Earthquake Contingency Plan For Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWSSA)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh
CONTINGENCYPLANFOREARTHQUAKEHAZARD
forDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority
15June2008
DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority
DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority
GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh
ContingencyPlanforEarthquake
Hazard
UnderComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP)
MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement
EarthquakeandTsunamiPreparedness
CDMP/EC/4a/PC1
Incollaborationwith
ExecutiveSummary
ExecutiveSummary
ThisContingencyPlanisdevelopedbyDhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority
(DWASA). Technical support for its preparation was provided by Asian Disaster
preparednessCentre(ADPC)andNationalSocietyforEarthquakeTechnologyNepal
(NSET)asapartofContingencyplanningwithregardstoEarthquakeHazards
subcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness Component of
Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) under implementation
by the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), the Government of
Bangladesh (GoB) with the support from the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), UK Department for International Development Bangladesh
(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).
This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetings
conductedamongthestaffofDWASAaswellasinteragencyworkshopsandmeeting
conducted during the process. It is risk based contingency plan based on the
earthquakelossestimationrecentlyconducted.Oncethelossmapsandthetargeted
scenarioischanged,somemodificationsintermsofhumanresources,materialsand
costneedsmodificationaccordingly.
TwomainobjectivesofthisContingencyPlanareto:
Provideemergencywaterandsanitationfacilitiestotheevacuatedpeoplein
immediateshelterareaand
Quick restoration of potable water supply and waste water system after an
earthquake
Thespecificobjectivesare:
Toidentifythescopeofimmediateresponseandearlyrecovery ofdifferent
facilitiesinpotablewaterandseweragesystem
Identifyrequiredcapacityoftheorganizationtomeetthedemand
Priorities different facilities for earthquake risk reduction considering their
importanceandcosteffectiveness
Prioritiesdifferentfacilitiesforearlyrecovery
PrepareOperatingProcedureGuideline
PrepareReadinessChecklistforbetterpreparedness
The total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated at
around870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.Thisisestimated
as50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandthe
remaining 50% will manage their shelter in their relatives and other places. Open
spaces within the city corporation area that are more than 2500 square meters
(Area with capacity for sheltering 500 families or more) are mapped and their
shelter capacities are calculated. The total open spaces within the Dhaka city have
onlyaboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.
ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority
ExecutiveSummary
Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresabout3800cubicmetersof
emergency water with the rate of 15 liters per capita per day. Total population
needing Evacuation Shelter is about 870,000 so the immediate shelter needing
populationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithinDhakaCityCorporationareais
616822andneedtobeprovidedwithimmediateshelterinthesheltercampsnear
toCityCorporation.Thepopulationwhoaretakenoutsiderequireabout9,250cubic
meters of water per day. So the total emergency water needed in the emergency
sheltersisabout13,000cubicmetersperday.
Prepositioning of this amount of the water at the above planned spaces is before
earthquakeisthemostappropriatewaytoprovideimmediateemergencywater.
Tomanagetoiletsintheimmediatesheltersspacesisthemainchallengerelatedto
sanitation.Spherestandarddemandonetoiletforeach20peopleintheemergency
shelter. The calculation shows that about 12,700 toilets are needed in the open
spaceswithinDhakaCityandadditional30,700toiletsneedtoplanforthepeopleof
DhakawhoneedimmediateshelteroutsideDhakacity.
The total number of skilled/trained workers required for repairing the Potable
water and Waste water system within Dhaka city corporation area after an
earthquakeisabout1800peopleperdaytorepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitis
planned to repair in 14 days, it require about 900 skilled workers per day and
requireabout420peopleworkingperdaytorepairthesystemin30daystime.
Skilledworkersrequiredtorepairoverheadwatertankandwastewatertreatment
plantisnotcalculatedhere,asitrequirethousandsofskilledworkersifplannedto
repairwithinamonth,whichispracticallynotpossibleevenifplanned.Itrequires
36monthstorepairtheoverheadtanksandtreatmentplant,eveniftherequired
manpower is available. The total estimated cost require for repairs is about 27
MillionUSDollars.Itisassumedthattherepaircostforthe wastewatertreatment
plant,probabilityofwhichtobefunctionalaftertheearthquakeis4050%hasbeen
assumed that 25% of the replacement cost. Priorities for recovery of different
componentswithinthesystemarealsomadeinthisplan.
Legal provisions and organizational set up, functional response roles and
responsibilities assigned for the agency, operating procedures guideline and
readinesschecklistsarealsooutlinedinthisplan.
vi
ListofAbbreviations
ListofAbbreviations
ADB
AFD
AMI
Ansar&VDP
BA
BDR
BCAA
BCG
BDRCS
BFRI
BGSL
BGMEA
BIP
BIWTA
BKMEA
BLRI
BMA
BMD
BP
BPDB
BR
BRTA
BRTC
BSS
BTMEA
BTCL
BTRC
BTV
BUET
BWDB
CAAB
CBOs
CC
CCP
CDA
CDC
CME
CMMU
CPA
CPP
CWASA
DCC
DESA
DESCO
DFP
DGFisheries
DGoF
DGLivestock
DGHS
DMB
AsianDevelopmentBank
ArmedForcesDivision
AnjumaneMofidulIslamBangladesh
BangladeshAnsarandVillageDefenceParty
BimanAirlines
BangladeshRifles
BangladeshCivilAviationAuthority
BangladeshCoastGuard
BangladeshRedCrescentSociety
BangladeshForestResearchInstitute
BakhrabadGasSystemsLimited
BangladeshGarmentManufacturersandExportersAssociation
BangladeshInstituteofPlanners
BangladeshInlandWaterTransportAuthority
BangladeshKnitwearManufacturerandExportersAssociation
BangladeshLivestockResearchInstitute
BangladeshMedicalAssociation
BangladeshMeteorologicalDepartment
BangladeshPolice
BangladeshPowerDevelopmentBoard
BangladeshRailway
BangladeshRoadandTransportAuthority
BangladeshRoadandTransportCorporation
BangladeshSangbadSangstha
BangladeshTextileMillsAssociation
BangladeshTelecommunicationCompany
BangladeshTelecommunicationRegulatoryCommission
BangladeshTelevision
BangladeshUniversityofEngineering&Technology
BangladeshWaterDevelopmentBoard
CivilAviationAuthorityBangladesh
CommunityBasedOrganizations
CityCorporations
BangladeshCentreforCommunicationPrograms
ChittagongDevelopmentAuthority
CommunicablediseaseControl
CentreforMedicalEducation
Construction,MaintenanceandManagementUnit
ChittagongPortAuthority
CyclonePreparednessProgramme
ChittagongWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority
DhakaCityCorporation
DhakaElectricitySupplyAuthority
DhakaElectricSupplyCompanyLtd.
DepartmentofFilmsandPublications
DirectorateofFisheries
DirectorateGeneralofFood
DirectorateofLivestock
DirectorateGeneralofHealthServices
DisasterManagementBureau
ii
ListofAbbreviations
DMC
DOA
DPHE
DRR
DWASA
EMS
FAO
FBCCI
FSCD
IAB
IFRC
IOM
IRC
JICA
GSB
HBRI
IAB
IEB
IFRC
INGOs
JGTDSL
LGA
LGD
LGED
LGRD
LGRDC
MinCom
MoC
MoCAT
MoF
MoFDM
MoFL
MoHA
MoHFW
MoHPW
MoI
MoL
NGOs
NHA
NIPSOM
OHCHR
PDB
PetroBangla
PGCL
PIB
PID
PSTN
PWD
R&H
RAB
REB
RAJUK
REHAB
RHD
DepartmentofMassCommunication
DepartmentofArchitecture
BangladeshDepartmentofPublicHealthEngineering
DirectorateofReliefandRehabilitation
DhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority
EarthquakeMagnitudeScale
FoodandAgriculturalOrganization
FederationofBangladeshChambersofCommerce
BangladeshFireService&CivilDefence
InstituteofArchitectsBangladesh
InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties
InternationalOrganizationforMigration
InternationalRescueCommittee
JapanInternationalCooperationAgency
GeologicalSurveyofBangladesh
Housing&BuildingResearchInstitute
InstituteofArchitectsBangladesh
InstituteofEngineersBangladesh
InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescent
InternationalNonGovernmentOrganizations
JalalabadGasTransmission&DistributionCo.Limited
LocalGovernmentAgencies
LocalGovernmentDivision
LocalGovernmentEngineeringDepartment
LocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment
LocalGovernmentRuralDevelopmentandCooperatives
MinistryofCommerce
MinistryofCommunications
MinistryofCivilAviationandTourism
MinistryofFinance
MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement
MinistryofFisheriesandLivestock
MinistryofHomeAffairs
MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare
MinistryofHousingandPublicWorks
MinistryofInformation
MinistryofLand
NonGovernmentOrganizations
NationalHousingAuthority
NationalInstituteofPreventiveandSocialMedicine
OfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights
PowerDevelopmentBoard
ItisasuccessorofBangladeshMineralOilandGasCorporation
PowerGridCompanyofBangladeshLtd
PressInstituteofBangladesh
PressInformationDepartment
PublicswitchedtelephoneNetwork
PublicWorksDepartment
RoadsandHighways
RapidActionBattalion
RuralElectrificationBoard
RajdhaniUnnyanKortipakha
RealEstate&HousingAssociationofBangladesh
RoadsandHighwaysDepartment
iii
ListofAbbreviations
TGTDCL
SoB
UNDP
UNHABITAT
UNHCR
UNICEF
UNRC
UNOCHA
VDP
WFP
WHO(DERG)
TitasGasTransmissionandDistributionCo.Ltd
SurveyofBangladesh
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UnitedNationsagencyforhumansettlements
UNHighCommissionerforRefugees
UnitedNationsChildren'sFund
