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HingeFAQ
AddedbyOndrejKalny,lasteditedbyOndrejKalnyonMay19,2014

Thispageisdevotedtofrequentlyaskedquestions(FAQ)relatedtohinges.

Onthispage:
Defaulthingepropertiesarederivedfromwhichsource?
Howisyieldrotationcalculated?
Whydohingeresultsdeviatefromthedefinedhingebackbone?
Shouldframeplasticitybemodeledusingnonlinearmaterialpropertiesorframehinges?
Whatisthedifferencebetweenhingeandhystereticlinkapplication?
CanPMandPMMhingesbeusedtomodelenergydissipation?
Howdoestheplastichingedeformationcurvescalefactoraffectanalysis?
ShouldIuseahingeoralink?
Whyaretwohingesshown,oneoneachside,whenonlyonehingeisdefined?
Howarehingesassignedtosteelpipesections?
IsthereanexplanationforRpandthecoupledPMMhingeequationRp=Rp2cos+Rp3sin?
WhyisfiberhingestatealwaysgivenasAB,evenwhenplasticbehaviorisachieved?
Whatisthedifferencebetweendeformationcontrolled(ductile)andforcecontrolled(brittle)hingetypes?
DoesunbracedlengthinfluencetheFEMAPMhingeinteractionsurface?
WhyareplastichingecolorsnotdisplayedwhenviewingFNAdeformation?

Defaulthingepropertiesarederivedfromwhichsource?
Answer:AutomatichingepropertiesforsteelmembersarebasedonTable56ofFEMA356,andforconcretemembers,
Tables67and68.
Overwriteoptionsareavailableforthemanualdefinitionofhingebehaviororcertainhingeproperties.

Howisyieldrotationcalculated?
Answer:Theyieldrotationofahingeiscalculatedasyieldingcurvature(My/EI)multipliedbyhingelength.
FortheautomaticFEMAframehinges,theyieldrotationisspecifiedinthecode(ASCE4106,Table56)asthechordrotation
ofthefullmemberlengthduetoplasticmomentatoneend.Specifically,theyieldrotationisMp/(6*E*I/L),whereMp=Z*fy,
andListheframeobject(notelement)lengthandthisishowtheyieldrotationisdeterminedintheprogram.

Whydohingeresultsdeviatefromthedefinedhingebackbone?
Answer:Severalreasonsastowhyhingeresultsmaydeviatefromagivenbackbonecurveinclude:
AsufficientnumberofmultiplestatesshouldbespecifiedontheResultsSavedforNonlinearLoadCasesmenuwhen
runningnonlinearstaticanalysis.
Strengthloss(degradation),indicatedbythenegativeslopeofabackbonecurve,isautomaticallylimitedto10%ofthe
frameelementelasticstiffness.RationaleisexplainedintheCSIAnalysisReferenceManual(StrengthLoss,page135).

AhingeoverwriteoptionisavailablethroughtheAssign>Frame>HingeOverwritesmenusuchthatusersmayspecify
steeperstrengthdegradationbyusingasmallrelativelengthontheorderof0.02.
Thebackbonecurveforacoupledhingeisonlyvalidiftheyieldpointontheinteractionsurfacedoesnotchange.This
mayoccurwithPM2M3hinges,forexample,whenPorM3change,causingM2todeviatefromthebackbonecurve.
Pleasekeepinmindthatthebackbonecurverepresentsatriaxialrelationshipbetweeneachoftheseparameters.See
testproblemHingeresponsewhenyieldpointchangesforanexample.

Shouldframeplasticitybemodeledusingnonlinearmaterialpropertiesorframehinges?
Answer:Framehingesmustbespecifiedtomodelnonlinearframebehavior.Nonlinearmaterialparametersarethen
associatedwithhingeresponse,includingtheinteractionsurfaceandthemomentrotationcurveswhichdescribepostyield
behavior.Whenimplementingfiberhinges,materialdefinitioncontrolsthestressstrainrelationshipsofindividualfibers.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenhingeandhystereticlinkapplication?
Answer:Theenergydissipationwhichoccursduringtimehistoryanalysismaybemodeledusinghystereticlinks.Linksare
usefulforcapturingdynamicloadingandunloadingbecauseoftheirmultiaxialresponse.
Isotropic,kinematic,Takeda,andpivothysteresismodelsareavailableforsingleDOFhinges.Forisotropichysteresis,hinges
unloadelastically,paralleltotheinitialstiffnesstangent(ABslope),whileforotherhysteresistypes,unloadingfollowsamore
complexnonlinearrelationship.
Forlinks,severaladditionalhystereticmodelsareavailable.Hystereticbehaviormaybespecifiedformultipledegreesof
freedomusingasinglelink.
AdditionalinformationcanbefoundintheHingeandlinkcomparisonarticle.

