1 - Introduction To Nodal Analysis

Advanced Artificial Lift for Production Solutions and
Optimization Engineers
Presented by Jeff Kain
Schlumberger Private
Introduction to Nodal Analysis
Objectives
Understand the components of Inflow

performance
Understand the components of vertical lift
performance
Understand combining inflow and vertical
lift performance
Describe the Pressure versus depth
relationship for different lift methods
Pressure Losses
Pwh
Separator
Surface
Choke
Psep
Pdsc
Pdsv
Pusv
Bottom
Hole
Restriction
Pdr
Pur
Pwf
DP1 = Pr - Pwfs
DP2 = Pwfs - Pwf
DP3 = Pur - Pdr
DP4 = Pusv - Pdsv
DP5 = Pwh - Pdsc
DP6 = Pdsc - Psep
= Loss in Porous Medium

= Loss across Completion
= Loss across Restriction
= Loss across Safety Valve
= Loss across Surface Choke
= Loss in Flowline
DP7 = Pwf - Pwh = Total Loss in Tubing

DP8 = Pwh - Psep = Total Loss in Flowline
Pwfs
_
Pr
Pe
Possible Pressure Losses in Complete Production System
Safety
Valve
SURFACE PRESSURE
PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
WELL OUTFLOW
RELATIONSHIP
(VLP) or (TPC)
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE
SANDFACE
PRESSURE
BHFP
WELL
INFLOW (IPR)
Pwh
Separator
Surface
Choke
Psep
Pdsc
Pdsv
Pusv
Bottom
Hole
Restriction
Pdr
Pur
Pwf
DP1 = Pr - Pwfs
DP2 = Pwfs - Pwf
DP3 = Pur - Pdr
DP4 = Pusv - Pdsv
DP5 = Pwh - Pdsc
DP6 = Pdsc - Psep
= Loss in Porous Medium

= Loss across Completion
= Loss across Restriction
= Loss across Safety Valve
= Loss across Surface Choke
= Loss in Flowline
DP7 = Pwf - Pwh = Total Loss in Tubing

DP8 = Pwh - Psep = Total Loss in Flowline
Pwfs
_
Pr
Pe
Possible Pressure Losses in Complete Production System
Safety
Valve
Inflow Performance Curve

3500
3000
2500
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Production rate, STB/D
3500
4000
4500
Tubing Curve
3500
Tubing Curve
2500
3000
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
System Graph
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

Tubing Curve
2500
3000
1957.1 psi
2000
1500
1000
500
2111 STB/D
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
RADIAL FLOW
r
re
Pwf
Pr
Pe
Pe = boundary pressure
Pwf = well flowing pressure
Pr = pressure at r
re = drainage radius
rw = wellbore radius
dr
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
SEMI (PSEUDO) STEADY STATE INFLOW (using
average reservoir pressure)
where: P = pressure (psi)

k = permeability (md)
h = height (ft)
re = drainage radius (ft)
rw = wellbore radius (ft)
O = fluid viscosity (cP)
Bo = formation volume factor (bbls/stb)
kh(Pav - Pwf)
qo = ----------------------------------141.2 oBo.[ln(re/rw) - 3/4]
IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS

Ideal well
Purely radial flow
Infinite reservoir
Uniform thickness
Stabilized flow
Single phase
Above bubble point
Homogeneous & isotropic reservoir
Perforations penetrate throughout reservoir
Reservoir shape
Proximity of wellbore
Wellbore clean / uncased
No skin
Darcys law
NON IDEAL FLOW

Departures from Darcys law
Effects at boundaries
Position of well
Non homogeneous reservoir
Perforation positions
High velocities
Fluid type / high GOR
Transient behavior
Relative permeability effects - oil/water/gas near the
wellbore
Depletion if reservoir
Flow restrictions (skin)
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
SKIN
Restricted flow into the wellbore
The total skin factor may be calculated from well test

data
Ideal flow conditions rarely exist
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
PRINCIPLE ORIGINS OF SKIN
Formation damage (+ve)