ResidentCoordinatorofUnitedNations
UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs
VillageDefenceParty
WorldFoodProgramme
WorldHealthOrganization(DisasterEmergencyResponseGroup)
iv
Introduction
Introduction
1.1CreationofthePlan
ThiscontingencyplanisdevelopedbyDhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority
(DWASA). Technical support for its preparation was provided by Asian Disaster
preparednessCentre(ADPC)andNationalSocietyforEarthquakeTechnologyNepal
(NSET)asapartofContingencyPlanningwithregardstoEarthquakeHazards
subcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness component of
Comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP) under implementation by
the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), the Government of
Bangladesh (GoB) with the support from the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), UK Department for International Development Bangladesh
(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).
This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetings
conductedamongthestaffofDWASAaswellasinteragencyworkshopsandmeeting
conducted during the process. It is risk based contingency plan based on the
earthquakelossestimationrecentlyconducted.Oncethelossmapsandthetargeted
scenarioischanged,somemodificationsintermsofhumanresources,materialsand
costneedsmodificationaccordingly.
1.2ObjectivesofthePlan
Twomainobjectivesofthiscontingencyplanareto:
Provideemergencywaterandsanitationfacilitiestotheevacuatedpeoplein
immediateshelterareaand
Quick restoration of potable water supply and waste water system after an
earthquake
Thespecificobjectivesare:
Toidentifythescopeofimmediateresponseandearlyrecovery ofdifferent
facilitiesinpotablewaterandseweragesystem
Identifyrequiredcapacityoftheorganizationtomeetthedemand
Priorities different facilities for earthquake risk reduction considering their
importanceandcosteffectiveness
Prioritiesdifferentfacilitiesforearlyrecovery
PrepareOperatingProcedureGuideline
PrepareReadinessChecklistforbetterpreparedness
1.3PlanningAssumptions
This contingency plan has been developed with following assumptions in the
background:
The existing water and sanitation system of the Dhaka city will be partially
functional
Introduction
DWASA offices and staff will start working for providing services to the
peoplejustaftertheearthquake
Capacity of the systems after the earthquake will not be sufficient after the
earthquakeandneedextrapreparationsbeforehand
Largenumbersofpersons(hundredsofthousands)willbeinneedofwater
andsanitationincludingotherfacilities
Accesswillbeseverelyrestrictedduetodebris,landslides,collapsedbridges
etc.
1.4IntendedUsersofthePlan
The direct users of this Earthquake contingency plan will be the management
personnelofDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthorityinordertoprovidewater
and sanitation to the people of Dhaka city during immediate response and early
recoveryphaseafteranearthquake.Theplanalsocoversthepreparednessactions
beforeearthquakeforeffectiveresponseafterwards.
In addition to DWASA, the others such as line Ministries, Departments, City
Authorities, NGOs/ INGOs, electronic and paper Media, Community based
Organizations (CBOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Academia; Development
Partners will be the passive users of the plan as they will be providing support
services for plan implementation with regard to emergency services. The ultimate
beneficiaries would be the communities at risk to bring normalcy within a fastest
possibletime.
1.5 PlanImplementationStrategiesbytheAgency
Thefollowingstrategiesaretobeadoptedinplanimplementation:
Setting up a strong organizational framework to identify and assess
earthquake hazards, analyze vulnerability , assess risk and loss estimation
withregardstowatersupply&Sewerage;
Plan&developmentofinstitutionalcapabilitiestotranslateearthquakerisk
reductionintoPreparednessandResponsePlans;
Establish a consistent, participatory approach to the management of
earthquakeemergencyresponses;
Undertake training and education programs on all phases of Disaster
Managementforalllevelstobuildthecapacityofprofessionals;
Develop a mechanism to improve the relationships with nongovernment
organizations to address mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery
phaseeffectively;
Transferknowledgeandstateoftheartoftechnologiesnecessarytosupport
institutionaloperationsandimplementoperationplans;
Introduction
1.6 PlanLimitations
Followinglimitationsarenotedwhenthisplanisdrafted:
This plan do not address all aspects of earthquake risk management (e.g.
longtermrecoveryplans)
ThePlanassumesthatthelineagencieswillhaveMandatoryprovisionsand
nationalcapacitytodealwithassignedtasks.Mandatoryprovisionsforline
agencies, ministries, and local governments. District authorities can be
granted through a gazette notification but Lines of authority need to be
finalizedandcommunicatedtoalllevels.
DWASA may need additional resources in terms of qualified manpower,
technicalaswellasfinancialresourcestoundertakeassignedtasksunderthe
EarthquakeContingencyPlan.
The Earthquake Contingency Management process will take some time to
becomefullyfunctionalasanintegratedsystem.
Theplanisbasedonearthquakelossestimationresultsobtainedduringthe
preparation of this plan and need verification when the final scenario is
prepared
Theseismicassessmentofthedifferentcomponentsofthesystemaredone
as a part of the city risk assessment and require detail assessment for
earthquakeriskreductionplanning
EarthquakeHazard,VulnerabilityandRiskAssessmentofWaterandSanitationSystemfor
ContingencyPlanning
EarthquakeHazard,VulnerabilityandRiskAssessmentofWaterand
SanitationSystemforContingencyplanning
Earthquake risk assessment of the water and sanitation system was carried out
under earthquake hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment component of CDMP
project is taken as the base for the Contingency planning purpose. The loss
estimation depends on the vulnerability assessment of the system as well as the
expected hazards. As the study on hazard and vulnerability studies are still in the
phaseofrevisions,thelossestimationteammayarrivetonew conclusionsontotal
lossestimations.
Thisplanhasusedthelossestimationresultsthatwereavailablewhentheplanwas
createdandsubjectstorevisionwhenthenewlossestimationisavailable.
The vulnerability and loss estimation results on water and sanitation system
availablefromtheearthquakehazard,vulnerabilityandriskassessmentcomponent
fortheContingencyplanningisgiveninSection2.1andSection2.2ofthischapter.
2.1EarthquakesHazardAssessment
2.1.1EarthquakesHazardinBangladesh
Thecombinationofhighdisastereventsaswellasincreasing humanvulnerability
resulting from demographic pressure, poverty, social inequality and coupled with
theapprehendedclimatechangeindicatethatBangladeshis,currently,athighrisk
tolargescaledisasterswithconsequentimpactonshelter,food,healthandsurvival.
Bangladeshisalsosusceptibletodamagingearthquakes.Itisafactthatduringthe
recent past no major earthquake has occurred in Bangladesh or within its
neighborhood but records indicates that during the past few hundred years there
have been several significant earthquakes recorded within Bangladesh. Reliable
historicaldataforseismicactivityaffectingBangladeshisavailableonlyforthelast
450years(Guptaet.al.1986).
Recently developed earthquake catalogue for Bangladesh and surrounding areas
(Sharfuddin, 2001) shows 1200 earthquakes with a magnitude (Ms) of 4.0 have
occurredbetween1885and1995,withina200kmradiusofBangladesh.
Site dependent seismic motion and damage, caused by specific soil conditions and
othercharacteristicsisanimportantcharacteristicinseismichazardassessment.It
can provide inputs to Microzonation studies as well as to determine the overall
seismic risk in the built environment. This facilitates the preparation of the
earthquakeemergencyplansandalsotoimprovethepreparednessandmitigation
of earthquake and tsunami risk with a view to strengthen the capacity of the city
dwellersofmajorcitiestoface,managetheemergenciesandreducetheimpactand
economiclossesthroughbetterpreparednessmeasuresundertakenasalongterm
measure.
ContingencyPlanning
Theearthquakeriskoftheurbancentregrowswitheverypassingmomentbecause
of the unabated growth of human settlement and industrial and other economic
activities.Disastrouseffectsofearthquakesinhighdensityareasevenfarfromthe
epicentraltractscanbequantifiednowthroughscenariobasedstudies,anditopens
uptheopportunitytocreateknowledgeproductsforlargeurbanareaslikeDhaka,
Chittagongandotherurbancentre.
Figure 2.1 gives the main fault system in and around Bangladesh that can have severe in
Bangladesh.
Figure1:EarthquakeFaultZonesinandaroundBangladesh
DifferentparametersofthefaultsystemsaregiveninTable21.
Table2.1FaultParametersforEmpiricalAttenuationAnalysis
Fault
Mw
MadhupurFault(MF)
DaukiFault(DF)
PlateBoundaryFault1(PBF1)
7.5
8.0
8.5
8.0
8.3
Depth to
top of fault
(km)
10
3
3
3
3
Dip
Downdip
(degree) rupture
width
(km)
45
42
60
43
20/30
337
20
137
20/30
337
Fault
Type
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
ContingencyPlanning
2.1.2EarthquakeHazardinDhakaCity
The ADPC and partners hazard assessment team under the CDMP project studied
the seismic hazard of three cities,Dhaka, Chittagongand Sylhet. In case of Dhaka,
thePGA,PGVandSa(h=5%,T=0.3and1.0sec)atgroundsurfacewerecalculatedfor
fivescenarioearthquakes.Inthisanalysis,theeffectsofnonlinearityofsoilswere
considered.
ThemostimportantearthquakeisMadhipurFaultandthePGAin Dhakais220to
410 gal. Figure 22 shows the PGA distribution map and Figure 23 gives the
Liquefactionsusceptibilitymap.
Figure2.2PGAmapofDhakacity
Figure 2.3 Liquefaction Susceptibility Map

