EEC130A: Practice Problems for Midterm 1

Feb. 5th 2012

Version 1.1

Instructor: Xiaoguang Leo Liu (lxgliu@ucdavis.edu)

P-1. A parallel-wire transmission line is constructed of #6 AWG copper wire (diameter
d = 0.162 in., conductivity c = 5.8 107 S/m) with a 12-inch separation in air. Assuming no leakage between the two wires, find R0 , L0 , G 0 , and C 0 . Assume a working
frequency of 1 MHz.
Using Table. 1,
Rs =

f c /c = 2.61 104

2Rs
= 4.04 102 /m
d
0 2D
L0 =
ln
= 2.0 H/m

d
e
= 5.56 pF/m
C0 =
2D
ln
d
0
G = 0 because the problem states that there is no leakage between the two wires.
R0 =

Figure 1: (Fig.2-4 from FAE) A few examples of transmission lines.

Some problems are adapted from The Schaums Outlines on Electromagnetics and 2008+ Solved Problems in Electromagnetics.

Table 1: (Table 2-1 from FAE)Transmission-line parameters R0 , L0 , G 0 , and C 0 for three

types of lines.

P-2. Derive the phasor-form wave equation in terms of current from the telegraphers
equations.
The telegraphers equations are :

dV (z)
= R0 + jL0 I (z),
dz

(1)

dI (z)
= G 0 + jC 0 V (z).
dz

(2)

Taking the derivative of Eqn. 2 with respect to z, we get

dV (z)
d2 I ( z )
.
= G 0 + jC 0
2
dz
dz

(3)

Substituting Eqn. 1 into Eqn. 3, we get

d2 I ( z )
= G 0 + jC 0 R0 + jL0 I (z).
2
dz

(4)

Rearranging Eqn. 4 and defining

=

( R0 + jL0 ) ( G 0 + jC 0 ),

we get the wave equation

d2 I ( z )
2 I (z) = 0.
2
dz

(5)


From

now on, we will omit the tilde in the phasors. Any capatalized symbol with a single position
variable represents a phasor.

P-3. In lossline transmission lines, we learned that the input reflection coefficient in is
related to the load reflection coefficient L by
in = L e j2l ,
where l is the length of the tranmission line. We see that in and L have the same
magnitude but differ in phase by 2l. For lossy lines, however, both magnitude and
phase are different for in and L . From the general solution to the wave equation,
derive an expression for in in terms of L , , l, and attenuation constant .
In the presence of attenuation, the general solution to the wave equation is
V (z) = V0+ ez + V0 ez

= V0+ ez jz + V0 ez+ jz .
The input impedance at a distance l from the load (z = l) is
V (l )
I (l )


V0+ el + jl + L el jl


=
I0+ el + jl L el jl

Zin =

1 + L e2l e j2l
= Z0
1 L e2l e j2l
1 + in
,
= Z0
1 in

(6)

where the input reflection coefficient is given by

in = L e2l e j2l

(7)


P-4. A parallel-wire line operating at 100 kHz has Z0 = 557 , = 2.3 105 Np/m,
and = 2.12 103 rad/m. For a matched termination at z = 0 and VL = 10/0 V, (a)
give a general expression of V (z), (b) evaluate V (z) at a distance of 10 km from the load.
Since the line is matched, there is no reflected wave. Therefore a general expression for
the voltage wave takes the form
V (z) = V0+ ez e jz .
At z = 0,

V (z) = V0+ = 10/0

At z = 10 km (notice z becomes negative as we move away from the load )

5
3
3
3
V (z) = 10/0 e2.310 1010 e j2.1210 1010 = 12.71/135

V.


P-5. A 600- transmission line is 150 m long, operates at 400 kHz with = 2.4 103
Np/m and = 0.0212 rad/m, and supplies a load impedance ZL = 300 + j300 . Find
the length of line in wavelength, L , in and Zin . For a received voltage V (z = 0) = 50
V, find the total voltage at the input V (z = 150 m).
= 2/ = 296.4 m
l = 150/296.4 = 0.51
L =

ZL Z0
300 + j300 600
=
= 0.2 + j0.4 = 0.45/116.6
ZL + Z0
300 + j300 + 600
in = L e2l e j2l = 0.09 + j0.20
Zin = Z0

1 + in
= 502/22.8
1 in

h
i
V (z) = V0+ e jz jz + L e jz+ jz .
At z = 0,
therefore,

V (z = 0) = V0+ (1 + L ) = 50,
V0+ = 56.2/ 26.6

(V)

(V).

At z = 150 m,
h
i
3
3
Vin = V0+ e j2.410 (150) j0.0212(150) + 0.45/116.6 e j2.410 (150)+ j0.0212(150)

= 75.0/167.3

(V)


P-6. A 15-m length of 300- line must be connected to a 3-m length of 150- line that is
terminated in a 150- resister. Assuming all lines are lossless, find the VSWR on the 300 line. In order to match the two sections, a quarter-wavelength line of characteristic
impedance Z0 is added (Fig. 2). Find the appropriate Z0 . Assume a working frequency
of 50 MHz.
Since the load and line 2 are matched, the input impedance looking into line 2 is 150 .
This is also the load impedance to line 1. The reflection coefficient at A A0 is
AA0 =

150 300
= 1/3.
150 + 300

Therefore,
VSWR =

1 + 1/3
= 2.
1 1/3
4

Z02=150

Z01=300

ZL=150

Z01=300

Z0

Z02=150

l1=15 m

/4

l2=3 m

ZL=150

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for Problem. 6.

The quarter-wave length line needs to match between Z01 = 300 and Z0,2 = 150 ,
therefore its characteristic impedance needs to be
p
Z0 = Z01 Z02 = 212.1 .


P-7. A 50- slotted line that is 40 cm long is inserted in a 50- lossless line feeding an
antenna at 600 MHz. Standing-wave measurements with the antenna in place yield the
data of Fig. 3. The scale on the slotted line has the lowest number on the load side. Find
the impedance of the antenna, the reflection coefficient due to the load, and the velocity
of propagation on the line.
Antenna
Slotted Line
VSWR =2.2

Vmax

ZL
Vmin

z=20.5 cm

z=8 cm z=0

Figure 3: Circuit diagram for Problem. 7.

