Lecture 1 (Fluid Mechanics)

Monash University Sunway campus is jointly owned by Monash University and the Jeffrey Cheah Foundation
School of Engineering
MEC 3451
Fluid Mechanics 2
Week 1
Semester 1, 2014
MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2
Course Objectives
o Derive the conservation equations governing fluid flows using finite control volume
and differential analysis
o Apply these governing equations to solve simple potential flow and viscous flow
problems
o Analyse internal flow, external flow and open channel flow problems
o Examine how boundary layers affect the behaviour of a fluid close to a surface
o Calculate lift and drag effects on a body
o Understand the concept of turbulence
o Appreciate compressibility effects in fluids and apply simple techniques to analyse
such flows
2
Preliminaries
o Course delivery
33 Lectures (3 X 50 minute lectures per week)
Practice Classes (1 X 3 hour session per week:
Check Allocate)
o Assessment
Terminal examination (3 hours, 70%)
Tests (30%)
o Course Text
Munson, Young, and Okiishi, Fundamendal of
Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons
o Extra Help
Moodle
Tutors
Consultation Hours
Wednesday: 3PM 5PM
Thursday: 11AM 12PM
Lecture Topics
Topic
Textbook
(Munson et. al.)
Fluid Kinematics
Chapter 4
Finite Control Volume Analysis
Chapter 5
Differential Analysis
Chapter 6
Similitude
Chapter 7
Internal Flows
Chapter 8
External Flows
Chapter 9
Open Channel Flow
Chapter 10
Compressible Flows
Chapter 11
4
Tutorials (Tutors: Mr. Ang & Mr. Ooi)

o Practice classes (tutorials) held weekly starting Week 2
Attendance at practice classes is compulsory
Test 1 (Assessment Task 1, 10%)

o Approximately 1.5 to 2 hours
o 25th March, Tuesday (Week 4)
Materials covered in Week 1 to Week 3

Approximately 1/3 of the marks on problems from tutorial sheets
Approximately 1/10 of the marks on self-study topics
5

o 15th April, Tuesday (Week 7)


o 14th May, Wednesday (Week 10)

6
Introduction:
Fluid Mechanics
7
Fluid Mechanics
o Study of the behaviour of fluids when
subject to applies forces
o Two subcategories
Fluid statics: Behaviour of fluids at rest

Fluid dynamics: Behaviour of fluids in motion
o Why study fluid mechanics?
Fluids everywhere
Everyday phenomenon
Environmental flows
Biological flows
Medical devices
Aerodynamics
8
o What is a fluid?
Substance which continuously deform

(strained) when subject to a shear stress
Solids, although deforming initially, do not
do so continuously
o Generally consists of liquids and

gases
A liquid takes the shape of

the container it is in and
forms a free surface in the
presence of gravity
Liquid is difficult to
compress
A gas expands until

it encounters the walls
of the container and
fills the entire
available space
Gases cannot form a
free surface
9
Fluid Properties
o Different fluids flow differently
This is because different fluids have different characteristics (for example

water, oil, honey, tar, air)
o Quantification of these fluids therefore requires the definition of

fluid properties
Density, specific volume, specific gravity

Bulk modulus of compression
Vapour pressure
Surface tension
10
Density, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity

o Density
Mass per unit volume
o Specific volume
Volume per unit mass

1
=

o Specific gravity (relative density)
Density relative to density of water at 4
SG
H2 O,40 C
o Specific weight
o Weight per unit volume

To measure specific
gravity
11
Viscosity
o Recall definition of a fluid
Substance which continuously deforms when

subject to a shear (tangential stress)
Introduce concept of viscosity to describe the
fluidity of a fluid, i.e., how easily it flows
o Shear stress (force applied tangentially

to area )

=
=

(Shear Stress) = (Dynamic Viscosity) X (Rate of Strain)

Constant of proportionality is the dynamic (or
absolute) viscosity
12

o Measure of a fluids resistance to deformation and hence flow
o Acts like friction between layers of fluid when they are forced to
move relative to each other
o Determine from slope of shear stress vs strain rate (deformation rate
or velocity gradient )
Linear for most common fluids (Newtonian)
Non-Newtonian flows deal with deviations from linearity
13
Hydrostatics
o Pressure
When fluid is at rest, the shear (tangential) stress is zero
The only stress acting on the fluid is the pressure (force per unit area
acting normal to a surface)
Scalar field
Pressure is the same at all points on a

horizontal plane in a given fluid.
The length or the crosssectional area of the tube has

no effect on the height of the
fluid column of a barometer.
1 = 2 = 3
14
Hydrostatics
o Variation with depth
Newtons Second Law
= = +