ofDhakaCity
ContingencyPlanning
2.2VulnerabilityAssessmentofWaterandSanitationsystem
2.2.1VulnerabilityAssessmentofPotableWaterSystem
Vulnerability is assessed from the characteristics of potable water pipeline and

distribution facilities that make them susceptible to the damaging effect of an
earthquake. In potable water system, vulnerability is identified from the pipe
ductilitytype,distributionfacilitytype,andsoilliquefactionsusceptibilityonwhich
thepipeandfacilitylieon.Fromthefieldsurvey,itisfoundthatmostofdistribution
facilities are not prepared with the seismic design, proper anchorage, and backup
powersystem.Basedonmaterialtype,thepipeisclassifiedintobrittle(PWP1)and
ductile(PWP2).Brittlepipematerialincludesasbestoscement (AC),castiron(CI),
andreinforcedconcrete(RCC),whileductilepipematerialincludesgalvanizediron
(GI),ductileiron(DI),mildsteel(MS),PVC,andsteel.Brittlepipeismorevulnerable
than ductile one. Potable water facility include well, pumping plant, above ground
tank,andwatertreatmentplant.Pipelineaswellasdistributionfacilitieslocatedon
higher liquefaction susceptibility soil is more vulnerable than those on lower or
noneliquefactionsusceptibility.Thefollowingtablesshowsthepipelinelengthand
number of facilities in different liquefaction susceptibility soils, as well as spatial
distribution of potable water system components in every ward of Dhaka City
corporationareas.
Table 2.1Potable Water Pipe Length and Number of Facilities on Soil Liquefaction
SusceptibilityinDhakaCityCorporationArea
Component
LiquefactionSusceptibility(lengthinkmornumberoffacility)
High
VeryHigh
None
VeryLow
Low
Moderate
Pipeline
BrittlePipe
DuctilePipe
TotalLength
Facility
Well
PumpingPlant
AboveGroundTank
WaterTreatmentPlant
TotalNumber
Total
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.80
629.43
640.24
0.00
4.95
4.95
0
0
0
0
0
154
137
24
0
315
0
0
2
0
2
0.39
96.35
96.74
21
21
0
0
42
0.00
9.05
9.05
6.61
807.52
814.13
17.80
1547.30
1565.10
3
3
0
1
7
190
181
10
1
382
368
342
36
1
748
Table 2.2 Spatial Distribution of Potable Water System Components in Each Ward of Dhaka
CityCorporationArea
City
Corporation
Ward
Brittle
Pipe
(km)
Pipeline
Ductile
Pipe
(km)
Total
Length
(km)
Well
DistributionFacilities
Above
Pumping
Water
Total
Ground
Plant
Treatment (number)
Tank
Plant
3.422
62.88
66.302
12
2
3
4
36.413
29.456
10.528
36.413
29.456
10.528
6
8
1
2
1
6
8
1
14
17
2
ContingencyPlanning
City
Corporation
Ward
Brittle
Pipe
(km)
Pipeline
Ductile
Pipe
(km)
Total
Length
(km)
Well
Above
Pumping
Water
Total
Ground
Plant
Treatment (number)
Tank
Plant
31.371
31.371
10
1.147
56.695
57.842
11
11
24
23.19
23.19
10
18.446
18.446
10
9
10
0.282
7.977
19.603
7.977
19.885
2
2
2
2
4
4
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0.897
4.915
0.674
0.582
0.81
1.067
0.725
0.03
2.085
0.62
0.277
12.608
16.406
39.91
24.911
17.382
22.501
42.531
21.46
65.737
24.199
27.694
24.115
13.309
20.202
22.935
18.091
16.988
13.103
12.68
9.64
8.902
17.429
4.339
12.767
8.085
22.732
31.344
14.309
17.73
29.511
6.23
17.986
21.02
19.403
24.299
23.263
11.299
18.591
41.585
17.197
14.177
12.608
16.406
39.91
24.911
17.382
22.501
42.531
21.46
65.737
24.199
27.694
24.115
13.309
20.202
22.935
18.091
16.988
13.103
12.68
9.64
8.902
17.429
4.339
12.767
8.085
22.732
31.344
14.309
18.627
34.426
6.23
18.66
21.602
20.213
25.366
23.988
11.329
18.591
43.67
17.817
14.454
3
1
11
8
6
5
8
3
8
4
2
4
4
3
4
2
5
3
3
1
1
9
2
3
1
6
9
5
5
8
2
5
6
5
6
5
5
5
7
4
5
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
1
12
8
5
5
8
3
8
4
2
4
4
3
4
2
4
3
3
1
7
2
3
1
5
9
4
5
8
2
5
6
4
6
5
5
4
7
4
4
7
2
23
16
12
10
16
6
19
11
4
8
8
6
8
4
9
6
6
2
2
17
4
7
2
13
20
9
10
16
4
10
12
10
12
10
10
9
14
8
11
ContingencyPlanning
City
Corporation
Ward
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Total
Brittle
Pipe
(km)
Pipeline
Ductile
Pipe
(km)
Total
Length
(km)
Well
0.266
17.799
16.473
30.238
14.33
9.579
19.362
8.577
9.942
8.816
6.921
6.617
15.634
7.696
5.116
9.126
7.913
5.187
6.179
5.704
3.914
6.901
4.489
6.539
11.416
14.112
9.753
7.917
8.386
9.929
1.229
7.154
7.128
5.871
15.621
12.945
11.136
10.691
6.052
9.819
4.167
23.167
1,536.905
16.739
30.238
14.33
9.579
19.362
8.577
9.942
8.816
6.921
6.617
15.634
7.696
5.116
9.126
7.913
5.187
6.179
5.704
3.914
6.901
4.489
6.539
11.416
14.112
9.753
7.917
8.386
9.929
1.229
7.154
7.128
5.871
15.621
12.945
11.136
10.691
6.052
9.819
4.167
23.167
1,554.704
6
12
5
5
6
2
3
3
1
1
2
4
1
5
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
2
2
3
7
1
3
5
4
3
2
1
2
1
6
368
Above
Pumping
Water
Total
Ground
Plant
Treatment (number)
Tank
Plant
1
5
1
36
6
11
5
5
6
1
3
3
1
1
2
2
4
4
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
3
6
1
3
5
4
2
2
1
2
1
7
342
12
24
10
10
13
8
7
6
2
3
4
6
1
9
8
6
3
4
5
2
2
3
4
2
8
2
5
6
15
2
6
10
9
5
4
2
4
2
13
747
2.2.2VulnerabilityAssessmentofWasteWaterSystem
Waste Water System only exists in some parts of Dhaka City Corporation area.
Vulnerabilityisassessedfromthecharacteristicsofwastewaterpipelineandwaste
waterfacilitiesthatmakethemsusceptibletothedamagingeffectofanearthquake.
ContingencyPlanning
In waste water system, vulnerability is identified from the pipe ductility, facility
type, and soil liquefaction susceptibility on which the pipes and facilities lie on. At
themomentofdataacquisition(inDWASA),thereisnoinformationonpipematerial
type. From the field survey, it can be identified that almost all pipeline are brittle.
Waste water system facilities comprise waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and
lift station. In Dhaka, WWTP is located outside the city corporation area, while
existingliftstationisconsideredtobesmallliftstation(WLSS).
Pipeline and facilities located on higher liquefaction susceptibility soil is more
vulnerable than those on lower or none liquefaction susceptibility. The following
tables show the pipeline length and number of facilities in different liquefaction
susceptibilitysoilsandspatialdistributionofwastewatercomponentsinDhakaCity
CorporationArea.
Table2.3WasteWaterPipeLengthandNumberofFacilitiesonSoilLiquefactionsusceptibility
inDhakaCorporationArea
Component
Pipeline
BrittlePipe
Total
Facility
LiftStation
Total
LiquefactionSusceptibility(lengthinkmornumberoffacility)
None
VeryLow
Low
Moderate
High
VeryHigh
Total
0.00
0.00
214.99
214.99
2.50
2.50
0
0
4
4
1
1
10.83
10.83
0
0
0.27
0.27
172.74
172.74
401.33
401.33
0
0
8
8
13
13
Table2.4SpatialDistributionofWasteWaterSystemComponentsinDifferentWardsofDhaka
CityCorporationArea
Ward
2
DuctilePipe(km)
31.31
SewerLiftStation
1
3
16
18
19
1.07
0.22
58.98
22
9.04
23
7.86
24
14.32
25
26
7.49
0.87