We know that the separation between adjacent maxima and minima is a quarter of a
wavelength. Therefore = 4 (20.5 8) = 50 cm. At 600 MHz, the propagation velocity (phase velocity) is u p = f = 3 108 m/s (this means that the slotted line has air
dielectric).
We can calculate the magnitude of the reflection coefficient from the VSWR measurement.

| L | =

VSWR 1
= 0.375
VSWR + 1
5

We know that the voltage maxima condition is

2dmax = r + 2n
Therefore, the phase of the reflection coefficient r is
r = 2dmax 2n = 2

2
dmax 2n = 295.2

( n = 0)

Therefore the refection coefficient is L = 0.375/295.2 .

The load impedance (antenna impedance) is calculated from the reflection coefficient,
ZL = Z0

1+
= (52.8 j41.4)
1


P-8. Show that a short section of a shorted transmission line appears as if its an inductor.
A short circuit is equivalent to a load impedance of ZL = 0.
The input impedance of a short circuited transmission line is
Zin,SC = Z0

ZL + jZ0 tan l
.
Z0 + jZL tan l

With ZL = 0,
Zin,SC = jZ0 tan l.
The input impedance of a capacitor takes a similar form
ZL = jL.


P-9. Show that a short section of an open transmission line appears as if its an capacitor.
An open circuit is equivalent to a load impedance of ZL = .
The input impedance of an open circuited transmission line is
Zin,OC = Z0

ZL + jZ0 tan l
.
Z0 + jZL tan l

With ZL = ,
Zin,OC =

Z0
.
j tan l

The input impedance of a capacitor takes a similar form

ZC =

1
.
jC


P-10. A standing wave given by V (z) = V0+ e jz + V0 e jz exist on a short circuited

transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 . Sketch the magnitude of the voltage
and current on the transmission line.
For short circuit load, the reflection coefficient is 1. Therefore V0 = V0+ . The total
voltage is then given by


V (z) = V0+ e jz e jz = 2V0+ sin z.
And the total current is given by

V0+  jz
V0+
jz
I (z) =
=2
e
+e
cos z.
Z0
Z0
Plots of the voltage and current are given in Fig. 4.

|V|

|I|

2|V 0|
Z0

2|V |
0

3/4

/2

/4

3/4

/2

/4

Figure 4: Circuit diagram for Problem. 10.

P-11. A section of lossless coaxial cable having Z0 = 50 and phase velocity u p =

2 108 m/s is terminated in a short circuit and operated at a frequency of 10 MHz. Determine the shortest length of the lines such that, at the input terminals, the line appears
to be a 100-pF capacitor.
The input impedance of a short circuited transmission line is
Zin,SC = jZ0 tan l.
The input impedance of a capacitor is
ZC =

1
.
jC

In order for them to match,

tan l =

1
= 3.183.
Z0 C

Therefore,

( l )min = 1.876 rad,

lmin = 5.97 m.


P-12. Fig. shows a microstrip circuit with a shorted stub 3 mm in length.The effective
permitivity of the substrate is ee f f = 4 F/m and the microstrip lines are all designed
to be 50 . (a) Find the equivalent inductance of the shorted stub at 3 GHz; (b) As
frequency increases, the short stub becomes more capacitive than inductive. Find out
the frequency at which the short stub appears as an open circuit.

Short Stub

Trace

Via
eff=4

Substrate

Ground

Figure 5: Circuit diagram for Problem. 12.

The propagation wavelength on the microstrip line is
=

up
c
=
= 50 mm
f
f ee f f

The input impedance of the short stub is


Zin,SC = jZ0 tan l = jZ0 tan

2
l

The equivalent inductance is then given by





2
2
Z0 tan
l
50 tan
3

50
L=
=
= 1.06 nH/m

2 3 109


P-13. In microstrip circuits working at high frequencies, it is difficult to realize an ideal

short circuit because the vias have a finite length, which creates a certain inductance.
Sometimes microstrip circuit designers use an open stub to realize a short. For a microstrip circuit working at 30 GHz, find out the shortest length of an open stub that
appears as a short. The effective permitivity of the microstrip is ee f f = 4 F/m.
The propagation wavelength on the microstrip line is
=

up
c
=
= 5 mm
f
f ee f f
8

Open Stub
Trace

Substrate

eff=4
Ground

Figure 6: Circuit diagram for Problem. 13.

We know that a quarter-wavelength line transforms an open to a short, so a 5/4 =
1.25 mm open stub appears a short.
Alternatively, we could work out the math. We know that the input impedance of an
open stub is
Z0
.
Zin,OC =
j tan l
In order for it to appear as a short, Zin,OC must be 0, which means that l must be /4 +
n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Therefore, the shortest length of an open stub that appears as a short
is l = /4.

P-14. Show that for a lossless transmission line having a purely resistive load R L , show
that
max ( ZL , Z0 )
.
VSWR =
min ( ZL , Z0 )
=
If ZL > Z0 ,

ZL Z0
ZL + Z0

ZL Z0
ZL + Z0
ZL Z0
1+
1 + ||
Z
max ( ZL , Z0 )
ZL + Z0
VSWR =
=
= L =
ZL Z0
1 ||
Z0
min ( ZL , Z0 )
1
ZL + Z0

|| =

If ZL < Z0 ,

Z0 ZL
Z0 + ZL
Z0 ZL
1+
1 + ||
Z
max ( ZL , Z0 )
Z0 + ZL
VSWR =
=
= 0 =
Z0 ZL
1 ||
ZL
min ( ZL , Z0 )
1
Z0 + ZL

|| =

Note: this provide a quick way to estimate VSWR for real load impedances.
9

P-15. One method of determining the characteristics of a transmission line (with length
l) is to measure the input impedance Zin,SC when the line is terminated with a short
circuit and the input impedance Zin,OC when the line is terminated with an open circuit.
(a) Show that you can determine Z0 and from Zin,SC and Zin,OC . (b) Given Zin,SC =
62.0/37.7 , Zin,OC = 141.9/ 84.1 and l = 2 miles, find Z0 , , and .
(a) The input impedance of a short circuited transmission line is
Zin,SC = jZ0 tan l.
The input impedance of an open circuited transmission line is
Zin,OC =
We notice that

Z0
.
j tan l

Zin,SC Zin,OC = Z02 .