CanPMandPMMhingesbeusedtomodelenergydissipation?
Answer:Yes,energyisdissipatedforPMandPMMhinges.Infact,thesealwaysuseisotropicdissipation,whichdissipates
moreenergythanthekinematic,Takeda,andPivotrulesavailableforthesingleDOFhinges.

Howdoestheplastichingedeformationcurvescalefactoraffectanalysis?
Answer:Forresponse,pleaseseetheCSIAnalysisReferenceManual(ScalingtheCurve,page135).

ShouldIuseahingeoralink?
Answer:Acomparisonbetweenhingesandlinks,alongwiththeadvantagesofeach,isgivenintheHingeandlink
comparisonarticle.

Whyaretwohingesshown,oneoneachside,whenonlyonehingeisdefined?
Answer:Thegraphicaldisplayoftwohingesismerelyaconventionwhichshowsthesamehingeoneithersideofameshed
jointintowhichothermembersframe.

Howarehingesassignedtosteelpipesections?
Answer:Toassignhingestoasteelpipesection,defineaUserHinge,thenassignthishingetypetothesection.Asan
alternative,fiberhingesmaybeassigned.Thesoftwarewillthenautomaticallydeterminethefiberlayoutaccordingtothe

sectionshape.

IsthereanexplanationforRpandthecoupledPMMhingeequationRp=Rp2cos+
Rp3sin?
Answer:Forresponse,pleaseseethePM2M3hingemomentrotationcurvearticle.

WhyisfiberhingestatealwaysgivenasAB,evenwhenplasticbehaviorisachieved?
Answer:HingestatesA,B,C,D,andEareusedtodefinethemomentrotationcurveofacoupledPM2M3hinge.These
parametersarenotapplicabletofiberPM2M3hinges,thereforefiberhingestateisalwaysgivenasABbecause
computationdoesnotinvolvetheirvalues.
Fiberhingeresponseisderivedfromthenonlinearconstitutivemodeldefinedforeachmaterialwithintheframeelementcross
section.Plasticforcedisplacementandmomentrotationcurvesareobtainedbyintegratingtheaxialbehavioroftheindividual
fiberswhichpopulatethecrosssection.
Usersmaydisplaythecrosssectionmomentrotationcurve,orindividualfiberstressstraincurves,throughtheDisplay>
ShowHingeResultsmenu.

Whatisthedifferencebetweendeformationcontrolled(ductile)andforcecontrolled
(brittle)hingetypes?
Answer:Forsteelmembers,ductilehingesarebasedoneffectivestrengths,whicharetheexpectedmaterialproperties,and
accordingtoFEMA356,arerecommendedfordeformationcontrolledactions.
Forsteelmembers,brittlehingesarebasedonminimumstrengths,whicharethelowerboundsofmaterialproperties,andare
recommendedforforcecontrolledactions.
Forreinforcementinconcretemembers,minimumstrengthsarecurrentlybeingusedforbothdeformationcontrolledand
forcecontrolledhinges.

DoesunbracedlengthinfluencetheFEMAPMhingeinteractionsurface?
Answer:Thehingeinteractionsurfaceisconsideredtobeapropertyofthecrosssection,andnottheentiremember.
Thereforeunbracedlengthisnotconsideredduringinteractionsurfacecalculation.Theinteractionsurfaceenvelopesallyield
pointswhichcharacterizetheonsetofplasticityinextremefibersundercombinedloadingconditions.Hingecapacityis
associatedwiththeframeortendoncrosssectionlocaltohingelocation.Flexuralandbucklingcapacityaretwoparameters
whichareassociatedwithunbracedlength.
UserswhowishtoconsiderunbracedlengthduringinteractionsurfacecalculationhavetheoptiontomanuallydefinePM
hingepropertiesandyieldcriteria.Momentrotationcurvesmaybedevelopedthroughnonlinearanalysisofmembers
modeledusingshellelementswhichwouldcapturelocalizedbucklingofslendermembers.

WhyareplastichingecolorsnotdisplayedwhenviewingFNAdeformation?
Answer:PleasenotethathingesarenotactiveduringFastNonlinearAnalysis(FNA),onlyduringnonlinearstaticanddirect
integrationtimehistoryanalyses.
FNAisbaseduponthemodesuperpositionmethod,intendedforprimarilylinearelasticsystemswhichmayhavealimited
numberofpredefinednonlinearelements.Anelasticbuildingwithisolationanddampingdevices,forinstance,wouldbe
suitablefordynamiclinearanalysis.