27
28
32
45
55
58
76
80
82
84
6.75
2.71
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
ContingencyPlanning
Total
140.60
13
2.2EarthquakeRiskAssessmentofWaterSupplyandSanitationSystem
Table 25 and Table 26 provide information on the damage to three major utility
lifeline systems. The estimated damage to the pipelines shows that there will be
about350leaksandbreakagestothepotablewaterpipelinesystemandabout470
breaks for waste water lines. Most of the overhead tanks for potable watersupply
andliftstationsofthewastewatersystemmayundergooutoffunction.Among36
overhead tanks, 21 have the chances of less than 40% to be functional after the
earthquakeandremaining15hasthechanceof4060%beingfunctional.Similarly,
out of 13 lift stations in the waste water system, 10 have less than40% of chance
beingfunctional.
Table2.5CalculatedPotableWaterSupplyPipelineDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea
Component
TotalLength
(km)
Total
Totalleaksand
Remark
Losses
breakages
(thou$)
requiringRepairs
1120
1,612
350
Pipeline
Table26CalculatedWasteWaterPipelineDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea
Component
TotalLength
(km)
Total
Totalleaksand
Remark
Losses
breakages
(thou$)
requiringRepairs
396
3,175
466
Pipeline
Table2.7CalculatedPotableWaterSystemFacilityDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea
Component
Total
Number
OverHeadTank
36
FunctionalityProbabilityat Total
Day1
Losses
(thou$)
More
40%
Less
than
60%
than
60%
40%
0
15
21
846
Rema
rk
Pump
342
334
8154
Well
368
239
129
3651
Table2.8CalculatedWasteWaterSystemFacilityDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea
Component
Total
Number
LiftStation
TreatmentPlant
FunctionalityProbability
atDay1
More
than
60%
40%
60%
13
Less
than
40%
3
10
Total
Losses
(thou$)
Remark
95
5235
11
ContingencyPlanning
Potential repairs required for potable water supply system, repairs required for
wastewatersystem,potablewatersupplysystemfacilitiesfunctionality,andwaste
watersystemfunctionalitymapsaregivenindifferentmapsoftheAnnexIIofthis
plan.
2.3OverallEarthquakeDamageScenariooftheCity
Three different loss scenarios are studied by the risk assessment team for Dhaka
city. The scenario 1, the loss due to Madhupur fault, is taken as the worst case
scenarioforthewaterandsanitationsystemContingencyplanning.Theriskanalysis
wasconductedinHAZUS,riskassessmentcomputersoftware.
HAZUSestimatesthatabout166,570buildingswillbeatleastmoderatelydamaged.
This is over 51.00 % of the total number of buildings in the region. There are an
estimated75,218buildingsthatwillbedamagedbeyondrepair.
Table2.5ExpectedBuildingDamagebyOccupancyClassinDhakaCityCorporationArea:
Scenariocase1
Dhaka:Case1
None
Count
Slight
(%)
Count
Moderate
(%)
Count
Extensive
(%)
Count
Complete
(%)
Count
(%)
Agriculture
526
0.45
273
0.65
325
0.60
193
0.52
327
0.44
Commercial
16,271
13.80
5,028
11.88
7,738
14.26
6,198
16.71
11,533
15.33
Education
1,388
1.18
384
0.91
432
0.80
349
0.94
610
0.81
Government
330
0.28
117
0.28
168
0.31
129
0.35
170
0.23
Industrial
2,294
1.95
562
1.33
917
1.69
1,033
2.79
1,572
2.09
Other
Residential
Religion
94,994
80.56
34,924
82.50
42,882
79.03
27,821
75.01
58,739
78.09
781
0.66
271
0.64
307
0.57
297
0.80
523
0.70
SingleFamily
1,340
1.14
770
1.82
1,491
2.75
1,072
2.89
1,744
2.32
Total
117,924
42,330
54,261
37,091
75,219
HAZUS estimates the number of people that will be injured and killed by the
earthquake. The casualties are broken down into four (4) severity levels that
describetheextentoftheinjuries.Thelevelsaredescribedasfollows;
SeverityLevel1:Injurieswillrequiremedicalattentionbuthospitalizationis
notneeded.
Severity Level 2: Injuries will require hospitalization but are not considered
lifethreatening
Severity Level 3: Injuries will require hospitalization and can become life
threateningifnotpromptlytreated.
SeverityLevel4:Victimsarekilledbytheearthquake.
12
ContingencyPlanning
The casualty estimates are provided for two times of day: 2:00 AM and 2:00 PM.
Thesetimesrepresenttheperiodsofthedaythatdifferentsectorsofthecommunity
are at their peak occupancy loads. The 2:00 AM estimate considers that the
residentialoccupancyloadismaximumandthe2:00PMestimateconsidersthatthe
educational,commercialandindustrialsectorloadsaremaximum.
Table2.6SummaryofthecasualtiesestimatedforearthquakeinDhakaCityCorporationArea
:ScenarioCase1
Dhaka:Case1
2AM
Commercial
Commuting
Educational
Hotels
Industrial
OtherResidential
SingleFamily
Total
2PM
Commercial
Commuting
Educational
Hotels
Industrial
OtherResidential
SingleFamily
Total
Level1
635
0
0
72
101
150,938
561
152,307
81,688
2
3,590
14
744
51,351
194
137,582
Level2
209
0
0
24
33
50,463
177
50,905
27,043
2
1,176
5
244
17,279
62
45,810
Level3
37
0
0
4
6
8,952
30
9,028
4,789
4
208
1
43
3,166
11
8,221
Level4
73
0
0
8
11
17,733
59
17,884
9,401
1
405
2
84
5,979
20
15,892
ImmediateShelterNeed:
Theestimateddisplacedpopulationwillbeabout1,700,000andabouthalfofthem
i.e. 870,000 need immediate shelter. So, all the relief materials like water, food,
clothesetc.areneededfor870,000ofthepeoplewithinDhakacity.
2.4InterrelationshipwithotherLifelinesandUtilities
Transportationandlifelineinfrastructureincluderoadnetwork,bridge,gas(natural
gas) network, electric network, telephone network, water supply network, and
seweragenetwork.Typicallysuchlifelinesystemsareextendedspatiallyoverlarge
areas and consist of numerous structures; they are related to urban lives and
functions and are vulnerable to earthquake. In Dhaka, gas and watersewerage
connections still use either galvanized iron (GI) or concrete pipes. During an
earthquakethesearelikelytobreakdownveryeasily.Electricalserviceisalsolikely
tocollapseduringandafteranearthquake.
Themajorcausesofpostearthquakefiresincludegasleaksduetofailureofpipesor
gasappliances;problemsintheelectricaldistributionsystem;flammablematerials;
overturning of candles, lamps, cooking ovens, etc. Narrow roads in old town,
garments and other manufacturing industries in dense residential areas of Dhaka
arelikelytocreateadditionalproblemsintheeventofanearthquake.
13
ContingencyPlanning
Natural gas leaks and explosions are responsible for a significant number of fires
followingdisasters.Electricalsparksinbrokenbuildingsandinfrastructurehavethe
potentialofignitingthegasleaksfromtherupturedpipeline.Firesbreakoutinitially
and then spread to the surroundings depending on building construction, building
density,wind,etc.
Road&bridge
damage
Figure2.4EffectandImpactofEarthquaketowardinfrastructureandlifeline
Effect and impact of an earthquake towards the transportation and lifeline