Perforations (+ve)
Partial completions/limited entry (+ve)
Gravel packs (+ve)
Non-Darcy flow (+ve)
Multiphase flow (+ve)
Natural fractures (-ve)
Hydraulic fractures (-ve)
Deviated/horizontal wells (-ve)
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
q = J(Pws - Pwf) or
q
J = -----------------Pws - Pwf
kh(Pav - Pwf)
qo = ----------------------------------141.2 oBo.[ln(re/rw) - 3/4]
The relationship between well inflow rate and pressure

drawdown can be expressed in the form of a Productivity
Index, denoted PI or J, where:
WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

( Successful design depends upon prediction of flow rate)
FACTORS AFFECTING PI
Bubble point pressure

Dew point pressure
2. Relative permeability behaviour

Ratio of effective permeability to a particular fluid (oil, gas or
water) to the absolute permeability of the rock
3. Oil viscosity
Viscosity decreases with pressure decrease to Pb
Viscosity increases as gas comes out of solution
4. Oil formation volume factor (bo)

As pressure is decreased the liquid will expand
As gas comes out of solution oil will shrink
1. Phase behaviour

AS RATE INCREASES IS NO LONGER STRAIGHT LINE

Increased gas sat. Near wellbore - rel. Perm. Effects
Laminar > turbulent flow
Exceeds critical flow of sandface

INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP

Vogel
Back pressure/Fetkovich
Lit (Jones, Blount and Glaze)
Normalized pseudo pressure

VOGEL
Q/Qmax = 1 - 0.2(Pwf/Pws) - 0.8(Pwf/Pws)2

where:
Q = the liquid production rate, stb/d

Qmax = the maximum liquid rate for 100% drawdown
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, psi
Pws = the reservoir pressure, psi
Dimensionless reference curve based on the following

equation:

SUMMARY OF FACTORS AFFECTING PREDICTION

OF WELL PRODUCTION
Nature of drive mechanisms

Physical nature of reservoir (non homogeneous)
Availability of stabilized flow
Changes over time & drawdown
Increased gas solution near wellbore
Stabilised flow near wellbore
Flow regime near wellbore
Critical flow at wellbore
Presence of three phase flow
MULTIPHASE FLOW
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE
MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients

Horizontal flowing gradients
FACTORS EFFECTING VLP
VLP is a function of physical properties not inflow

Tubing ID
Wall roughness
Inclination
Liquid / gas density
Liquid / gas viscosity
Liquid / gas velocity
Well depth / line lengths
Surface pressure
Water cut
GOR
Liquid surface tension
Flowrate
PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE

Complicated expression
P/Z
System described by a energy balance expression

Mass energy per unit mass in = energy out
(+ - exchange with surroundings)
For wellbore- pressure Calc. for length of pipe
Integrated each section
Pressure can be divided into three terms

GRAVITY
TERM
FRICTION
TERM
ACCELERATION
TERM
P/Ztotal = g/gccos + fv /2gcd + v/gc[P/Z]
TOTAL
PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE
GRAVITY
TERM
g/gccos
Correcting weight of fluid
Dominant term
Single phase simple
Multiphase complex
Pressure loss due to gravity

Based on fluid densities at element for

conditions Pelement, Telement
Phase volumes = % of pipe occupied by
fluid * density of fluid
Assumes liquid and gas phases at same
velocity
This is the no slip case that will produce
minimum delta P due to gravity
SLIP
The gas phase moves at a faster velocity than

the liquid phase due to buoyancy forces
Consequence is a change in the areas of each
phase in an element
The slip corrected liquid area is termed LIQUID
HOLDUP
Correction from phase volumes to holdup
volumes through multi-phase correlations
Complex determination characterised in flow
regime maps
Liquid Holdup
Consider an element for Pelement , Telement
% Liquid
LIQUID
Liquid Holdup
GAS
Mixture density = L density * % L + G density * %G
% Gas
GAS
1 - Liquid Holdup
Slip corrected
Mixture density = L density * HL + G density * (1(1-HL)
LIQUID
FLOW REGIMES
Proportion of phases
Flow velocity
Viscosities
Interfacial tension
Based on observations
Different flow patterns
FLOW REGIMES
FRICTION
TERM
fv /2gcd
Increases with rate
Proportional to velocity
Proportional to relative roughness
Laminar vs turbulent flow
Effective viscosity
Effective mixture density
Sensitive to gas volumes
ACCELERATION
TERM
v/gc[P/Z]
Expansion of fluid as pressure decreases
Smallest term
Often ignored
Need to account in high rate
Proportion of terms in oil well close to

