Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000

REVISION NO.: 6

EXAMPLE 1-002
FRAME - TEMPERATURE LOADING

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The various types of frame temperature loads that can be modeled in SAP2000
are tested in this example using a cantilever beam and a propped cantilever beam.
The beam is a 2 inch wide by inch deep rectangular section.

In SAP2000, three types of temperature loads can be applied on a frame element:

an overall change in temperature; a temperature variation along the element
length in the local 1 direction; and a temperature gradient perpendicular to the
element length (local 2 or 3 directions).

For this example, each of these types of temperature loads is applied separately
to both the cantilever beam and the propped cantilever beam. The free-end
displacements in the cantilever beam model and the end reaction in the propped
cantilever beam model are compared to independent hand calculated results.

Important Note: Shear deformations are ignored in this analysis. In SAP2000

this is achieved by setting the property modification factor for shear to 0.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

10" 2
Material Properties
C
Z E = 29,000 k/in2
3 α = 0.0000065 /°F
3"

Model A
X C Section Properties
2"
C A = 6 in2
I = 4.5 in4
Section C-C

C Model B
Temperature Loads
Load Case 1: Increase of 20 °F
Load Case 2: Variation along local 1-axis (X-axis) of 2 °F per inch of element length (20 °F in all)
Load Case 3: Gradient along 2-axis (bending about 3-axis) of 20 °F per linear inch (60 °F in 3“ of
section height)

EXAMPLE 1-002 - 1
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAP2000 TESTED

 The specification of
 Joint patterns
 The application of
 Temperature increase
 Transverse temperature gradient
 The calculation of
 Displacements in free expansion
 Reaction forces in restrained cases caused by temperature loads

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results for load cases 1 and 2 are hand calculated using standard
thermal expansion formulas. Results for load case 3 in Model B are hand
calculated using Table 3 items 6a and 6c on page 107 in Roark and Young 1975.

Model A: Free-End Cantilever

Load Output Percent

Case Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference

1 Ux (free end) (in) 0.00130 0.00130 0%

2 Ux (free end) (in) 0.00065 0.00065 0%

3 Uz (free end) (in) -0.00650 -0.00650 0%

Model B: Propped Cantilever

Load Output Percent

Case Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference

1 Fx (at prop) (kips) -22.62 -22.62 0%

2 Fx (at prop) (kips) -11.31 -11.31 0%

3 Fz (at prop) (kips) 2.545 2.545 0%

EXAMPLE 1-002 - 2
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6

COMPUTER FILE: Example 1-002a, Example 1-002b

CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results and the independent results match exactly.

EXAMPLE 1-002 - 3
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6

HAND CALCULATION

EXAMPLE 1-002 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6

EXAMPLE 1-002 - 5