Therefore
Z0 =
We also notice that

Zin,SC Zin,OC .

Zin,SC /Zin,OC = tan2 l.

Therefore
=

arctan

Zin,SC /Zin,OC
.
l

(b) For a lossy transmission line, the input impedance transformation expression is slightly
different (note the use of tanh instead of tan and the disappearance of j),
Zin = Z0

ZL + Z0 tanh l
.
Z0 + ZL tanh l

It follows that
Zin,SC = Z0 tanh l,
and
Zin,OC =
Z0 =

Zin,SC Zin,OC =
tanh1

Z0
.
tanh l

62.0/37.7 141.9/ 84.1 = 93.8/ 23.2 .

62.0/37.7
141.9/ 84.1

= 1.74 104 + j7.46 105 .

2 1.609 103
= 7.46 105

Np/m.

rad/m.

= 1.74 10

10

P-16. A 70- high-frequency lossless line is used at a frequency where = 80 cm

with a load at x = 0 of (140 + j91) . Use the Smith chart to find the following: L ,
VSWR, distance to the first voltage maximum from the load, distance to the first voltage
minimum from the load, the impedance at |V |max , the impedance at |V |min , the input
impedance for a section of line that is 54 cm long, and the input admittance.
Fig. 7 is the Smith chart plot for Problem 16.
The Complete Smith Chart
Black Magic Design

0.

45

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

8
1.

EN

75

PO

EC
O

NC

TA

AC

RE

0.
6

50

Pmax

0.2

20

10

5.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

50

4.0

0.1

0.2

0.1

10

20

3.0

0.2

0.4

29
2.0

1.

0.25

20

0.5

0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
E F L E C T IO N C O E F F IC IE N T IN D E G
LE O F R
R EES
ANG
ISSIO N C O E F F IC IE N T IN
T R A N SM
D EG R
LE O F
EE S
ANG

IN D
U CT

0.

0.4

10

1.
0

NC
TA
EP

C
UC

D
IN
O
),
Zo

0
2.

0.6
0.

0.0

-11

0.
07

08
0.
42

0.4

0.4

0.39

0.38

0.8

2
0.7

0.6

2.5

1.8

1.6

10

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

10
0.1

12

1.4
3
14

0.05

1.2 1.1 1
2
20
0.01

15

TOWARD LOAD >

10
7
5

1 1

1.1

30 0

0.1

0 0

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1

0.99

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

CENTER
1

1.1

0.2
1.2

0.4
1.3

0.95

0.6
1.4

0.8

1.5

0.9

< TOWARD GENERATOR

2
1

1.5

3
2

0.8

0.7

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

0.6

2.5
0.5

10
6

3
0.4

0.3

20
10
15

4
0.2

5 10
0.1

SM

0.0

1.2

TR S. RF S. A
A W. L. W. TT
N P L L EN
SM EA O O
.
. C K SS [ SS C [dB
O
O (C dB O ]
EF
EF O ]
EF
F,
F, NS
F
E
P T.
or
P)
I

30

-1

0.
43

12
0

1
0.9

5
15

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

-70

(-j

R BS B] , P r I
SW d S [d EFF , E o
S
O CO EFF
.L .
N FL . CO
R L
RF
RT

10
20

.C

0.37

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

20

40 30

TR

0.12

EN

-65 0.5

8
1.

5
-4
0.13

0.1

0.11
-100

-90

NC

TA

1.6

1.0

1.2
0.36

0.9

0.14
-80
-4
0

0.15
0.35

-70

-5

0.1
0.3

0.8

AC

PO

-1

X/

1.4

1.8

33

ER
E

0.7

3
1.6

35

IT I
V

17

4
1.3 1.4

0.

-6

A PA
C

-5

0.

-75

0.2

-3

32

-6

0.

CO
M

-80

S
SU
VE
TI

0.4

40

-20

0.
31

19

0.

44
0.
06
0.

0.6

.0

0.

45
0.
05
0.

0.

0.

18
0.
0
-5
-25

<

1.

-15
4.0

0.2

-4

0.

-3

0.

0.2

4
0.0
50
-1

5.0

0.2
8
0.2
2

V
W A
0
-16
-85

jB
E (-

8
0.

-20

H
N GT
ELE

)
/Y o

6
0.

-10

0.0

15

80
IV E

10

50

0.4

0.

85

20

0.2

100 40

0.2

Pmin

0.1

0.21
A

5.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.4

15

0.2

0.0 > W A V E L E
0.49
N G TH S
TO W
A RD
0.0
0.49
G EN
L O A D <
W A RD
ER A
0.48
S TO
180
TO
170
R
-170
0.4
>
7
160
-90
90

4.0
0
1.

8
0.

0.48

3.

0.6

0.2
30

20
0

0.

(+
jX
/

2.

0.

0.

44
0.
70

05

25
0.4

0.2

0.4

18

32

0.5

0.
0.
50

0.

14

0.2

33

0.

0.

AN

17

0.

30

40

45

PT

0.
60

Y o)

31

PA

E
SC

35

0.

CA

SU

0.3

19

,O
o)

VE
TI
CI

/
(+ jB
CE

0.1

70

40

0.

06

5 65

43
0.
0
13

55

0.6 60

07
0.

0.15
0.35

80

1.6

20

0.7

08
0.
42
0.

0.9

110

0.4

0.14
0.36

90
50

0.37

0.38

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1

.09

ORIGIN

Figure 7: Smith chart plot for Problem 16.

The normalized impedance is
zL =

140 + j91
= 2 + j1.3.
70

Identify the position (Point A) of this load impedance on the Smith chart by finding the
right constant-r L circle (r L = 2) and the right constant-x L circle (x L = 1.3).
11

Draw a line from the origin to point A and extend to intersect with the unit circle at A0 .
with respect to the radius
Find the magnitude of the L by measuring the length of OA
of the unit circle. In this case, | L | = 0.5. Find the phase of L by reading A0 on the phase
scale. In this case, r = 29 . Therefore, L = 0.5/29 .

