tariel futkaraZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis fonemebi da

satransliteracio sqema 1

samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli/qarTveluri fonematuri

struqturis paradigmatuli analizi warmodgenilia n. maris, s. xundaZis,
a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, g. axvledianis, h. fogtis, r. robinsis, n.
vatersonis, s. JRentis, S. gafrindaSvilis, T. uTurgaiZis, g. maWavarianis,
T. gamyreliZis, z. jafariZis, b. jorbenaZis, n. quTelias, n. kizirias da
sxvaTa gamokvlevebSi; sakiTxis istoria vrclad aris warmodgenili T.
uTurgaiZis naSromSi (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976). azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa xmovanTa,
sonorTa, sonantTa, afrikatTa da B, y TanxmovanTa relevanturi niSnebis
kvalifikaciis, agreTve, lokalur rigTa saxeldebis motivaciis
TvalsazrisiT.
xmovnebi da sonantebi.
Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis amosavalia xmovnis Semdegi ganmarteba:
xmovani aris mJReri bgera, romelic warmoiTqmis zesadgam milSi
gamokveTili dabrkolebis gareSe, axasiaTebs mkafiod gamoxatuli
formantuli struqtura da yovelTvis qmnis marcvals.
qarTulSi a daxasiaTdeba rogorc maqsimalurad Ria (farTo), dabali
aweulobis, ukana (an saSualo) rigis, dauWimavi, aralabialuri xmovani.
Tuki warmodgenil niSnebs sxva xmovnebTan mimarTebiT ganvixilavT, a-sTvis
sakmarisi iqneba mxolod "dabali aweuloba", vinaidan qarTulis arc erT
sxva bgeras es niSani ar axasiaTebs (msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 1998,
gv. 12-14).
g. axvledianis mixedviT, e palataluri (anu magarsasismieri), wina
rigisa da saSualo aweulobis xmovania (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 65-67).
qarTuli e xmovnis warmoTqmisas enis gverdiTi kideebis Sexeba magar
sasasTan garkveul kvals tovebs (s. JRenti, 1947, gv. 345), amitomac
qarTulSi e odnav daxuruli xmovnis STabeWdilebas tovebs. T. uTurgaiZe
e-s relevantur niSnebad miiCnevs saSualo aweulobas da arabagismierobas

1
statiis Semoklebuli varianti daibeWda akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitaruli fakultetis periodul samecniero JurnalSi, t. IX, quTaisi, 2007, gv. 227-
230; samwuxarod, gamomcemlobis mizeziT naSromi daibeWda teqnikuri wuniT, ris gamoc
ar ikiTxeba palatalizebuli xmovnebi da ar Cans satransliteracio sqema.

1
(T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 11). Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im garemoebas, rom
standartuli qarTuli enisaTvis ucxoa @ bgera, e xmovnis aRwerisaTvis
marTlac sakmarisia saSualo aweulobasa da aralabialurobaze miTiTeba,
Tumca sxva enebis monacemebTan Sepirispirebisa Tu sxvadasxva fonetikuri
procesebis axsnisas uTuod sagulisxmoa am bgeris sxva maxasiaTeblebic,
kerZod; wina rigismieroba, "odnav daxuruloba" da gamokveTili
palataluroba, romelzec informacias ver gvaZlevs verc "saSualo
aweuloba" da verc "aralabialuroba".
o-s warmoTqmis dros enis ukana nawilis zurgi odnav exeba magari
sasis bolos; enis gverdiTi kideebis Sexeba moicavs sibrZnis kbilis aresac
(s. JRenti, 1947, gv. 256-357). Cveni dakvirvebiTac, o, rogorc wesi,
saSualo aweulobis, gamokveTilad labiovelaruli xmovania; iSviaTad igi
SeiZleba realizdes dabali aweulobiTac, Tumca gaWirdeba o-s ganxilva
dabali aweulobis bgerad 2; ufro zusti iqneba msjeloba, Tuki vityviT: o,
rogorc wesi, aris labiovelaruli, saSualo aweulobis xmovani, romelic
iSviaTad SeiZleba dabali aweulobiTac gamovlindes.
u ukana rigisa da maRali aweulobis bgeraa, romelic tuCebis
momrgvalebiTa da win wamoweviT warmoiTqmeba (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 65-
70); Sdr. s. JRenti: qarTuli u-s warmoTqmisas magar sasasTan enis ukana
nawilis Sexebis kvali ufro farToa, vidre o-s warmoTqmisas... bageebis
moqmedeba qarTuli u-s warmoTqmisas iseve sustia, rogorc o-s
warmoTqmisas (s. JRenti, 1947, gv. 258-259). T. uTurgaiZe u-s
dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisad miiCnevs bagismierobasa da maRal aweulobas;
Sdr., g. nebieriZe, 1865, gv. 197-200: u ukanaenismieri, labializebuli da
maRali aweulobis xmovania.
Cveni azriT, vinaidan qarTulisaTvis ucxo ar aris labializebuli
bgerebi, agreTve, bagismieroba, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs velarulobas,
umjobesia, o da u bgeraTa (agreTve b, f, p, m) aRsaniSnavad gamoviyenoT
termini "labovelaruli"; Sesabamisad, u daxasiaTdeba rogorc
labiovelaruli da maRali aweulobis xmovani.
Sdr.: O xmovnis maxasiaTeblebi iqneba: labialuroba, maRali aweuloba
da palatalizebuloba.