infrastructure can be seen in (Figure 2.1). In emergency situation, management of
those infrastructures form a complex relationships among various criticalfacilities
and infrastructure elements, and result in infrastructure interdependencies as
shownin
14
PlanforImmediateResponseandEarlyRecovery
3.1KeyActivitiesoftheWaterandSanitationSectorforImmediate
ResponseandEarlyRecovery
Themainobjectiveofthewaterandsanitationclusteraccordingtothenationallevel
contingency plan is Quick restoration of water supply for provision of safe
drinking water and sanitation management during earthquake disaster.
Table 31 gives the details on water supply, sanitation and Hygiene sector
objectives,maintasksandactivities,leadagenciesandsupportingagencies.
Themaintasksassignedare:
1)DamageassessmentofWatersupply&drainage,wastemanagementsystems
2)RestorationofWatersupply&drainage
3)ObserveSanitationnormsduringemergencies
4)RestorationofWastedisposaland
5)EpidemiccontrolandImmunization
Table31:DetailsonWaterSupply,SanitationandHygienesectorinNationalContingency
Plan
Cluster6WaterSupply,SanitationandHygiene
Objectives:Quickrestorationofwatersupplyforprovisionofsafedrinkingwaterandsanitationmanagement
duringearthquakedisaster.
ClusterLead:LocalGovernmentBodies(CityCorporations,Pourashavas)
ResponsibleMinistry: MinistryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment(LocalGovernmentDivision)
PredisasterPhase
Activities
LeadAgency/
Institution
GlobalCluster
Partner
Support
(Proposed)/Other
Agencies/Institutions
associate
agencies
Developprocedureforvulnerability
assessmentofwatersupplysystem,
infrastructurefacilities&buildings,
sewerage&drainagesystemsby
respectivemanagers
Local
Government
Bodies
DWASA,CWASA,,
DPHE
DevelopContingencyPlansforwater
andsanitationsector,waste
managementsystemsatalllevels
coveringearthquakepronelocal
governmentagenciesbyrespective
managers
Local
Government
Bodies
Prepositioningofwatersupplydeep
wellstobeusedduringemergencies
WASA/DPHE
LocalGovernment
Bodies,DPHE
Developminimumstandardsfor
drinkingwatersupplyandissue
guidelinestopublic,NGOs,INGOsand
Local
Government
Bodies
DWASA,CWASA,
DPHE
Globalcluster
partners
UNICEF,
DWASA,CWASA,
DPHE
WorldBank
ADP
GOJ
15
othercivilsocietyagencies
Developguidelinesforclose
surveillanceinepidemicoutbreakand
conductofpreparednessmeasures
suchasImmunizationprograms,
awarenessprogramstoprevent
epidemicoutbreaks
DGHS
Developguidelineswithwaterand
sanitationgroupforminimum
sanitationlevelstobemaintainedin
temporarysheltersetupforIDPs
Local
Government
Bodies
DWASA,CWASA,
DPHE,DGHS
Facilitatealternatesystemsfor
emergencywatersuppliessuchas
transportationbycontainertrucks,
bowsersetc.
Local
Government
Bodies
DWASA,CWASA,
DPHE,DGHS,FSCD
Promotehouseholdlevellongterm
waterconservationmethodssuchas
rainwaterharvesting,watersoftening
&SODIStechniquesforwater
purification
Local
Government
Bodies
DWASA,CWASA,
DPHE
ActivatetheContingencyPlansfor
waterandsanitationsectoratall
levelscoveringearthquakeaffected
areas
Local
government
Bodies/WASA
DMB,AFD,DPHE
Observetheemergencywatersupply
needsandcommunicatetorelevant
stakeholders
Local
government
Bodies/WASA
DMB,AFD,DPHE,
Closesurveillanceinepidemic
outbreakinaffectedareasdueto
problemsconnectedwithwaterand
sanitationandmakeremedialactions
DGHS,,Office
ofCivil
Surgeon
AFD,Localgovt.
Bodies,DRR
Rapiddamageassessmentofwater
supply,sewerage&drainagesystem
andinitiateactionsforrestoration
Local
government
Bodies
OfficeofCivilSurgeon,
AFD,Centrefor
MedicalEducation
(CME),Local
GovernmentBodies
OthersNGO,
INGO,BDRCS
EmergencyResponsePhase
Globalcluster
partners
UNICEF,World
Bank,ADP,GOJ
AFD,WASA,DPHE,
DRR,
OthersNGO,
INGO,BDRCS
Assistauthoritiestomaintainwater
supply&sanitationfacilitieswithin
welfarecampssetupforvictims
Implementtemporaryshelter
sanitationmanagementsysteminthe
temporaryshelterforthebenefitof
victimsinaffectedareas
LocalGovt.
Bodies
AFD,DMB,DRR,
DPHE
Arrangementsforqualitycheckof
watersources,bottledwaterand
Local
government
DGHS,DMB,AFD,
DPHE
16
disposablewatercontainers
Bodies
Carryoutperformanceevaluationof
responseactionsunderclusterWater
Supply,SanitationandHygieneand
introducesuitablemodificationsto
ContingencyPlantoimprovethe
performance
DGHS,DMB,DRR,DPHE
Local
Government
Bodies,
WASA
Observeandfacilitatetheemergency
watersupplyneedsandcommunicate
torelevantstakeholders
Local
DMB,WASA,DPHE,
Government DistrictAdministrations
Bodies
Closesurveillanceinepidemic
outbreakinaffectedareasdueto
problemsconnectedwithwaterand
sanitationandmakeremedialactions
DGHS,DMB,WASA,DPHE
Local
Government
Bodies
ConductDamageAssessmentsurvey
forWatersupplyfacilitiesanddevelop
Planstorestoreandrehabilitatewater
andsanitationsectorfacilitiesatall
levelscoveringearthquakeaffected
areas
DMB,DPHE
Local
Government
Bodies,
WASA
Conductperiodicqualitycheckof
watersources,portablewater
containersanddisposalofwaste
WASA,
LocalGovt.
Bodies
EarlyRecoveryPhase
Globalcluster
partners
UNICEF,
WorldBank
ADP,GOJ
OthersNGO,
INGO,BDRCS
DMB,DOE,DPHE
3.2ImmediateResponsePlan
The total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated at
around870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.Thisisestimated
as50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandthe
remaining 50% will manage their shelter in their relatives and other places. Open
spaces within the city corporation area that are more than 2500 square meters
(Area with capacity for sheltering 500 families or more) are mapped and their
shelter capacities are calculated. Area of different evacuation spaces, population
holding capacities and the emergency water needed in different evacuation spaces
aregiveninTable32below.ThetotalopenspaceswithintheDhakacityhaveonly
aboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.
Table32:RequirementofEmergencyWaterinDifferentEvacuationSpaces
Evacuation
Area(m2)
PopulationHoldingCapacity EmergencyWater
(m3)
Space
1
2
3
4
5
64157
59836
81509
677244
60265
7129
6648
9057
75249
6696
107
100
136
1129
100
17
Evacuation
Space
Area(m2)
6
128245
7
119715
8
809639
9
31132
10
25125
11
145079
12
32601
13
44054
TotalPopulationEvacuatedinOpen
SpacesInsideDhakaCityCorporation
AreaandtheNeededEmergencyWater
PopulationHoldingCapacity EmergencyWater
(m3)
14249
214
13302
200
89960
1349
3459
52
2792
42
16120
242
3622
54
4895
73
253178
3798
Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresabout3800cubicmetersof
emergency water with the rate of 15 liters per capita per day. Total Population
needing Evacuation Shelter is about 870,000 so the immediate shelter needing
populationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithinDhakacitycorporationareais
616822andneedtobeprovidedwithimmediateshelterinthesheltercampsnear
toCityCorporation.Thepopulationwhoaretakenoutsiderequireabout9,250cubic
meters of water per day. So the total emergency water needed in the emergency
sheltersisabout13,000cubicmetersperday.
Prepositioning of this amount of the water at the above planned spaces is before
earthquake is the most appropriate way to provide immediate emergency water.
CalculatedamountofrequiredprepositionedwaterisgiveninMap3ofAnnexII.
Tomanagetoiletsintheimmediatesheltersspacesisthemainchallengerelatedto
sanitation.Spherestandarddemandonetoiletforeach20peopleintheemergency
shelter. The calculation shows that about 12,700 toilets are needed in the open
spaceswithinDhakaCityandadditional30,700toiletsneedtoplanforthepeopleof
DhakawhoneedimmediateshelteroutsideDhakacity.
The numbers of toilets required in different open spaces are given in Table 33
belowandinMap7ofAnnexII.
Table33:RequirementofNumberofToilet
Evacuation
Space
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Area_m2
64157
59836
81509
677244
60265
128245
119715
809639
PopulationHoldingCapacity Requirednumberof
Toilets
7129
356
6648
332
9057
453
75249
3762
6696
335
14249
712
13302
665
89960
4498
18
Evacuation
Area_m2
Space
9
31132
10
25125
11
145079
12
32601
13
44054
TotalPopulationEvacuatedinOpen
SpacesInsideDhakaCityCorporation
Area
TotalPopulationneedingEvacuation
Shelter
Shelterneedingpopulationexceeded
theopenspacecapacitywithncity
corporationarea
PopulationHoldingCapacity Requirednumberof
Toilets
3459
173
2792
140
16120
806
3622
181
4895
245
253178
12659
870000
616822
30841
3.3EarlyRecoveryPlan
3.3.1HumanResources,MaterialsandCostPlanning
Assumptions:
HumanresourcesrequiredforrepairofPotableWaterandWastewaterPipeline:
12and10diameterpipes:4personsfor24hours
6and8diameterpipes:4personsfor8hour
Inaverage16hours(2days)for4personcrewtorepaironebreak.
Humanresourcesrequiredforrepairandconstructionoftheotherfacilitiesdependsonthe
sizeofthefacilities.Agroupofabout1020skilledmasonsarerequiredfromaweekto6
monthsforrepairandreconstructionofthefacilities.
Inaverage,15personsfor3daystorepairawell,15persons for3daystorepairapump
and 15 persons for 3 Months to repair an overhead tank has been assumed to calculate
human resources required. Table 32 gives the required human resources and the repair
cost.
Table25HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingPotableWaterSupply
Pipeline
Component
Total
Length
(km)
Total
Losses
(thou
$)
Total
Repairs
Pipeline
1120
1,612
350
RequiredNumberofSkilled
PeopletoRepairtheDamage
inSpecifiedTime
7Days
14Days 30days
400
200
93
Repair
Unit
Cost
(thou
$)
Repair
Cost
(thou
$)
Materials
Required
0.70
245
Torepair
350
Breaks
19
Table25HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingWasteWaterPipeline
Component
Total
Length
(km)
Total
Losses
(thou
$)
Total
Repairs
Pipeline
396
3,175
466
RequiredNumberofSkilled
PeopletoRepairtheDamage
inSpecifiedTime
7Days
14Days 30days
533
266
Repair
Unit
Cost
(thou
$)
Repair
Cost
(thou
$)
Materials
Required
0.70
326
Torepair
466
Breaks
124
Table26HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingPotableWaterSupply
SystemFacilities
Component
OverHeadTank
Total
Number
36
TotalNumberof
Facilities
Requiring
Repairs
25
FunctionalityProbabilityat
Day1
Repair
UnitCost
(thou$)
Repair
Cost
(thou$)
7days
14Days
30days
4773
2387
1114
160
3960
Pump
342
90
575
288
134
150
13425
Well
368
32
207
104
48
63
2027
Table27HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingWasteWaterSystem
Facilities
Component
Total
Number
LiftStation
13
TotalNumberof
Facilities
Requiring
Repairs
11
Treatment
Plant
0.25
FunctionalityProbabilityat
Day1
7days
14Days
30
days
71
35
17
Repair
UnitCost
(thou$)
Repair
Cost
(thou$)
160
1760
60000
15000
The total number of skilled/trained workers required for repairing the Potable
water and Waste water system within Dhaka city corporation area after an
earthquakeisabout1800peopleperdaytorepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitis
planned to repair in 14 days, it require about 900 skilled workers per day and
requireabout420peopleworkingperdaytorepairthesystemin30daystime.
Skilledworkersrequiredtorepairoverheadwatertankandwastewatertreatment
plantisnotcalculatedhere,asitrequirethousandsofskilledworkersifplannedto
repairwithinamonth,whichispracticallynotpossibleevenifplanned.Itrequires
36monthstorepairtheoverheadtanksandtreatmentplant,eveniftherequired
manpowerisavailable.
The total estimated cost require for repairs is about 27 Million US Dollars. It is
assumed that the repair cost for the waste water treatment plant, probability of
20
whichtobefunctionalaftertheearthquakeis4060%hasbeenassumedthat25%
ofthereplacementcost.
Theequipmentandmaterialsarenotdetailedandrequiresfurtherdetailingduring
planrevision.
3.3.2PrioritiesforEarlyRecovery
Thefirstpriorityaftertheimmediateresponseistostarttherecoveryofthecritical
elements within the system. Following are the proposed priorities actions for
effectiverecovery:
PotableWaterSupplySystem:
Priority1:RepairWells
Priority2:RepairPumps
Priority3:RepairMainPipelines
Priority4:RepairPipelines
Priority5:RepairOverheadTanks
Priority6:Repairothercomponents
WasteWaterSystem:
Priority1:RepairTreatmentPlant
Priority2:RepairLiftStations
Priority3:RepairPipeline
21
LegalProvisionsandOrganizationalSetup
4.1 LegalProvisions,AuthorityandnationallevelDMFunctionsofthe
Agency
Organizational setup of the Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority: The
ManagingDirector,DWASAisresponsibleforImplementationofallWaterSupply&
Sewerage related programs & to provide technical guidance to the Ministry. Four
Deputy Managing Directors are assigned to work under the Managing Director,
DWASA.
With regard to Disaster Management, the Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage
Authorityistoprovideefficientwatersupplytoalllevelsofvictims.
4.2 The Major roles assigned to the agency in relation to National