Draw a circle centered at the origin with a radius of OA.

This is the constant-SWR
circle. The constant-SWR circle intersects with r axis at Pmax (closer to the open circuit point) and Pmin (closer to the short circuit point). Point Pmax represents the input
impedance at the first voltage maximum. In this case, Zvmax = Z0 (3 + j0) = 210 .
Point Pmin represents the input impedance at the first voltage maximum. In this case,
Zvmin = Z0 (0.33 + j0) = 23.3 .
and OPmax represents the distance between the load to the first
The angle between OA
voltage maximum dmax . Read from the WAVELENGTH TO GENERATOR scale that
dmax = (0.25 0.21) = 0.04. The distance between the load to the first voltage minimum dmin is simply dmin = dmax + /4 = 0.29.
Draw a vertical line from Pmax to intersect with the VSWR scale at the bottom of the Smith
chart. Read out VSWR = 3.0.
A section of 54 cm long transmission line is 54/80 = 0.675. Move point A by 0.675
along the constant-SWR circle to arrive at point B, which represents the normalized input impedance zin . Read from the corresponding constant-r L and constant-x L circles that
zin = 0.56 j0.71. Therefore, Zin = 39.2 j49.7.
The normalized admittance yin can be found by rotating point B by 180 to point C. Read
from the corresponding constant-r L and constant-x L circles that yin = 0.68 + j0.87. Therefore, Yin = yin /Z0 = 9.71 j12.4 mS.


P-17. The high-frequency lossless transmission system shown in Fig. operates at 700
MHz with a phase velocity for each line section of 2.1 108 m/s. Use the Smith chart to
find the VSWR on each section of line and the input impedance to line #1.

=
Z 02

Z01 = 50

03

50

50

ZL2 = j 50

ZL2 = 40

Figure 8: Circuit diagram for Problem 17.

12

The Complete Smith Chart

Black Magic Design

0.

45

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

8
1.

PO

0.

AC

0
1.

IV E

20

10

0.2

IN D
U CT

0.

0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
E F L E C T IO N C O E F F IC IE N T IN D E G
LE O F R
R EES
ANG
ISSIO N C O E F F IC IE N T IN
T R A N SM
D EG R
LE O F
EE S
ANG

10

20

0.
6

0.1

0.4

0.2

50

20

10

5.0

4.0

3.0

1.8

2.0

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

50

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

)
/Y o

jB
E (-

1.
0

NC
TA
EP

S
SU
VE
TI
UC

D
IN
Zo

O
),

0
2.

8
1.

0.12

0.37

30

-1

0.
07

0.
43

20

08

-1

0.

0.
42

0.4

0.4

0.39

0.38

20
1
0.8

15
2

0.7

0.6

2.5

1.8

1.6

10

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

10
0.1

12

1.4
3
14

0.05

1.2 1.1 1
2
20

15

TOWARD LOAD >

10
7
5

1 1

1.1

30 0

0.1

0.01

0 0

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1

0.99

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

CENTER
1

1.1

1.2

0.2
1.2

0.4
1.3

0.95

0.6
1.4

0.8

1.5

0.9

< TOWARD GENERATOR

2
1

1.5

3
2

0.7

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

0.8

0.6

2.5
0.5

10
6

3
0.4

20
10
15

4
0.3

0.2

5 10
0.1

SM

0.9

R BS B] , P r I
SW d S [d EFF , E o
S
O CO EFF
.L .
N FL CO
RT R FL.
R

40 30

10

.C

-4
0.13

0.0

-11

0.1

0.11
-100

-90

NC

TA

(-j

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

20

TR S. RF S. A
A W. L. W. TT
N P L L EN
SM EA O O
.
. C K SS [ SS C [dB
O
O (C dB O ]
EF
EF O ]
EF
F,
F, NS
F
E
P T.
or
P)
I

0.36

0.14
-80
-4
0

0.15
0.35

AC

0.6

1.6

1.2

1.0

-70

0.9

0.1
0.3

-5

0.8

1.4

1.8

-3

0.7

3
1.6

33

ER
E

17

IT I
V

EN

4
1.3 1.4

0.

-6

A PA
C

-5

0.

0.2

-6

-3

-65 0.5

18

32

PO

-1

X/

-5

0.
0.

CO
M

-70

0.4

-25

40

-20

0.
31

19

0.

44
0.
06
0.

0.

I
F

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

TR
A

-75

0.6

3
0.

0.

-4

45
0.
05
0.

0.

.0

-80

1.

-15
4.0

<

5.0

V
W A
0
-16
-85

-10

0.2

0.

-3

8
0.

0.2

4
0.0
50
-1

10

0.2

20

6
0.

0.2
8
0.2
2

0.4

0.4

-20

H
N GT
ELE

50

0.2

0.1

100 40

5.0

RE

15

0.2

85

4.0
0
1.

0.2

TA

NC

80

EC
O

0.

0.0
4

EN

75

0.6

9
0.2
30

0.4
6
15
0

20
0

3.

0.

(+
jX
/

25
0.4

1
0.2

0.0 > W A V E L E
0.49
N G TH S
TO W
A RD
0.0
0.49
G EN
L O A D <
W A RD
ER A
0.48
S TO
180
TO
170
R
-170
0.4
>
7
160
-90
90

18

32

0.48

0.
0.
50

2.

0.

0.

44
0.
70

05

14

0.2

0.

33

0.4

17

0.

30

0.

0.

AN

0.
60

40

45

PT

35

31

PA

E
SC

Y o)

0.3

0.

CA

SU

0.1

70

19

,O
o)

VE
TI
CI

/
(+ jB
CE

0.15
0.35

40

0.

06

5 65

43
0.
0
13

E
J

55

0.6 60

07
0.

0.14
0.36

80

1.6

12

0.7

08
0.
42
0.

0.9

110

0.4

90
50

0.0

0.37

0.38

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1

ORIGIN

Figure 9: Smith chart plot for Problem 17.