2
Sdr., T. uTurgaiZis azriT, a da o aweulobis mixedviT xan dabalia, xan saSualo
aweulobisa.
2
 i wina rigis da maRali aweulobis xmovania (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv.
57-65). enis zurgis wina nawilis miaxloebiT magar sasasTan iqmneba
naprali, romelSic gamavali haeri intensiobis mixedviT qmnis marcvlovan
an umarcvlo bgeras. xmovanTa Soris gamokveTilad viwro napralovani
bgerebia i da u, ris gamoc maT daxurul xmovnebsac uwodeben. g.
nebieriZe i xmovans winaenismier aralabializebulTa klasSi ganixilavs (g.
nebieriZe, 1965, gv. 197), xolo T. uTurgaiZe relevantur niSnebad
arabagismierobasa da maRal aweulobas miiCnevs (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv.
11).
xmovnobis/xmasavseobis xarisxis mixedviT, bgerebs Soris mimarTeba
sqematurad marTkuTxa samkuTxedis saxes miiRebs:

sadac a dabali aweulobis bgeraa, @ - dabali aweulobisa da

palatalizebuli, e - saSualo aweulobisa da palataluri, i - maRali
aweulobisa da palataluri, o - saSualo aweulobisa da labiovelaruli,
è - saSualo aweulobis, labialuri da palatalizebuli, é - maRali
aweulobis, labialuri da palatalizebuli.
saartikulacio aparatis (resp. zesadgami milis) Riaobis mixedviT,
ganxilul bgeraTa mimarTeba pirobiTad Semdegnairad SeiZleba
warmovadginoT:
a > ç > e > o > è > u > é > i/u > ~/E
sqemas aklia H bgera, romelic qarTulSi fonemas ar
warmoadgens, magram ramdenadac igi dasturdeba qarTuli enis zog
dialeqtSi (saerTod, zepir metyvelebaSi) saWirod vTvliT mis
daxasiaTebasac: qarTulSi H SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc
neitraluri warmoebis xaxismieri xmovani, romelic poziciis, ritmis,
intonaciis, metyvelebis tempis Tu sxva mizezTa Sesabamisad

3
gamovlindeba xan rogorc xmovani, xan H rogorc umarcvlo bgera
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i da u bgeraTa msgavsad, H sonanturi bunebis
xmovania (sonantTa Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, 1998). zemoT
warmodgenil sqemaSi H moTavsdeba u/i-sa da v/~-s Soris.

yvela qarTvelur zepir metyvelebaSi xmovanTa mezoblad i da u

realizdebian umarcvlo alofonebis saxiTac; Sesabamisad, safuZveli
gvaqvs, rom i/u, E/~ sonantebad gamovacxadoT Tanamedrove qarTulSic
(Sdr., m, n, r, l bgerebi sonorebi - yovelTvis umarcvlo
Tanxmovnebi - arian).