EarthquakeContingencyPlan
The agency level responsibility of DWASA with regards to Earthquake Risk

Managementistoensuremanagementofsituationofmasscasualtiesandtreatment
of victims as a result of Earthquakes and major aftershocks and as a result of co
lateral hazards. The main roles assigned to DWASA in relation to National
EarthquakeContingencyPlanaretoensure:
Watersupply&drainage
Sewerage
Wastedisposal
Epidemiccontrol
Immunization
4.3 The support roles assigned to agency under National Earthquake

ContingencyManagementPlan
AstrongNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanisconsideredtobeaonethatisbuilt
onafoundationforDRMthatpromotes
Preventingoutbreakofepidemics
Appropriatecommandandcontrolmechanism
Efficient,effectivecollaboration&coordination
Trust,mutualrespectandunderstandingamongallstakeholders
Arrangements for sharing of resources and experience that will result in a
highest level of safety and security of citizens of Bangladesh from
Earthquakesatalltimes
22
4.4 Agency level structure for Command, control and coordination within
theorganizationandwithoutsideagencies
The Organogram of the Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority is given as
follows:
Source:DWASA,2008
Command,controlandcoordinationmechanismforDWASAwithregardtoDisaster
Managementareasfollows:
OverallSupervision:ManagingDirector,DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority
FocalPoint:DeputyManagingDirector(O&M),DWASA
Management support: Deputy Managing Director (RP&D), Deputy Managing
Director(Finance),DeputyManagingDirector(Admin)
Monitoring:ChiefEngineer(O&M),AdditionalChiefEngineer(RP&D)
TheResponseActionofDWASAcanbeexpressedasunder:
Initial Action: Managing Director calls Officials of DWASA and other concern
Agencies
ContinuingAction:
SituationAssessment
Activate&deployofWaterandSanitationResponseTeam
CoordinationofRequestsforPotableWaterandSanitationattheCitylevel
23
FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedfortheAgency
FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedforthe
Agency
5.1
EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroups
PreparednessandMitigationPhase(normaltimeactivities)
ToensurethisContingencyplanningasaforwardplanningprocess,itisobviousto
agreeuponspecificscenariosandobjectives.AneffectivePotentialResponseSystem
has to be put in place in order to prevent, or better respond to, an emergency or
criticalsituation.Inthisregard,DWASAneedstoaccomplishthefollowingactivities
wellbeforetheearthquakeevent.
ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning
Developandregularlyupdatecontingencyplan
Conductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforplanupdate
Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the sector for
respondingtoearthquakeevents
ActivitiesrelatedtoWaterSupply&Sewerage
DevelopContingencyPlansforearthquakerisk
ConductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforPlanupdate
Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the (WASA) for
respondingtoearthquakeevents
ActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase
Developproceduresandguidelinesforrecoveryprojectsinwatersupplyand
Seweragefacilitiestoreducefuturedamages
Develop procedures for integrating seismic safety in recovery programs in
watersupply&Seweragesector
Develop capacity building programs for professionals to integrate seismic
safetyandimprovepreparedness
5.2
EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroups
Responsephase(activitiesduringandsoonafterthedisaster
events)
Compliance with plan arrangements and reporting on the health sector
involvementinprovidinghealthcaretovictims
Compliance with Plan arrangements and reporting on the
(WASA)involvementinContingencyPlanimplementation
Activatethealertsystem
MobilizetrainedTriageteamstoaffectedurbanareasandcontrolPoints.
Set up temporary health care centers for victims who do not need urgent
Medicare
24
FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedfortheAgency
Mobilize ambulance services in critical urban areas to transport sick and

injured
Resourcedeploymentforaidtoinjuredanddisposalofdead
Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreak
Arrangementsforqualitycheckofwatersourcesanddisposalofwaste
TakeactiontorestoreandrehabilitatewaterandSeweragesectorfacilities
atalllevelscoveringearthquakeaffectedareas
Rehabilitationofwatersupply,sewerage&drainagesystemwithinthecity
Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreak
Conductperiodicqualitycheckofwatersourcesanddisposalofwaste
5.3 EmergencyResponseTasksUnderRespectiveFunctionalGroups
Recoveryphase(activitiesfollowingadisasterevent)
Compliance with the plan arrangements and reporting on water supply
sectorinvolvementinprovidingemergencywatersupplytovictims
Organize project teams to conduct Detail damage assessment of all water
supply & Sewerage infrastructure and prepare for recovery program
implementation
Developguidelinesforwatersupply,sewerage&drainagesystemsforbuild
bettertakingtheimpactofpotentialearthquakes
ActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase
Conduct detail damage assessments and prepare estimates for recovery of
healthsectorbuildings&facilities
Undertakeinitiativesforintegratingseismicsafetyinrecoveryprogramsfor
healthsectorbuildings&facilities
Report results of rapid damage assessment of water supply, sewerage &
drainagesystems
25
OperatingProcedureGuidelines
6.1
Planningassumptions
The agency level responsibility of Utilities and Service agencies (water supply,
gas,electricitysupplyandtelecommunications)withregardstoEarthquakeRisk
Managementistoensurequickrestorationofservicesandfacilitiesandextent
assistanceinevacuation,Search&Rescueoperations,transportationofrelief&
welfareitemsaswelltohelpinMedicalFirstResponsetoalllevelsofvictimsof
earthquake disaster. Agreed actions listed in the National level Plan during
normal times should be covered comprehensively during Agency level planning
bytheconcernedutilitiesandserviceagencies.Thelevelofpreparednessatany
giventimedeterminesthelevelofresponsecapacityoftheutilitiesandservice
agenciesduringanyEarthquakedisastersituation.Themaintenanceofstandards
of services and redness during normal times can be demonstrated through
verification of effectiveness through simulations and conduct of regular stock
taking and regular reporting. This ensures the response capacity of the utilities
andserviceagenciestoanydisastersituation.
Foreffectivepreparedness,theutilitiesandserviceagenciesmusthaveaclearly
definedEarthquakeContingencyPlan,inordertoavoidconfusionand,improve
efficiencyincostandtime
Operating procedures for mobilizing staff, manpower, and material during

various stages of earthquake emergency response should be identified by the
respectiveagenciesintheAgencylevelEarthquakeContingencyPlan.Allutilities
andserviceagenciesarerequiredtostudytheNationalEarthquakeContingency
Plan and adopt appropriate measures to ensure the uninterrupted services by
respectiveagencyduringpostearthquakeperiod.
Also the agencies should ensure the utilities and service agencies have taken
maximumefforttocontroltheoccurrenceoroutbreakandanykindofspreadof
collateralhazardeventssuchasfireoutbreaks
OrientationandtrainingforimplementationoftheEarthquakeContingencyPlan
and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the utilities and
service agencies prepared for meeting the needs to act in Earthquake events.
Specialskillsrequiredduringearthquakeemergencyresponseoperationsneedto
be imparted to the officials and the staff of utilities and service agencies.
Selectedpersonnelcanbedeputedfortraining
A designated officer from each organization listed under utilities and service
agencies at national level should take the role of as "NODAL OFFICER Water
Supply & Drainage. In the similar way the officers should be designated as
26
"OfficerinchargeWatersupply&Drainageatthecityleveltotakechargeof
EarthquakeContingencyPlanrelatedfunctions.
6.2
Measuresshouldbeundertakentoenhancethecapacityofutilitiesandservice
agenciesregularlyintermsofmanpower,equipment,materialetctorespondto
anEarthquakedisaster.
Normaltimeactivities
Assesspreparednesslevelandreportthesameasperthereportingformatsto
NationalEmergencyOperationCentre(EOC)everysixmonths
Conducttrainingandcapacitybuildingprogramstoprovidenecessaryskillsand
knowledge on handling utilities and service agencies issues during Earthquake
emergency
Obtain maps of all supply routes, operational areas of utilities and services by
respectiveagenciesandstorethemcarefullysothatitcanbemadeavailableto
authorities with short notice after Earthquake emergency. Keep and maintain
Earthquake Contingency plans with spatial databases so that in case of severe
damagetoutilitiesandservicesaquickassessmentcouldbeundertakenbythe
respective authorities to establish most essential services within the shortest
timeperiod.
MaintainalistofEarthquakeDisasterproneareasinthecitylevelandconduct
simulations to verify the preparedness level to respond to earthquake events
(especiallyinvolvetheEmergencyrepairandmaintenanceteamsinsimulations)
Appoint and designate the Emergency Repair teams and develop database of
suchofficerswithcontactnumbers.Developacoordinationmechanismbetween
utilities and service agencies and response agencies. Develop and maintain
database of heavy machinery(specify the number, location, etc)belong to the
respectiveInstitutionthatcanbeusedduringemergencies
Conduct verification of stocks of spare parts and material necessary for

restorationofutilitiesandservicesbyrespectiveagencies.
Conductvulnerabilityassessmentofbuildingsandmakearrangementstoensure
critical facilities and buildings will be under safe conditions during Earthquake
emergencies.
27
6.3
ActivitiesonreceiptofnoticeofActivationifNationalEarthquake
ContingencyPlan
All personnel from Utilities & lifelines services required for Earthquake
Emergencyresponseshouldworkundertheoverallsupervisionandguidanceof
Response Commander of the respective area. Within the affected area all
availablepersonnelfromUtilities&lifelinesserviceswillbemadeavailabletothe
Response Commander of the respective area. If more personnel are required,
thenoutofstationorthoseonleavemayberecalled.
Establish radio communications between Utilities & lifelines services and