Fig. 9 is the Smitch chart plot for Problem. 17.
For all three lines, wavelength is = u p / f = (2.1 108 )/(7 108 ) = 30cm.
For line #2, the electrical length is (43.5/30) = 1.45. The normalized load impedance
is z L2 = j70/70 = j. Find z L2 on the Smith chart at Point A. Move along the const-SWR
circle (in this case its simply the unit circle) by 1.45 to point B. Read zin,2 = j0.51 from
point B. Therefore, Zin,2 = Z02 zin,2 = + j35.7 .
Similarly, for line #3, the electrical length is (21/30) = 0.7. The normalized load
impedance is z L3 = 40/90 = 0.44. Find z L3 on the Smith chart at Point C. Move along
the const-SWR circle by 0.7 to point D. Read zin,3 = 1.62 + j0.86 from point B. Therfore,
Zin,3 = Z03 zin,3 = 145.8 + j77.4 .
Therefore the load impedance for line #1 is Zin,2 //Zin,2 . Normalized both Zin,2 and Zin,2
to Z01 , find each admittance, add the admittance and find the total normalized load
13

impedance z L1 .
zin,21 = Zin,2 /Z01 = j35.7/50 = j0.714
yin,21 = j1.41

(Point E)

(Point F)

zin,31 = Zin,3 /Z01 = (145.8 + j77.4)/50 = 2.92 + j1.55

yin,31 = 0.27 j0.14

(Point H)

y L1 = yin,21 + yin,31 = 0.27 j1.55

z L1 = 0.1 + j0.63

(Point G)

(Point I)

(Point J)

The electrical length of line #1 is (1.25/0.3) = 4.167. Move Point J by 4.167 towards
the generator to Point K and read out the normalized input impedance zin = 9.5 j6.3.
The input impedance to line #1 is then
Zin = Z01 zin = 50(9.5 j6.3) = 475 j315 .


P-18. A high-frequency 50- lossless line is 141.6 cm long, with a relative dielectric
constant er = 2.49. At 500 MHz the input impedance of the terminated line is measured
as Zin = (20 + j25) . (a) Use the Smith chart to find the value of the terminating load.
(b) After the impedance measurement an 8-pF lossless capacitor is connected in parallel
with the line at a distance of 8.5 cm from the load. Find the VSWR on the main line.
Fig. 10 is the Smith chart plot for Problem. 18.
(a) The phase velocity is
up =

3 108
c
=
= 1.9 108
ee f f
2.49

m/s.

The wavelength is
=

up
1.9 108
=
= 38 cm.
f
5 108

The electrical length of the line is (141.6/38) = 3.726. The normalized input impedance
is zin = (20 + j25)/50 = 0.4 + j0.4. Locate zin on the Smith chart at Point A. Move Point
A towards the load (that is, counterclockwise) by 3.726 to Point B. Read the normalized load impedance from Point B to be z L = 0.72 j0.98. The load impedance is then
ZL = Z0 z L = (36 j49) .
(b) Since the capacitor is connected in parallel, it is easier to work with admittance. Find
the admittance y L = 0.48 + j0.67 by moving Point B by 180 to point C. Next, move
Point C by (8.5/38) = 0.224 towards the generator on the const-SWR circle to Point D.
Adding a shunt capacitor is equivalent to moving clockwise on the const-r L circle (Note

14

The Complete Smith Chart

Black Magic Design

(+
jX
/Z

45

1.4

1.2

1.0

50
0.9

55

1.8
2.0

65
0.5

0.
06
0.
44
70

20

PO
N
EN

75

3.0

0.6

CO
M

CT
AN
CE

0.3

RE
A

15

5.0

20

10

0.2

IND

0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
EFLECTION C OEFFICIEN T IN DEG
LE OF R
REES
A NG
ISSI ON COEFFICIENT I N
TRANSM
DEG R
LE OF
EE S
A NG

UCT
IVE

4.0
1.0

0.28

0.8

0.6

10

0.1

0.4

20

50

20

10

5.0

4.0

3.0

1.8

2.0

1.6

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

1.4

20

0.2

50

1.2

0.2

50

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.4

10

8
0.

-10

1.0

O
),
Zo
X/

2.0

1.8
0.13

TR S. RF S. A
A W. L. W. TT
N P L L EN
SM EA O O
.
. C K SS [ SS C [dB
O
O (C dB O ]
EF
EF O ]
EF
F,
F, NS
F
E
P T.
or
P)
I

0.12

0.37

0.

06

-70

-1

40

44

30

-1

0.0

0.4
3

-1

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.4

0.4

0.39

0.38

20

1
0.8

15
2

0.7

0.6

2.5

1.8

1.6

1.4

10

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

10
0.1

12

14

0.05

1.2 1.1 1
2
20

15

TOWARD LOAD >

10
7
5

1 1

1.1

30 0

0.1

0.01

0 0

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1

0.99

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

CENTER
1

1.1

0.2
1.2

1.3
0.95

1.2

1.3 1.4

0.4

0.6
1.4

0.8

1.5

0.9

< TOWARD GENERATOR

2
1

3
1.6
1

1.8
1.5

3
2

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

0.8

0.7

0.5

10

2.5
0.6

3
0.4

20

10 15
4

0.3

0.2

10
0.1

SM

0.9

R BS B] , P r I
SW d S [d EFF , E o
S
O CO EFF
.L .
N FL CO
RT R FL.
R

40 30

10

.C

TR
A

0.36

20

-110

0.1

0.11
-100

-90

(-j

0.6

1.6

1.4
1.2

1.0

-4

0.14
-80
-4
0

0.15
0.35

NC

4
0.0
0

CT
DU
IN

0.7

-70

0.9

0.1
0.3

-35

-5

0.8

0.3

-55

-60

EA
CT
A
-60

0.1

CAP
AC
ITI
VE
R

EN

-80

U
ES
IV

0.2

-30

-65 0.5

8
0.1
0
-5

0.3

EC
OM
PO

0.

0.4

0.
3

-25

-75

0.6

5
0.0

3.0
-20

-15

0.8

0.4

1.0

0.4

4.0

0.47

5.0

-15

0.2

0.3

19

0.
0
2

RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS

20

0.28

0.2

-4

0.