Tanxmovnebi.
Tanxmovania sametyvelo bgera, romelic marcvals verasodes qmnis.
qarTuli enis TanxmovanTagan diskusiis sagania ZiriTadad, afrikatebis,
agreTve, v, B, y bgeraTa relevanturi niSnebis sakiTxi.
e.w. rTuli Z c w da martivi d T t enakbilismierTa rigSi Seaqvs g.
axvledians (g. axvlediani, 1999, gv. 91). a. SaniZe d T t bgerebs z s
TanxmovnebTan erTad nunismierebSi aerTianebs (a. SaniZe, 1953, gv. 13-16).
erTsa da imave sawarmoTqmo adgilze Z c w afrikaTa da z s napralovanTa
warmoeba saeWvod miiCnia S. gafrindaSvilma; misi varaudiT, z s ufro
ukana warmoebisaa, vidre Z c w (S. gafrindaSvili, 1961, gv. 77). wina
nunismierad miiCnevs Z c w z s Tanxmovnebs T. uTurgaiZe (T. uTurgaiZe,
1976, gv.74). es ukanaskneli Z, c, w, j, C, W Tanxmovnebs rTul Tanxmovnebad
ar miiCnevs.
Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Z c w z s ganvixiloT erT lokalur
rigSi, ramdenadac ararelevanturia opozicia: rTuli\martivi. xSuli Z c
w da napralovani z s sametyvelo bgerebis sawarmoTqmo adgilebs Soris
mcireodeni sxvaoba marTlac rom arsebobdes, paradigmatuli TvalsazrisiT
maTi aRreva gamoricxulia, amdenad, logikuria maTi ganxilva
winanunismierebad (sintagmaturi analizic mxars uWers amgvar
kvalifikacias).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa v-s lokaluri rigic;
zogi mkvlevari mas kbilbagismierad Tvlis (g. axvlediani, a. SaniZe, b.
jorbenaZe), zogi - wyvilbagismierad\bagismierad (h. fogti, r. robinsi, n.
vatersoni, T. uTurgaiZe...). Cveni dakvirvebiT, qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi

4
ufro xSiria wyvilbagismieri spiranti alofoni, vidre - kbilbagismieri,
gansakuTrebiT Tanxmovnis momdevno poziciaSi (dawvrilebiT ix.
t.futkaraZe, 1998, gv. 83-90). u xmovnis fonetikur variantad gamovlenili
wyvilbagismieri E Tanxmovani, kbilbagismieri mJReri v da kbilbagismieri
yru Ф qarTulSi alofonebia, magram ZiriTadi variantia wyvilbagismieri.

T. uTurgaiZis (1976, gv. 43, 67), T. gamyreliZis (2000, gv. 249-256)

da sxvaTa azriT, y napralovania; vfiqrobT, ramdenadac yelxSuli y-s
warmoTqmis efeqts qmnis yelSi darCenili mcire moculobis haeris mkveTri
(mowyvetiT) gamodevna, ufro logikuri Cans g. axvledianis Tvalsazrisi y-s
mkveTri xSulobis Sesaxeb; garda amisa, y-s qceva didad ar gansxvavadeba k
mkveTri xSulis qcevisagan; Sdr., wy, ty, Wy kompleqsTa msgavsad, mklevarTa
did nawils harmoniulad miaCnia qarTuli wk, tk kompleqsebic (mkveTrTa
decesiuri kombinaciebi); vfiqrob, rom xSuli+xSuli TanxmovanTkompleqsi
SeiZleba marTlac ver CaiTvalos e.w. harmoniul kompleqsad, magram
gaWirdeba wk, tk tipis kompleqsebis miCneva araZiriTad modelebad (Sdr,
T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 105).
standartuli qarTulis enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis TanxmovanTa
paradigmatuli mimarTebani Semdegi sqemiT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:

ragvaroba Cqamieri sonori

xSuli napralovani oral- nazaluri
uri
lokaluri rigi mJReri fSvinvie mkveT mJReri yru
ri ri
bagismieri b f p v m
kbilbagismieri (v) (Ф)
kbilismieri d T t
winanunismieri Z c w z s l n
Suanunismieri r
ukananunismieri j C W J S
ukanaenismieri g q k R x
xaxismieri (B) y
xorxismieri h