sandface (no significant GLR)
GRAVITY
FRICTION
Proportion of terms in oil well significant

GLR close to surface
GRAVITY
FRICTION
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION

Fluid density in every term

Errors would be cumulative
PVT important
CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934)
Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
Duns & Ros
Hagedorn & Brown
Orkiszewski
Fancher & Brown
Beggs &Brill
Duckler Flannigan
Gray
Mechanistic
Proprietary
INFLOW AND OUTFLOW

PERFORMANCE
Pressure, psig
0
1000
3000
5200
4000
5000
FBHP, psig
5000
Depth, feet
2000
6000
7000
4800
4600
8000
4400
9000
4200
10000
1000
2000
Rate, bbls/d
11000
12000
13000
14000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
3000
Inflow
(IPR)
Outflow
SKIN
10
-1
qo 1/
Flowrate
-3
ln re +S
rw
Note : Log effect
Pressure at Node
Effect of Skin on IPR
Decreasing reservoir pressure
Inflow
Outflow
Flowrate
Pressure at Node
Effect of Pressure Depletion

Reservoir with no pressure support
on IPR
Inflow
(IPR)
Outflow
2 3/8
2 7/8
3 1/2
Flowrate (stb/d)
4 1/2
Pressure at Node
Effect of Tubing Size on Outflow
Pressure versus Depth for

various Artificial Lift Methods
Natural Flow Pressure vs Depth
Gas Lift Pressure vs Depth
Pump Pressure vs Depth

1 - Introduction To Nodal Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 - Introduction To Nodal Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Advanced Artificial Lift for Production Solutions and

Introduction to Nodal Analysis

Understand the components of Inflow

= Loss in Porous Medium

DP7 = Pwf - Pwh = Total Loss in Tubing

Possible Pressure Losses in Complete Production System

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE

PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE

= Loss in Porous Medium

DP7 = Pwf - Pwh = Total Loss in Tubing

Possible Pressure Losses in Complete Production System

Inflow Performance Curve

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

Production rate, STB/D

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

Production rate, STB/D

Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

Production rate, STB/D

where: P = pressure (psi)

IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS

NON IDEAL FLOW

Restricted flow into the wellbore

The total skin factor may be calculated from well test

Ideal flow conditions rarely exist

Formation damage (+ve)

The relationship between well inflow rate and pressure

WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

Bubble point pressure

2. Relative permeability behaviour

4. Oil formation volume factor (bo)

WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

AS RATE INCREASES IS NO LONGER STRAIGHT LINE

WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP

WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

Q/Qmax = 1 - 0.2(Pwf/Pws) - 0.8(Pwf/Pws)2

Q = the liquid production rate, stb/d

Dimensionless reference curve based on the following

WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

SUMMARY OF FACTORS AFFECTING PREDICTION

Nature of drive mechanisms

Presence of three phase flow

Vertical flowing gradients

FACTORS EFFECTING VLP

VLP is a function of physical properties not inflow

PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE

System described by a energy balance expression

PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE

P/Ztotal = g/gccos + fv /2gcd + v/gc[P/Z]

Pressure loss due to gravity

Based on fluid densities at element for

The gas phase moves at a faster velocity than

Mixture density = L density * % L + G density * %G

Proportion of terms in oil well close to

Proportion of terms in oil well significant

PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE

Fluid density in every term

INFLOW AND OUTFLOW

Effect of Skin on IPR

Decreasing reservoir pressure

Effect of Pressure Depletion