0.22

0.2
1
-30

0.3

-20

o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
EP
SC

0.6

0.2

100 40

0.22

1
0.2
9
0.2
30

zL

1.0

14

25

0.4

0.
8

0.0

0.
4

0.2

15
0

0.1

0.3
50

0.3

80

30

0.2

0.1

0.1
0.3

60

o)
jB/Y

40

0.4

E
SC

35

31
0.

0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
0.0

0.49
GEN
D L OAD <
ERA
OWAR
0.48
180
HS T
TO
T
G
170
R
-170
EN
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
0.0
160
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6

SU

0.3

19
0.

PA
CA

R
,O
o)

VE
TI
CI

(+
CE
AN
PT

0.1

70

40

1.6

12

7
0.0

0.15
0.35

80

0.7

.42

0.6 60

8
0.0

3
0.4
0
13

110

0.4

0.14
0.36

90

0.8

0.0

0.37

0.38

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

ORIGIN

Figure 10: Smith chart plot for Problem 18.

that we are working with admittance and the admittance of a capacitor has a positive
value). The normalized admittance of a capacitor is
yc =

jC
= j2 f CZ0 = j2 (5 108 )(8 1012 )50 = j1.26
Y0

Move Point D by 1.26 along the const-r L circle to Point E.

The final normalized input impedance is yin = 1.04 + j0.04, which is very close to the
matched condition. In fact, the VSWR has decreased from 3.2 for the load to 1.04 for the
input. This can also be verified by proximity of Point E to the origin.


15

The following problems from the textbook are also considered practice problems.
1.15, 2.6, 2.16, 2.32, 2.34, 2.52, 2.58, 2.61, 2.66

16

Problem 1.15 A laser beam traveling through fog was observed to have an intensity
of 1 ( W/m2 ) at a distance of 2 m from the laser gun and an intensity of 0.2
( W/m2 ) at a distance of 3 m. Given that the intensity of an electromagnetic
wave is proportional to the square of its electric-field amplitude, find the attenuation
constant of fog.
Solution: If the electric field is of the form
E(x,t) = E0 e x cos( t x),
then the intensity must have a form
I(x,t) [E0 e x cos( t x)]2
E02 e2 x cos2 ( t x)

or

I(x,t) = I0 e2 x cos2 ( t x)

where we define I0 E02 . We observe that the magnitude of the intensity varies as
I0 e2 x . Hence,
at x = 2 m,
at x = 3 m,

I0 e4 = 1 106

(W/m2 ),

I0 e6 = 0.2 106

I0 e4
106
=5
=
I0 e6
0.2 106
e4 e6 = e2 = 5

= 0.8 (NP/m).

(W/m2 ).

Problem 2.6 A coaxial line with inner and outer conductor diameters of 0.5 cm
and 1 cm, respectively, is filled with an insulating material with r = 4.5 and
= 103 S/m. The conductors are made of copper.
(a) Calculate the line parameters at 1 GHz.

Solution: (a) Given

a = (0.5/2) cm = 0.25 102 m,

b = (1.0/2) cm = 0.50 102 m,

combining Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) gives

r

1
f c 1 1

+
R =
2
c
a b
s

1
1
1
(109 Hz)(4 107 H/m)
=
+
2
5.8 107 S/m
0.25 102 m 0.50 102 m
= 0.788 /m.
From Eq. (2.7),

b
4 107 H/m

L =
ln
=
ln 2 = 139 nH/m.
2
a
2

From Eq. (2.8),

G =

2
2 103 S/m
=
= 9.1 mS/m.
ln (b/a)
ln 2

From Eq. (2.9),

C =

2r 0
2 4.5 (8.854 1012 F/m)
2
=
=
= 362 pF/m.
ln (b/a) ln (b/a)
ln 2

(b) Solution via Module 2.2:

Problem 2.16 A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has Z0 = 40 , = 0.02

(Np/m), and = 0.75 rad/m. Find the line parameters R , L , G , and C .
Solution: Given an arbitrary transmission line, f = 125 MHz, Z0 = 40 ,
= 0.02 Np/m, and = 0.75 rad/m.
Since Z0 is realp
and 6= 0, the line is

distortionless. From Problem 2.13, = L C and Z0 = L /C , therefore,

L =

Then, from Z0 =

0.75 40
Z0
=
= 38.2 nH/m.

2 125 106

p
L /C ,

C =

38.2 nH/m
L
=
= 23.9 pF/m.
2
402
Z0

R G and RC = L G ,
r
r

R L

R = RG
= RG
= Z0 = 0.02 Np/m 40 = 0.6 /m
G
C

From =

and
G =

2 (0.02 Np/m)2
=
= 0.5 mS/m.
R
0.8 /m

Problem 2.32 A 6-m section of 150- lossless line is driven by a source with
vg (t) = 5 cos(8 107t 30 ) (V)

and Zg = 150 . If the line, which has a relative permittivity r = 2.25, is terminated
in a load ZL = (150 j50) , determine:
(a) on the line.
(b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
(c) The input impedance.
(d) The input voltage Vei .
(e) The time-domain input voltage vi (t).
Solution:
vg (t) = 5 cos(8 107t 30 ) V,

Veg = 5e j30 V.

150 I~
i
Zg

~
Vg

Transmission line

~
Vi Zin

Z0 = 150

~
VL

IL
ZL (150-j50)

Generator

z = -l

Zg
~
Vg

Load

l=6m

~
Ii

z=0

+
~
Vi

Zin

Figure P2.32: Circuit for Problem 2.32.

(a)
3 108
c
up = =
= 2 108 (m/s),
r
2.25
up 2 up 2 2 108
=
=
=
= 5 m,
f

8 107

8 107
=
=
= 0.4 (rad/m),
up
2 108

l = 0.4 6 = 2.4

(rad).

Since this exceeds 2 (rad), we can subtract 2 , which leaves a remainder l = 0.4
(rad).