5
 qarTuli\qarTveluri sametyvelo bgerebis gadmosacemad samecniero
literaturaSi ramdenime saxis satransliteracio sqemaa gamoyenebuli.
Cveni azriT, qarTveluri fonematuri struqturis ukeT gasagebad
ucxoelT ufro gamoadgebaT Semdegi sqema:

qarTuli aso-niSnebis saerTaSoriso (laTinuri), inglisuri, germanuli,

Turquli da rusuli Sesatyvisebi (satransliteracio sqema)
The international (Latin), English, German, Turkish and Russian correspondences of the Georgian letters
and graphemes (transliteration diagram)
Ortak Kartvelgil yazı diline veya Gürcü lehçelerine ait kelime köklerinin analizi sırasında, Gürcüce
sesleri (fonemleri) Latin alfabesine dayanarak yazabilmek için aşağıdaki şema kullanılmaktadır.
Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve Uluslararası harfler.
qarTuli anbani saerTa- ingli germa- Turq rus-
mxedr asomT nusx. Soris -suri nuli -uli uli
anbani anbani anbani o anbani anbani anbani anbani

a a a a a a a а

K ā ā ā

@ ä ä ä

b b b b b b b б

g g g g g g g г

d d d d d d d д

e e e e e e e е

L ē ē ē

v/E v v v(w) v(w) w v в

z z z z z z z з

T T T t t t t

i i i i i i i и

k k k ķ k k k к

l l l l l l l л

6
m m m m m m m м

n n n n n n n н

~ Á U y y y

o o o o o o o о

ú ö ö ö

p p p ṗ p p p п

J J J ž dz dsj j ж

r r r r r r r р

s s s s s s s с

t t t ţ t t t т

u Q(Â) u u u u u у

å ū ū ū

O ü ü ü

f f f p p f (v) p ф

q q q k k q k

q° k° k°

R R R ğ gh ğ

R° ğ° ğ°

y y y q q q

Ï ¥ ¥

S S S š sh sch ş ш

C C C č ch tsch ç ч

c c c c ts c ts ц

Z Z Z ĵ dz dz

7
 w w w ċ ts tz

W W W ĉ ch ch tj

x x x ħ kh ch kh х

B Ã O ĥ ĥ

j j j j j dsh c

h h h h h h h

H ŭ

Prof. tariel Putkaradze

Speech Sound of Georgian Language and the Question of Transliteration Scheme
Summary
Paradigmatic analysis of the Georgian/Kartvelian language phonematic structure is given
in the research papers of N. Marr, S.Khundadze, A.Shanidze, Arn.Chikobava, G. Akhvlediani,
H. Vogt, R.Robins, N.Waterson, S.Zhgenti, Sh. Gaprindashvili, T.Uturgaidze, G. Machavariani,
T. Gamkrelidze, Z. Japaridze, N. Kutelia, N. Kiziria, ets. The history of the question is widely
discussed in T. Uturgaidze's work (T. Uturgaidze 1976).
Differences of the opinions mainly refer to determining of the relevant features for the
vowel, sonorant, sonant, affricates and Consonant sound as well as the motivation for the
nomination of local series.
Lassert the following definition of the vowel as the starting point for the discussion: the
vowel is voiced sound made in the vocal tract without or audible friction, characterized with
distinct formant structure and always (function as the center of the Syllable.
Mainly five sounds make syllable in Georgian language: a, e, o, u, i. The last two
out of them display sonant nature, however from articulate-acoustical point of view we
examine them with a, e, o vowels.
/a/ is characterized as most open (wide), low-rise, back (or middle) row, non-
labial vowel. /e/ is middle-rise palatal (non-labial) vowel. /o/ is middle-rise, clearly
labiovelar. It is characterized with a rare depict of low-rise. u/v is labiovelar and high-
rise sound, i/y is high-rise palatal.
Palatal /i/ and labial /u/ phonemes are also realised as non-syllable allophones in
oral speech.
8
 In an extreme dialects of Georgian language appear palatalized vowels (ä,ö,ü...).
Like some other languages the degree of velarity decreases during labiovelar (or
neutral) sound palatalisation.
Paradigmatic approach of presented phonemes an be expressed in the form of
right-angled triangle.