Emergency operations centre and other relevant officials to provide necessary
assistancebyestablishinguninterruptedservicestoaffectedareas.Theswitching
offof supplytodesignatedareasshouldbetakencareofinordertoavoidfire
outbreaks.
All relevant department vehicles should be fueled and parked in the protected
arrearssothattheycanbeusedforemergencyresponseduties.
Maintenanceandrepairmenshouldbeinstructedtoassembleandcheckrepair
equipment and ready to be dispatched to affected areas for restoration of
Utilities&lifelinesservices.Plansshouldbedevelopedforsendingauxiliarystaff
and repairmen into the affected areas to assist local staff in restoration of
Utilities & lifelines services when required. Every work gang should have tools
whichwillbeneededinanemergency.
Thespecialservicepersonalwithresponsibilitiesforcutofservices,switchingoff
supply lines etc should be given special training and they should liaise with
relevant officials from Fire service and civil defense and other emergency
response agencies in case of fire out break in order to bring the events under
controlwithoutspreadingittootherareas.
Contingency plans should be established for providing food and emergency

shelterforlocalstaff,andforauxiliarystaffbeingsentintotheaffectedareafor
restorationofsupplylines,repairs,switchingoffthesupplylinesetc.
Arrangements have to be made to assist the increased volume of traffic for

telecommunicationservices.Ifnecessarydedicatedlinesshouldbeassignedand
operated for the use by emergency response personal from first responder
agencies.Mobilephoneoperatorshaverestrictionstoreducetheinflowofcalls
andtoservetheemergencyservicepersonal.
A rapid assessment of the number and location of landslides, damage power

connections,waterlines,telephoneconnections,gassupplylines,areasaffected
28
byliquefaction,subsidenceandplacescoveredwithdebrisshouldbecarriedout,
toensureatleastaminimumlevelofutilitiesandservicesduringanemergency
situation. Public announcements should be provided through media at regular
intervalstoinformthepublicaboutthedisruptionofservices.Personalinvolved
in operation of underground water supply schemes, power supply schemes etc
shouldbegivenstrictadvisesforavoidingfloodingofequipment.
Emergency instructions for services and utilities should be developed. All staff
should be well trained to implement the emergency supply systems of utilities
andlifelineservices.
Within the emergency operating framework, emergency procedures should be

developedtoprovidetheutilitiesandlifelineserviceswithauthority,todispatch
or Holt services and take other emergency decisions in a disaster threatening
situation to provide temporary services to hospitals, schools and evacuation
centers,police,AFD,FS&CDetc.Ifhaltingorterminationofutilitiesandservices
is intended for certain areas, arrangements for alternate means of supply to
criticalfacilities,VIPsetcmustbeensured.
Polythene or other material should be acquired for the protection of very

essentialvaluableequipmentssuchastransformers,controllingstations,pumps,
storage tanks etc. All perishable and breakable items should be loaded in to
lorries,transported,storedandpadlockedinsaferareas
Reserve stocks of fuel should be checked. Additional stand by generators,

pumping stations etc should be transported and placed to ensure supply to
critical facilities such as hospitals, cams for displaced, police etc. Where
necessaryattemptsshouldbemadetoprepositionedgenerators,watersupply
wells,tanks,transportationvehicles,etc.
Inspection of all supply lines, by appropriate specialists and engineers shall be

carried out to ascertain the damage levels. A full check on all concrete and
steelworks should be included, and any repairs needed should be promptly
carriedout.
Emergencyrepairsofservicelinesandutilitiesifaffected,mustbecarriedout
29
ReadinessChecklist
ReadinessChecklist
7.1 ReadinessChecklistandReportingFormats
PreparednessCheckListforDWASA
Preparednessmeasurestaken
AllstaffofDWASAarefamiliarwiththisplanaswellascity
levelcontingencyplan
OrientationandtrainingforimplementationofEarthquake
Contingencyplanandproceduresundertakenatdifferentlevel
Specialskillsrequiredduringemergencyoperationsimparted
tothedesignatedofficialsandthestaff
Prepositioningoftheemergencywateratdifferentevacuation
spacesiscarriedout
Equipmentandcostrequireforearlyrecoveryofwaterand
sewersystemareplanned
Overheadtanks,liftstationsandsewertreatmentplantare
assessedindetailandthefacilitiesareretrofittedaccordingly
Reviewedandupdated
- Precautionarymeasuresandproceduresfor
coordinationbetweendifferentutilityandlifeline
serviceagenciesduringearthquakeemergencies
- Alistofspecialemergencyrestorationteams,the
databaseonheavyequipment,spareparts
neededforquickrestorationofutilitiesand
lifelineservicesunderrelevantagency
- Trainingandcapacitybuildingprograms,Plans
toconductroutinesimulations
- theprecautionstobetakentoavoidfireout
breaks,floodsinsidebuildingsetc
- theprecautionstobetakentoprotectequipment
duringearthquakeemergencies
- procedureforassessmentofdamagesto
buildingsandgrantingpermissiontousethem
afterinspection
- Thepostdisasterprocedurestobefollowed.
ReportedBy:
Designation:
Signature:
Date:
Details/Remarks
30
AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,
PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments
AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,Awareness
Creation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,Resource
MobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments
8.1 Assessment of Existing Capacity (Man power, equipment and
material)
DWASA was created in 1963 as a public utility under the Ministry of Local
Government, Rural Development and Cooperative, in charge of providing water
supplyandsewerageservicesintheMetropolitanareaofDhaka.In1996theWASA
ActwasamendedinordertograntmoreautonomytoDWASAbyreconstitutingand
strengthening the Board, introducing commercial regulations and reducing
government role. The Act clearly defines the mandate of the Board and Managing
DirectorofDWASA,theircompetenciesandresponsibilitiesinthemattersrelatedto
procurement, budget approval, recruitment, staff promotion and definition of
salariesandbenefits.
8.2 GapAnalysis(Manpower,equipmentandmaterial)
Followingsarethekeyelementsidentifiedtoenhancetheemergencypreparedness
forasustainableresponse.
Typeofgap
Description
General
Training&
Capacity
Building
Coordination
among
stakeholders
Public
awareness
Equipments
Remarks
Difficulties for compliance to the

StandardOperationProcedure(SOP)of
DWASAsinceEarthquakeaspectisnot
coveredadequately.
Thereisnojobdescriptionforalllevels
of Disaster Management Personnel
insidetheDWASA.
Limited training programs are
conductedbytheDWASA
Needsspecificjob
descriptionsareneededto
incorporateintotheSOP.
Needtoprepare
earthquake&tsunami
responseplanseparately.
There have minimum coordination all

stakeholders (DMB, CDMP, LGRD/Civil
Admin./Fire Service & Civil Defense/
Army/NGOs/CBOs and other relevant
ministries)
No regular coordination at all level
with GO, NGO Donors for Disaster
management
There are very few training activities
on capacity building and regular Mock
drill for preparedness for any
impending disasters and postdisaster
WaterSupply&Sewagemanagement.
There are scarcity of medical
equipments such as transports,
An effective internal &

external
Coordination
Mechanism needs to be
developed.
TrainingInstituteneeds
tobeestablishedw
DWASA.
Needstoconducttrainings
&Mockdrillsregularlyfor
emergency
disaster
preparedness.
Needs assessment has to
beconductedbasedonthe
31
AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,
PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments
Typeofgap
Description
Remarks
medicine, mobile hospitals, emergency

medicines,trainedmanpoweretc.
8.3 Processforaddressingthegaps
possible
worstcase
scenarios
and
then
required resources has to
bemobilized.
Enhanced capability of the Water Supply and Sewage sector to effectively address
theriskstoemergenciesthrough:
Development of an integrated emergency Water Supply management

mechanism that covers areas of risk assessment, capacity building, public
awarenessaswellaseffectiveemergencyresponsecapability;
Using Water Supply & Sewage mapping" as a useful operational tool for the
riskassessmentofthehazardproneareas;
Development of technical guidelines, and surveillance standards in order to
promotebestWaterSupplypracticeduringhumanitariancrisissituation;
Capacitybuildingforrapidneedsassessmentfollowinganyemergencyinorder
to ensure that the most vulnerable population benefit from the humanitarian
reliefProgramme.
8.4 ActionPlanforEnhancementofCapacity
Establishment of core group at periphery level including all stakeholders

(DMB,
CDMP,
LGRD/Civil
Admin./Fire
Service
&
Civil
Defense/Army/NGOs/CBOsandotherrelevantministries)
Enhanced the national capacity of disaster mitigation in respect of planning
and responding to disasters, like Earthquakes and Tsunamis by preparing
Earthquake/TsunamiResponsePlan
Conductandassessfieldbasedsurveytofindoutvulnerabilityoftheareafor
theircapacitybuildingbytabletalk&simulationexercise.
Provide more training capacity building and regular Mock drill for
preparedness for any impending disasters and postdisaster Water Supply
management.
Strengthening epidemiological surveillance as well as increase laboratory
capacity.
Ensuringadequatesupplyoflogisticslikelifejacket,raincoat,umbrella,gum
boot,andothersessentialmaterialsduringresponseactivities.
32
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34
GlossaryofTerms
GlossaryofTerms
BuildingCodes
Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insure
human safety and welfare. Building codes include both technical
andfunctionalstandards.
Capacity
Acombinationofallthestrengthsandresourcesavailablewithina
community, society or organization that can reduce the level of
risk,ortheeffectsofadisaster.
Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic
means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as
leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as
capability.
CapacityBuilding
Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures

withinacommunityororganizationneededtoreducethelevelof
risk.
In extended understanding, capacity building also includes
developmentofinstitutional,financial,politicalandotherresources,
suchastechnologyatdifferentlevelsandsectorsofthesociety.
Cluster
Aclusterisessentiallyasectoralgroupandthereshouldbeno
differentiation between the two in terms of their objectives and
activities; the aim of filling gaps and ensuring adequate
preparedness and response should be the same. (IASC Guidance
NoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)
ClusterApproach
The Cluster Approach aims to strengthen humanitarian response

capacity and effectiveness in five key ways: i) ensuring sufficient
globalcapacityisbuiltupandmaintainedinkeygapsectors/areas
of response; ii) identifying predictable leadership in the gap
sectors/areas of response; iii) facilitating partnerships and
improvedinteragencycomplementaritybymaximizingresources;
iv) strengthening accountability; and 5) improving strategic field
level coordination and prioritization in specific sectors/areas of
responsebyplacingresponsibilityforleadershipandcoordination
of these issues with the competent operational agency. (IASC
GuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)
ClusterLeads
Aclusterleadisanagency/organizationthatformallycommitsto
take on a leadership role within the international humanitarian
community in a particular sector/area of activity, to ensure
adequate response and high standards of predictability,
accountability & partnership. (IASC Guidance Note on Using the
ClusterApproachNov2006)
Disaster
Aseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofacommunityorasociety
causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or
societytocopeusingitsownresources.
A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the
combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient
35
GlossaryofTerms
capacityormeasurestoreducethepotentialnegativeconsequences
ofrisk.
DisasterRisk
Management
The systematic process of using administrative decisions,

organization, operational skills and capacities to implement
policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and
communitiestolessentheimpactsofnaturalhazardsandrelated
environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all
forms of activities, including structural and nonstructural
measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness)adverseeffectsofhazards.
DisasterRisk
Reduction(disaster
reduction)
The conceptual framework of elements considered with the

possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks
throughoutasociety,toavoid(prevention)ortolimit(mitigation
and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the
broadcontextofsustainabledevelopment.
Thedisasterriskreductionframeworkiscomposedofthefollowing
fieldsofaction,asdescribedinISDR'spublication2002"Livingwith
Risk:aglobalreviewofdisasterreductioninitiatives",page23:
Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis

andvulnerability/capacityanalysis;
Knowledge development including education, training,

researchandinformation;
Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including

organisational,policy,legislationandcommunityaction;
Application of measures including environmental

management, landuse and urban planning, protection of
critical facilities, application of science and technology,
partnershipandnetworking,andfinancialinstruments;
Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination

ofwarnings,preparednessmeasuresandreactioncapacities.
Earthquake
An earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earths surface

causedbythegenerationofelastic(seismic)wavesduetosudden
rupture within the earth during release of accumulated strain
energy.
Emergency
Management
The organization and management of resources and

responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in
particularlypreparedness,responseandrehabilitation.
Emergency management involves plans, structures and
arrangements established to engage the normal endeavours of
government,voluntaryandprivateagenciesinacomprehensiveand
coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of emergency
needs.Thisisalsoknownasdisastermanagement.
Emergency
Consistsofallactivitiestakeninanticipationofacrisistoexpedite
effectiveemergencyresponse.Thisincludescontingencyplanning,
36
GlossaryofTerms
Preparedness
butisnotlimitedtoit:italsocoversstockpiling,thecreationand
managementofstandbycapacitiesandtrainingstaffandpartners
in emergency response. (Source: ODIHPN Contingency Planning
ReviewPaper2007)
FirstResponder
The term 'first responder' refers to those agencies/ individuals

who in the early stages of an incident are responsible for the
protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and the
environment, including emergency response providers as well as
emergencymanagement,publichealth,clinicalcare,publicworks,
and other skilled support personnel (such as equipment
operators) that provide immediate support services during
prevention,response,andrecoveryoperations.
Source:HomelandSecurityActof2002(6U.S.C.101,Washington,
U.S.A.)
Geographic
informationsystems
(GIS)
Analysis that combine relational databases with spatial

interpretationandoutputsofteninformofmaps.Amoreelaborate
definition is that of computer programmes for capturing, storing,
checking, integrating, analysing and displaying data about the
earththatisspatiallyreferenced.
Geographicalinformationsystemsareincreasinglybeingutilisedfor
hazard and vulnerability mapping and analysis, as well as for the
applicationofdisasterriskmanagementmeasures.
Hazard
A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human

activitythatmaycausethelossoflifeorinjury,propertydamage,
socialandeconomicdisruptionorenvironmentaldegradation.
Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future
threats and can have different origins: natural (geological,
hydrometeorologicalandbiological)orinducedbyhumanprocesses
(environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards
canbesingle,sequentialorcombinedintheiroriginandeffects.Each
hazard is characterised by its location, intensity, frequency and
probability.
HazardAnalysis
Identification, studies and monitoring of any hazard to determine

itspotential,origin,characteristicsandbehaviour.
LandusePlanning
Branch of physical and socioeconomic planning that determines

themeansandassessesthevaluesorlimitationsofvariousoptions
in which land is to be utilized, with the corresponding effects on
different segments of the population or interests of a community
takenintoaccountinresultingdecisions.
Landuse planning involves studies and mapping, analysis of
environmentalandhazarddata,formulationofalternativelanduse
decisionsanddesignofalongrangeplanfordifferentgeographical
andadministrativescales.
Landuseplanningcanhelptomitigatedisastersandreducerisksby
discouraging highdensity settlements and construction of key
37
GlossaryofTerms
installations in hazardprone areas, control of population density
and expansion, and in the siting of service routes for transport,
power,water,sewageandothercriticalfacilities.
Mitigation
Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit the

adverseimpactofnaturalhazards,environmentaldegradationand
technologicalhazards.
NaturalHazards
Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that

mayconstituteadamagingevent.
Natural hazards can be classified by origin namely: geological,
hydrometeorological or biological. Hazardous events can vary in
magnitudeorintensity,frequency,duration,areaofextent,speedof
onset,spatialdispersionandtemporalspacing.
Planning
Assumptions
Thekeyelementsofascenariothatformthebasisfordevelopinga
contingencyplan(forexample,projectedcaseloads)(Source:IASC
ContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)
Preparedness
Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective

responsetotheimpactofhazards,includingtheissuanceoftimely
and effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of
peopleandpropertyfromthreatenedlocations.
Prevention
Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of

hazards and means to minimize related environmental,
technologicalandbiologicaldisasters.
Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefit
considerations,investinginpreventivemeasuresisjustifiedinareas
frequently affected by disasters. In the context of public awareness
andeducation,relatedtodisasterriskreductionchangingattitudes
andbehaviourcontributetopromotinga"cultureofprevention".
Recovery
Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to

restoring or improving the predisaster living conditions of the
stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary
adjustmentstoreducedisasterrisk.
Recovery(rehabilitationandreconstruction)affordsanopportunity
todevelopandapplydisasterriskreductionmeasures.
Relief/Response
Theprovisionofassistanceorinterventionduringorimmediately
afteradisastertomeetthelifepreservationandbasicsubsistence
needs of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, short
term,orprotractedduration.
Resilience/Resilient The capacity of a system, community or society potentially

exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to
reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and
structure. This is determined by the degree to which the social
system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for
learning from past disasters for better future protection and to
improveriskreductionmeasures.
38
GlossaryofTerms
Retrofitting
(orupgrading)
Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant and

resilienttotheforcesofnaturalhazards.
Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness,
damping, load path and ductility of materials, as well as radical
changes such as the introduction of energy absorbing dampers and
base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes the
considerationofwindloadingtostrengthenandminimizethewind
force,orinearthquakeproneareas,thestrengtheningofstructures.
Risk
The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses

(deaths,injuries,property,livelihoods,economicactivitydisrupted
or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between
naturalorhumaninducedhazardsandvulnerableconditions.
Conventionally
risk
is
expressed
by
the
notation
Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include the
concept of exposure to refer particularly to the physical aspects of
vulnerability.
Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial to
recognize that risks are inherent or can be created or exist within
socialsystems.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesocialcontextsinwhich
risks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share the
sameperceptionsofriskandtheirunderlyingcauses.(Source:ISDR)
Risk
A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by
Assessment/Analysis analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of
vulnerabilitythatcouldposeapotentialthreatorharmtopeople,
property,livelihoodsandtheenvironmentonwhichtheydepend.
Theprocessofconductingariskassessmentisbasedonareviewof
both the technical features of hazards such as their location,
intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of the
physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions of
vulnerability and exposure, while taking particular account of the
copingcapabilitiespertinenttotheriskscenarios.
Scenario
An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that could

occur, which forms the basis for planning assumptions (for
example,ariverfloods,coveringanearbytownandwipingoutthe
local populations crop) (Source: IASC Contingency Planning
Guidelines2001)
Scenariobuilding
Theprocessofdevelopinghypotheticalscenariosinthecontextof
a contingency planning exercise. (Source: IASC Contingency
PlanningGuidelines2001)
SeismicHazard
Seismic hazard in the context of engineering design is defined as

the predicted level of ground acceleration which would be
exceededwith10%probabilityatthesiteunderconstructiondue
tooccurrenceofearthquakeanywhereintheregion,inthenext50
years.
Sustainable
Development that meets the needs of the present without
39
GlossaryofTerms
development
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of
"needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to
which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of
limitations imposed by the state of technology and social
organizationontheenvironment'sabilitytomeetpresentandthe
futureneeds.(BrundtlandCommission,1987).
Sustainable development is based on sociocultural development,
political stability and decorum, economic growth and ecosystem
protection,whichallrelatetodisasterriskreduction.
Vulnerability
The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and

environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibilityofacommunitytotheimpactofhazards.
Forpositivefactors,whichincreasetheabilityofpeopletocopewith
hazards,seedefinitionofcapacity.
40

Earthquake Contingency Plan For Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWSSA)

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Earthquake Contingency Plan For Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWSSA)

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GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

Figure 2.3 Liquefaction Susceptibility Map

Vulnerability is assessed from the characteristics of potable water pipeline and

Effect and impact of an earthquake towards the transportation and lifeline

4.2 The Major roles assigned to the agency in relation to National

The agency level responsibility of DWASA with regards to Earthquake Risk

4.3 The support roles assigned to agency under National Earthquake

Mobilize ambulance services in critical urban areas to transport sick and

Operating procedures for mobilizing staff, manpower, and material during

Conduct verification of stocks of spare parts and material necessary for

Establish radio communications between Utilities & lifelines services and

Contingency plans should be established for providing food and emergency

Arrangements have to be made to assist the increased volume of traffic for

A rapid assessment of the number and location of landslides, damage power

Within the emergency operating framework, emergency procedures should be

Polythene or other material should be acquired for the protection of very

Reserve stocks of fuel should be checked. Additional stand by generators,

Inspection of all supply lines, by appropriate specialists and engineers shall be

Difficulties for compliance to the

There have minimum coordination all

An effective internal &

medicine, mobile hospitals, emergency

Development of an integrated emergency Water Supply management

Establishment of core group at periphery level including all stakeholders

Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures

The Cluster Approach aims to strengthen humanitarian response

The systematic process of using administrative decisions,

The conceptual framework of elements considered with the

Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis

Knowledge development including education, training,

Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including

Application of measures including environmental

Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination

An earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earths surface

The organization and management of resources and

The term 'first responder' refers to those agencies/ individuals

Analysis that combine relational databases with spatial

A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human

Identification, studies and monitoring of any hazard to determine

Branch of physical and socioeconomic planning that determines

Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit the

Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that

Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective

Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of

Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to

Resilience/Resilient The capacity of a system, community or society potentially

Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant and

The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses

An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that could

Seismic hazard in the context of engineering design is defined as

Development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and

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