Negative sign: pressure increases with depth

Integrate between two elevations 1 and 2 to get
= 0 +
15
Spatial Flow Field Variation (1, 2, 3-D Flow)

o Flow can be exceedingly complex
A flow is either one-, two-, or three-dimensional depending on the number of

spatial components ( , , ) in the velocity vector
, , = + +
o However, it is possible to simplify the flow analysis
Flow between two flat plates

o
For wide plates, negligible variation in the direction
o
Thin gaps, vertical velocity component is negligible
o
Only one velocity component, i.e., = () needs to be considered
o
Flow is one dimensional (although is a function of )
16
o Flow over an infinitely long cylinder (into the plane)
Negligible variation in the direction

Both and important since flow circumnavigates cylinder
Flow is two-dimensional
17
Spatial Flow Field Variation (Uniform/Non-uniform Flow)

o Uniform flow
o A flow is uniform if the velocity does not vary along a streamline
Flow between two plates
o An example of non-uniform flow is the flow over an aerofoil
The fluid accelerates on streamlines over the aerofoil and decelerates on

streamlines under the aerofoil to main flow conservation
The velocity along a given streamline is therefore not constant
18
Temporal Flow Field Variation (Steady/Unsteady Flow)

o Steady flow
Flow invariant in time

All fluid properties at any spatial position in the flow do
not change with time = 0
Example of unsteady flow ( 0)
o
Flow over an oscillating plate
Steady flow
Unsteady flow
o
Flow through a diffuser channel with moving walls
19
Laminar and Turbulent Flow

o Laminar flow
Flow is regular and highly ordered

o
o
o
Each fluid layer moves smoothly and steadily with respect to the other layers
(laminae) adjacent to it
Deterministic system
Usually occur in viscous fluids where the velocity is low
o Turbulent flow
Flow is random and highly disordered

o
o
Irregular and unsteady characterised by velocity fluctuations

Chaotic movements of part of liquid in different directions superimposed on
main flow direction
All fluid properties at any spatial position in the flow field do not change with
time
System no longer deterministic
o
Can only be described in term of statistical averages
Usually occurs in high velocity inviscid fluids
20
21
22
Conservation Laws
o Mass conservation (continuity equation)
o Mass cannot be created or destroyed
o Steady flow: = 0
in = out
in in = out out
23
Conservation Laws
Momentum conservation flow
Newtons Second Law

Time rate of change of linear
momentum of a system

out
Sum of external forces

acting on the system
sys
in
24
Control Volume Analysis (Review):

Reynolds Transport Theorem
Osborne Reynolds
(1842-1912)
25

o Difficult to identify a fluid mass and track this for all times (Lagrangian description)
o Moreover, often not interested in a particular mass of fluid but rather the effect of
a flow in a structure or device
o Thus, helpful to formulate the fundamental equations of fluid flow for a finite
spatial region (geometric identity independent of mass), i.e., the control volume
(Eulerian description)
o Equations developed will be expressed in integral form
Volume integrals are a convenient way to capture spatial variations in the fluid
properties
These are related by the Reynolds Transport Theorem
26
Choosing a Control Volume
CV is arbitrarily chosen, however, selection of CV can either simplify or
complicate analysis.
Clearly define all boundaries. Analysis is often simplified if control surface CS
is normal to flow direction.
Clearly identify forces and torques of interest acting on the CV and CS.
Clearly identify all fluxes crossing the CS.
27
Extensive and Intensive Property

Let represents fluid parameters (mass, momentum, acceleration..)
Let represents the amount of per unit mass ()
Extensive Property ()
Intensive Property ()
1
2
2
1 2
28
RTT - Physical Interpretation
sys
+
CV

CS
The purpose of Reynolds transport theorem is to provide a link between control volume
ideas and system ideas.
A physical understanding of the concepts involved will show that it is a straightforward,
easy-to-use tool.
29
sys
+
CV

CS
The time rate of change of an arbitrary extensive parameter of a system
This may represent the rate of change of mass, momentum, energy, or

angular momentum of the system, depending on the choice of the
parameter .
30

Because the system is moving and the
control volume is stationary, the time rate
of change of the amount of within the
control volume is not necessarily equal to
that of the system.
sys
+
CV

CS
This term represents the rate of change of within the control volume as the
fluid flow through it.
31
sys
+
CV

CS
This term represents

the net flowrate of the
parameter across the
entire control surface.
Over this portion of the control surface this

property is being carried out of the control
volume ( > 0)
Over the remainder of the control

surface there is no transport of
across the surface since = 0,
Over this portion of the control surface
this property is being carried into the
control volume ( < 0)

because either = 0 or is parallel

to the surface at those locations.
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Continuity
Equation
The Energy Equation
Linear
Momentum
Equation
Moment (angular)
Momentum Equation
33
Control Volume Analysis:

Conservation of mass
The general form of the continuity equation (conservation of mass) is obtained by
substituting the properties for mass into the Reynolds transport theorem
sys
+
CV
A
CS
Let sys = sys and = sys /sys = 1 , resulting in

sys
+
CV
A
CS
34
sys
+
CV
A
CS
However, conservation of mass

sys
=0
so the general, or integral form of the continuity equation is
+
CV
A = 0
CS
This equation can be expressed in words as

The net flowrate
The accumulation rate
+ of mass through = 0
of mass in the
control volume
the control surface
35
Conservation of mass:
Steady flow processes ( )
For steady flow, the total amount of mass contained in CV is constant, that is,
total amount of mass entering must be equal to total amount of mass leaving,
+
CV

CS
= 0
CS
For single-stream steady-flow systems,
=
in
out
in
out
36
Conservation of mass:
Incompressible flows ( = )
For incompressible flows ( = constant),
in
out
in =
out
The = is called the volume flow passing through the given cross
section. The volume flow = will have units of cubic meters per
second (m3/s).
37
Control Volume Analysis:

Linear Momentum Equation
sys
+
CV

CS
Rate of change
Net outflow
Rate of change
of property
of property =
+
of property
through control surface
of system
in control volume
The extensive property becomes the momentum of the system:
=
The intensive property of mass in the system is , and so
=
=
sys
+
CV

CS
Newtons second law for a system of mass subjected to a force is expressed

as
=

=
The law can also be formulated for a system composed of a group of particles.
sys
=
The sys denotes the total momentum of all mass comprising the system.
39
Forces Acting on a CV
Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act throughout the entire body of
the CV (such as gravity, electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
act on the control surface (such as pressure and viscous forces, and reaction
forces at points of contact).
Body forces act on each volumetric

portion of the CV
Surface forces act on each portion

of the CS
40
Body Force
The most common body force is
gravity, which exerts a downward
force on every differential element of
the CV
Total body force acting on CV
CV
= CV
41
Surface
Force
A surface force is defined as a force that requires physical contact, meaning that
the surface forces act at the control surface.
For example, 1 1 acts at the control surface and requires contact between the
fluid outside the control volume and the fluid inside the control volume.
In addition to pressure, surface forces can be caused by shear stress, for

example the force
42
sys
=
= S + B =
Sum of forces acting on

the matter in control
volume
+
CV

CS
Time rate of change of

momentum in control
volume
Net outflow rate of

momentum through
control surface
If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a series of inlet and outlet
ports, then:
= S + B =
+
CV

CS

CS
where the subscripts and refer to the outlet and inlet ports, respectively.
43
= S + B =
+
CV

CS

CS
Steady flow
The first term on the right hand side of the equation represent the momentum
accumulation term. This term is zero when the momentum in each differential
volume is constant with time, that is, steady flow.
44
= S + B =
+
CV

CS

CS
It is important to know that the momentum equation is a vector equation

(there is a direction associated with each term).
The (scalar) is the rate at which mass is passing across the control surface,
and (vector) is velocity evaluated at the control surface.
45

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Monash University Sunway campus is jointly owned by Monash University and the Jeffrey Cheah Foundation

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Finite Control Volume Analysis

Open Channel Flow

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Tutorials (Tutors: Mr. Ang & Mr. Ooi)

Attendance at practice classes is compulsory

Test 1 (Assessment Task 1, 10%)

Materials covered in Week 1 to Week 3

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Test 2 (Assessment Task 2, 10%)

Materials covered in Week 4 to Week 6

Test 3 (Assessment Task 3, 10%)

Materials covered in Week 7 to Week 9

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Fluid statics: Behaviour of fluids at rest

o Why study fluid mechanics?

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Substance which continuously deform

o Generally consists of liquids and

A liquid takes the shape of

A gas expands until

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

This is because different fluids have different characteristics (for example

o Quantification of these fluids therefore requires the definition of

Density, specific volume, specific gravity

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Density, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity

Mass per unit volume

Volume per unit mass

o Specific gravity (relative density)

Density relative to density of water at 4

o Weight per unit volume

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Substance which continuously deforms when

o Shear stress (force applied tangentially

(Shear Stress) = (Dynamic Viscosity) X (Rate of Strain)

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Pressure is the same at all points on a

The length or the crosssectional area of the tube has

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Negative sign: pressure increases with depth

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Spatial Flow Field Variation (1, 2, 3-D Flow)

A flow is either one-, two-, or three-dimensional depending on the number of

o However, it is possible to simplify the flow analysis

Flow between two flat plates

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

o Flow over an infinitely long cylinder (into the plane)

Negligible variation in the direction

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Spatial Flow Field Variation (Uniform/Non-uniform Flow)

Flow between two plates

o An example of non-uniform flow is the flow over an aerofoil

The fluid accelerates on streamlines over the aerofoil and decelerates on

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2

Temporal Flow Field Variation (Steady/Unsteady Flow)

Flow invariant in time

Flow through a diffuser channel with moving walls

MEC 3451 Fluid Mechanics 2