Where /a/ is low-rise sound, / ä/ is low-rise and palatalized, /e/ is middle-rise and
palatal, i/y is high-rise and palatal, /o/ is middle-rise and labiovelar, ö – middle-rise,
labial and palatalized, u/v is high-rise, labiovelar and ü - high-rise, labial and
palatalized.
According to the openess of articulatory apparatus an approach of the above
examined sounds can be discussed accordingly:
a > ä > e > o > ö > u > ü > i||u > w|| y
ŭ / /which does not present a phoneme in
A demonstrated scheme lack sound
Georgian language. As it appears in some dialects of Georgian language (in oral speech
ŭ / can
in general) we consider characterizing it as follows: / be examined as neutral,
pharyngeal vowel. Sometimes it can be realized as a vowel or non-syllable sound based
on its position, rhythm, intonation, speech type or other reasons. Like /i/ and /u/ sounds
/ ŭ / is a sonant nature vowel. In the above presented scheme it will take a place
between /u/i and v/ y.
Georgian linguists also disagree in the definition of "v" sound; some scholars consider it
labio-dental (G. Akhvlediani, A. Shanidze, B. Jorbenadze) others as bilabial sound (H. Vogt, K.
9
Robins, N. Waterson, T. Uturgaidze...). In my observation Georgian speech more often has
bilabial spirant "v" llophone, rather than labio-dental "v" particularly when the preceding sound
is consonant.
I consider bilabial sonant v/w and labiodental v and corresponding voiceless (f) as
allophones of one and the same phoneme.
In the main part of this article I give paradigmatic table and transliteration scheme of
phonemes of the Georgian Language (and of Kartvelian Speech).

damowmebuli literatura
g. axvlediani, 1999 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,
1999; "s.s.orbelianis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis
gamomcemloba".
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965 - T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,
sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1960, "saq. ssr.
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba".
T. gamyreliZe, 1960 - T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da
qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi struqturis zogadi sakiTxi, Tb., 1960, "saq.
ssr. mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba".
T. gamyreliZe, 2000 - T. gamyreliZe, rCeuli qarTvelologiuri Sromebi,
Tb., 2000; "sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri universitetis gamomcemloba".
T. gamyreliZe..., 2003 - T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia,
2003; "Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba".
S. gafrindaSvili, 1955 - S. gafrindaSvili, labializaciis bunebisaTvis
zog iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi, ike, VII, Tb., 1955.
S. gafrindaSvili, 1967 - S. gafrindaSvili, qarTuli enis napralovan
TanxmovanTa sSualo speqtrebi, mass, Tb., 1967.
S. gafrindaSvili, 1969 - S. gafrindaSvili, fonemaTa diferencialuri
niSnebis samwevrovani klasifikaciisaTvis, metyvelebis analizis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1969.
r. iakobsoni, g. fanti, m. hale, 1962 - Р. Якобсон, Г.М. Фанти, М. Халле,
Введение в анализ речи, Новое в лингвистике, Выпуск 2, М., 1962.
n. kiziria, 1980 - n. kiziria, Wanuris bgeriTi Sedgeniloba, Tb., 1980.
g. nebieriZe, 1974 - Г. Небиеридзе, Генеративно-фонологическая модель грузинского
языка и принципы ее построения, Автореферат диссертасии на поиск уч. степени
доктора филологических наук, 1974.
s. JRenti, 1956 - s JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tb., 1956; "Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba".
r. robinsoni, n. vatersoni, 1968 - r. robinsoni, n. vatersoni, SeniSvnebi
qarTuli sityvis fonetikis Sesaxeb, "mimomxilveli", 4, 1968.
g. rogava, 1962 - g.rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962.
n. trubeckoi, 1960 - Н. Трубеской, Основы фонологии, М., 1960.
10
T. uTurgaiZe, 1976 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura,
Tb., 1976, "mecniereba".
h. fogti, 1961 - h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb.,
1961; "Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba".
t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa
sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.
t. futkaraZe, 2005 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
n. quTelia, 1985 _ n. quTelia, lazuri konsonantizmi, macne, enisa da
literaturis seria, 4, Tb., 1985.
n. quTelia, 2005 - n. quTelia, lazuris fonematuri struqtura, Tb.,
2005, "Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba".
z. jafariZe, 1975 - z. jafariZe, percefciuli fonetikis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1975; "mecniereba".
b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989;
"mecniereba".
b. jorbenaZe, 1998 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998;
"besarion jorbenaZis sazogadoeba".

11