ZL Z0 150 j50 150

j50
(b) =
=
=
= 0.16 e j80.54 .
ZL + Z0 150 j50 + 150 300 j50
(c)

ZL + jZ0 tan l
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan l

(150 j50) + j150 tan(0.4 )

= 150
= (115.70 + j27.42) .
150 + j(150 j50) tan(0.4 )
(d)

Veg Zin
5e j30 (115.7 + j27.42)
e
Vi =
=
Zg + Zin
150 + 115.7 + j27.42

j30 115.7 + j27.42

= 5e
265.7 + j27.42

= 5e j30 0.44 e j7.44 = 2.2 e j22.56

(V).

(e)

vi (t) = Re[Vei e j t ] = Re[2.2 e j22.56 e j t ] = 2.2 cos(8 107t 22.56 ) V.

Problem 2.34 A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load impedance

ZL = (30 j20) .

Z0 = 50

ZL = (30 j20)

(a)
dmax

Z0 = 50

ZL = (30 j20)

R
Zi
(b)

Figure P2.34: Circuit for Problem 2.34.

(a) Calculate and S.

(b) It has been proposed that by placing an appropriately selected resistor across
the line at a distance dmax from the load (as shown in Fig. P2.34(b)), where
dmax is the distance from the load of a voltage maximum, then it is possible to
render Zi = Z0 , thereby eliminating reflection back to the end. Show that the
proposed approach is valid and find the value of the shunt resistance.
Solution:
(a)

ZL Z0 30 j20 50 20 j20 (20 + j20)

=
=
=
= 0.34e j121 .
ZL + Z0 30 j20 + 50
80 j20
80 j20
1 + || 1 + 0.34
=
= 2.
S=
1 || 1 0.34

(b) We start by finding dmax , the distance of the voltage maximum nearest to the
load. Using (2.70) with n = 1,

121
+ =
+ = 0.33 .
dmax =
4
2
180
4 2

Applying (2.79) at d = dmax = 0.33 , for which l = (2 / )0.33 = 2.07 radians,

the value of Zin before adding the shunt resistance is:

ZL + jZ0 tan l
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan l

(30 j20) + j50 tan 2.07

= 50
= (102 + j0) .
50 + j(30 j20) tan 2.07
Thus, at the location A (at a distance dmax from the load), the input impedance is
purely real. If we add a shunt resistor R in parallel such that the combination is equal
to Z0 , then the new Zin at any point to the left of that location will be equal to Z0 .
Hence, we need to select R such that
1
1
1
+
=
R 102 50
or R = 98 .

Problem 2.52 On a lossless transmission line terminated in a load ZL = 100 ,

the standing-wave ratio was measured to be 2.5. Use the Smith chart to find the two
possible values of Z0 .
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.52. S = 2.5 is at point L1 and the constant SWR
circle is shown. zL is real at only two places on the SWR circle, at L1, where
zL = S = 2.5, and L2, where zL = 1/S = 0.4. so Z01 = ZL /zL1 = 100 /2.5 = 40
and Z02 = ZL /zL2 = 100 /0.4 = 250 .

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0.3

3
0.1

1.8

0.2

0.3

2.0

0.5

0.1
60

50

31

0.4

0.2

40
0.3

3.0

0.6

0.2

0.2

4.0

0.28

1.0

5.0

0.2

20

0.

0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG

0.6

10

0.1

0.4

20

0.2
10

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

L1

50

0.3

50

L2

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.2

20

0.4

0.1

10

0.6

-20

0.

1.0

0.47

5.0

1.0
4.0

0.8

0.6

3.0
2.0

1.8

0.2
1.6

-60

1.4

-70

0.15

0.35

1.2

0.14
-80
0.36

0.9

0.1
0.3

1.0

0.8

0.1
0.3

0.7

0.6

8
0.1
0
-5

0.3

0.5

31

0.

-90

0.12

0.13

0.38

0.37

0.11
-100

0.4

0.39

06

0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0
.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
AC
0
I
T
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j

0.

0.4

19

0.

Figure P2.52: Solution of Problem 2.52.

0.3

-4

44

0.2

0.

0.2

0.2

-30

0.3

0.28

0.22

0.2

0.

0.22

1.0

50

0.

0.3

30

0.8

20

06
0.

0.

44

0.3

19

0.

0.1

70

0.

VE
TI
CI
PA
CA

0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
< 0.0
0.49
GEN
RD LOAD
ERA
TOWA
0.48
180
THS
TO
G
170
0
N
R
-17
E
0.47
VEL
>
A
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
4
.0
6
0
IND
Yo)
UCT
0.0
/
5
15
B
j
0
(IVE
5
0
0.4
-15
CE
R
N
0.4
E
5
AC
TA
5
TA
0.0
EP
0.1
NC
SC
SU
EC
E
V
OM
14
0
TI
4
0
C
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
(+
,O
jX
o)
Z
/Z
0.2
X/

Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU

0
12

.07

R
,O
o)

0.35

80

0.7

0.4
3
0.4
0
13

0.15

0.36

90

0.6

0.0

110

0.14

0.37

0.38
0.9

0.4

0.8

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11
0.1

.09

Problem 2.58 A lossless 100- transmission line 3 /8 in length is terminated in

an unknown impedance. If the input impedance is Zin = j2.5 ,
(a) Use the Smith chart to find ZL .

1.2

1.0

1.4

0.1

1.6

60

0.3

0.1

1.8

0.2

0.3

2.0

0.5

50

31

0.4

0.2

40

0.3

3.0

0.6

0.2

0.2

9
0.28

1.0

5.0

0.2

20

0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG

0.6

10

0.1

0.4

20

0.2

10

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

Z-OPEN

50

0.3

50

50

0.

0.3

4.0
1.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.2

20

0.4

0.1

10

0.6
8
-20

0.

1.0

0.47

5.0

1.0

4.0

0.8

0.6

3.0
2.0

1.8

0.2

1.6

-60

-70

1.4

0.1
0.3

0.15
0.35

1.2

0.14
-80
0.36

0.9

1.0

0.1
0.3

-90
0.13
0.37

0.8

0.7

0.375

0.3

0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
C
A
-1
P
AC
20 .08
I
T
I
VE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
E
3
C
0
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j

0.6

0.1

0.5

31

0.

