morning of January 28, 1986, the space
shuttle Challenger blasted off from the
Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
All Seven crew members died in the explosion.
Why?
which blamed on faulty in the jointembrittlement of rubber O-rings

What are Materials?

Materials
Substances from which something is
composed or made from.
Development of human civilization
has been closely tied to materials
which have been produced and used
in society.

What are Engineering Materials?

Engineering Materials
Materials used to produce technical
products.
Engineered materials with desired
properties.

Evolution of Materials

Prehistoric

MATERIALS

Stone
Age
Materials
existing in
nature.
stone,
wood, clay

Bronze
Age
Alloy of
copper

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Iron
Electric
Age
Age
(Industrial
(Silicon Age)
Revolution)
Minimum material
Designed
Nano
processing.
Materials
Material
Produce better
Age
Age
material properties
to those occurring
Advance composites
naturally
Surface treatment
Iron, steel, other
Artificial layered
metals.
structures
Steam engine

Prehistoric

Stone Age

Early in the developments of human

cultures, before the use of metals

Tools & weapons were made of stone

Bronze Age
Bronze (Cooper + tin + zinc)
The time in the development of any
human culture
Before introduction of iron, when most
tools and weapons were made from
bronze

Iron Age
Marks the period of development of
technology replacing bronze as the basic
material for implements and weapon
Last stage of the archaeological sequence

Electrical Age (Silicon Age) and beyond

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TOPIC CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

Discipline of Materials Study

Materials Science
Science - scientia (Knowledge)
Study of basic materials knowledge.

Investigation of the relationship between STRUCTURES and

PROPERTIES of materials

Materials Engineering
Engineer ingeneur
Used of Materials Science knowledge (fundamental) to design
and to produce materials with properties that will meet the
requirements of society.
Structure-Property correlations, designing or engineering the
structure of a material to a pre-determined set of properties.

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

Combines both basic knowledge and applications and forms a
bridge between the basic sciences (physics, chemistry, and
mathematic) and the various engineering disciplines
(electrical, mechanical, chemical, civil, and aerospace
engineering).
Interdisciplinary nature.

Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Selecting the RIGHT material.

To succeed in processing materials with a given set of

properties, it is necessary to understand the basis of the
properties from the atomic and molecular level, and to
understand how small differences in structure can lead to large
differences in observed properties.
4 components that are involved in design, production, and
utilization of materials.
Processing
Structure

Properties
Performance
How do these components interrelated?

What is Processing?
Multiple procedures to produce something pre-determined.

What is Structure?
Structure

Electron within
individual atoms and
interaction with their
nuclei

Arrangement of
its internal
components
Subatomic level

Organization of atoms
or molecules relative to
one another

Atomic level

Direct observation
using microscope tools

Microscopic level

Viewed by naked eye

Macroscopic level

What is Property?
Properties
Materials trait in term of
the kind and magnitude
of response to a specific
imposed stimulus
Material: Conductor
Stimulus: voltage
Response: Electric Current
PROPERTIES
Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Magnetic
Optical
Deteriorative

Property

Stimulus
(activity)

Response

Mechanical

Applied load
or force

Deformation

Electrical

Electric field

Conductivity

 Properties depend on structure

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

Hardness (BHN)

(d)

600
500
400

(c)

(a)

(b)
4m

300
200

30m

30m

100
0.01 0.1

30m

1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)

and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
discussion, Callister 6e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.

OPTICAL
Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal

polycrystal:
low porosity

polycrystal:
high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e.

(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by J.
Telford.)

Change of Properties

Heat Treatment

Structure

Adding other substances

Properties

What is Performance?
A measurement of how good a product is.

Tetrahedron Interrelationship:
Car body What is the right material to use?
Performance What is the strengthto density ratio?

Structure
Microstructure, What
features of the structure
limit the strength?

How can
aerodynamic
Process
car chassis
be formed?

Property
High level of toughness and formability

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TOPIC CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

Solid Materials Classification

Traditional method
Chemical makeup and atomic structure

Metal
Composite

Ceramic

Polymer

METALS:
Inorganic materials (one or more metallic
elements alloy)
Crystalline structure
May contain a small amount of non-metallic
elements
Good thermal & electrical conductors (large
numbers of non-localized electrons = electrons
are not bound to particular atoms)
Properties at room temperature (RT)
Strong and ductile (capable of large amounts
of deformation without fracture)
Stiff
Good strength
Dense
Resistance to fracture

CERAMICS:
Inorganic materials (metallic + non-metallic elements)
Oxides, nitrides, carbides
Crystalline, non-crystalline, or a mixture of both
Properties at RT
High melting point
High chemical stabilities
High hardness
High temperature strength
Brittle (lack ductility)
Poor electrical and thermal conductor.

POLYMERS:
Plastic and rubber materials
Organic materials
Long molecular chairs/network containing C, H, and other
nonmetallic elements (O, N, Si)
Non-crystalline (mostly) or a mixture of both
Properties at RT
Low density
Mechanically flexible
Poor electrical conductor

COMPOSITES:
Mixture of two or more types of materials
A matrix phase + a reinforcing phase
Designed to ensure a combination of the best properties of
each component material.

Besides the above mentioned classification, materials can also be

categorized into:

ADVANCED MATERIALS:
Materials that are utilized in high-tech application
(device/product that operates or functions using relatively
intricate and sophisticated principles)
DVD Players, Microprocesser, Liquid Crystal Display.
Semiconductor
Advanced
Materials

Biomaterials
Smart Material
Materials of the future

Nano-engineered
Material
Nano-material

SEMICONDUCTORS:
Electrical properties intermediate between
conductors and insulators
Electrical characteristics are extremely
sensitive to the presence of minute
concentration of impurity atoms, which
concentrations may be controlled over very
small spatial region
Conductivity increasing with temperature

BIOMETRIALS:
Components implanted into human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged parts.
Must not produce toxic substances
Compatible with body tissues
All above materials may be used as
biomaterials

SMART MATERIALS:
Materials that are able to sense changes in their environments
and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners
Devices made from Smart Materials
Sensors (detects an input signal)

NANO-ENGINEERED MATERIALS:
Dimension <100 nm (~500 atom diameters)
Materials by design
Exp: carbon nanotube

End of Topic 1

Summary
Use the right material for the job.
Understand the relation between properties,
structure, performance, and processing.
Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.