-5

06

0.4

19

0.

0.

0.3

-4

44

0.2

0.

0.2

0.2

-30

0.3

0.28

0.22

0.2

0.

0.22

Z-IN

30

0.8

20

06
0.

0.3

0.

44

0.1

70

19

0.

0.35

0.

VE
TI
CI
PA
CA

0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
< 0.0
0.49
GEN
RD LOAD
ERA
TOWA
0.48
180
THS
TO
G
170
0
N
R
-17
E
0.47
VEL
>
A
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
4
.0
6
0
IND
Yo)
UCT
0.0
/
5
15
B
j
0
(IVE
5
0
0.4
-15
CE
R
N
0.4
E
5
AC
TA
5
TA
0.0
EP
0.1
NC
SC
SU
EC
E
V
OM
14
0
TI
4
0
C
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
(+
,O
jX
o)
Z
/Z
0.2
X/

Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU

0
12

R
,O
o)

Z-LOAD

80

0.7

0.4

3
0.4
0
13

0.15

0.36

90

0.6

0.0

0.0

110

0.14

0.37

0.38

0.9

0.4

0.8

0
8

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1
.09

0.12
0.38

0.11
-100

0.4

0.39

0.246

Figure P2.58: Solution of Problem 2.58.

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.58. zin = Zin /Z0 = j2.5 /100 = 0.0 j0.025 which
is at point Z-IN and is at 0.004 on the wavelengths to load scale.
(a) Point Z-LOAD is 0.375 toward the load from the end of the line. Thus, on the
wavelength to load scale, it is at 0.004 + 0.375 = 0.379 .
ZL = zL Z0 = (0 + j0.95) 100 = j95 .

Problem 2.61 Using a slotted line on a 50- air-spaced lossless line, the following
measurements were obtained: S = 1.6 and |Ve |max occurred only at 10 cm and 24 cm
from the load. Use the Smith chart to find ZL .

1.2

1.0

0.3

0.1

1.6

0.3

3
0.1

1.8

0.6

60

0.5

0.4

0.2

40
0.3

3.0

0.6

0.2
9

4.0

0.28

1.0

5.0

0.2

20

0.

0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG

0.6

10

0.1

0.4

20

0.2
10

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

1.0

50

0.3

50

SWR

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.2

20

0.4

10

0.1

Z-LOAD
.6
0

-20

0.

1.0

0.47

5.0

1.0
4.0

0.8

0.6

3.0
2.0

1.8

0.2
1.6

-60

0.3

1.4

-70

0.15

0.35

1.2

0.1

0.14
-80
0.36

1.0

0.7

0.6

0.1
0.3

0.9

0.8

0.1
0.3

0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
AC
0
ITI
V
0.4
E
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
E
30
C
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j

0.5

31

0.

-5

06

0.4

19

0.

0.

0.3

-4

44

0.2

0.

0.2

0.2

-30

0.3

0.28

0.22

0.2

0.

0.22

1.0

50

0.

0.3

30

0.8

0.2

0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
< 0.0
0.49
GEN
RD LOAD
ERA
TOWA
0.48
180
THS
TO
G
170
0
N
R
-17
E
0.47
VEL
>
A
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
4
.0
6
0
IND
Yo)
UCT
0.0
/
5
15
B
j
0
(IVE
5
0
0.4
-15
CE
R
N
0.4
E
5
AC
TA
5
TA
0.0
EP
0.1
NC
SC
SU
EC
E
V
OM
14
0
TI
4
0
C
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
(+
,O
jX
o)
Z
/Z
0.2
X/

50

31
0.

R
,O
o)

0.3

2.0

0.2

20

0.
06

20

0.1

70

19
0.

0.
44

Yo)
jB/
1
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
U
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA

2
0.4

3
0.4
0
13

0.35

80

1.4

0.0

0.0

0.15

0.36

90

0.7

0.357

110

0.14

0.37

0.38
0.9

0.4

0.8

0.0

0.39
100

0.4

0.13

0.12

0.11
0.1

-90

0.12

0.13

0.38

0.37

0.11
-100

0.4

0.39

Figure P2.61: Solution of Problem 2.61.

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.61. The point SWR denotes the fact that S = 1.6. This point
is also the location of a voltage maximum. From the knowledge of the locations of
adjacent maxima we can determine that = 2(24 cm 10 cm) = 28 cm. Therefore,
cm
the load is 10
28 cm = 0.357 from the first voltage maximum, which is at 0.250
on the WTL scale. Traveling this far on the SWR circle we find point Z-LOAD at
0.250 + 0.357 0.500 = 0.107 on the WTL scale, and here
zL = 0.82 j0.39.

Therefore ZL = zL Z0 = (0.82 j0.39) 50 = (41.0 j19.5) .

Problem 2.66 A 200- transmission line is to be matched to a computer terminal

with ZL = (50 j25) by inserting an appropriate reactance in parallel with the
line. If f = 800 MHz and r = 4, determine the location nearest to the load at which
inserting:
(a) A capacitor can achieve the required matching, and the value of the capacitor.
(b) An inductor can achieve the required matching, and the value of the inductor.
Solution:
(a) After entering the specified values for ZL and Z0 into Module 2.6, we have zL
represented by the red dot in Fig. P2.66(a), and yL represented by the blue dot. By
moving the cursor a distance d = 0.093 , the blue dot arrives at the intersection point
between the SWR circle and the S = 1 circle. At that point
y(d) = 1.026126 j1.5402026.
To cancel the imaginary part, we need to add a reactive element whose admittance is
positive, such as a capacitor. That is:

C = (1.54206) Y0
1.54206 1.54206
=
=
= 7.71 103 ,
Z0
200
which leads to
C=

7.71 103
= 1.53 1012 F.
2 8 108

Figure P2.66(a)

(b) Repeating the procedure for the second intersection point [Fig. P2.66(b)] leads
to
y(d) = 1.000001 + j1.520691,
at d2 = 0.447806 .
To cancel the imaginary part, we add an inductor in parallel such that
1
1.520691
=
,
L
200
from which we obtain
L=

200
= 2.618 108 H.
1.52 2 8 108

Figure P2.66(b)