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Biodiversity
BioD

6Mar12

Biodiversity.ppt

What do you think biodiversity


means?

Biodiversity
What does Bio mean?

Bio =

Biodiversity
What does Diversity mean?

Diversity = Variety

What is biodiversity?
OED:biodiversity Ecol.,diversityofplantand
animallife,asrepresentedbythenumberof
extantspecies
Ricklefs &Miller:Biodiversityincludesanumber
ofdifferentlevelsofvariationinthenatural
world:genetic,species,ecosystem
Begon etal. Thetermmaybeusedtodescribe
thenumberofspecies,theamountofgenetic
variationorthenumberofcommunitytypes
presentinanarea.
Butmoststudiesdofocusonspeciesdiversity

Variety of biodiversity
Variety of living things,
number of kinds
Ecological diversity
different habitats, niches,
species interactions

Species diversity
different kinds of
organisms, relationships
among species

Genetic diversity
different genes &
combinations of genes
6Mar12

Biodiversity.ppt

Benefits of Biodiversity
Ecosystem functions
Ecosystem services
Cleaning water, habitat & breeding
areas for wildlife Ecosystem services
are defined as the processes and
conditions of natural ecosystems that
support human activity and sustain
human life
E.g., maintenance of soil fertility, climate
regulation, natural pest control, flows of
ecosystem goods such as food, timber ,
and freshwater

Aesthetic and
cultural benefits
6Mar12

Biodiversity.ppt

Benefits of Biodiversity
New food sources
Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish

6Mar12

Biodiversity.ppt

Benefits of Biodiversity
Medicines
Plants
Jellyfish & sea
anemones

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Biodiversity.ppt

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FunctionalConsequencesof
Biodiversity:
Numbers and
Kinds of
Species

Organismal
traits

Ecosystem
Processes

Traits and Ecosystem


Function
Traitsmaymediateenergyandmaterialflowdirectly
Traitsmayalterabioticconditions(limiting
resources,disturbance,microclimate)
Abiotic,nonlivingphysicalandchemicalattributeof
asystem,forexamplelight,temperature,wind
patterns,rocks,soil,pH,pressure,etc.inan
environment.

Trait Is Determined By:

Speciesrichness
Speciesevenness
Speciescomposition
Speciesinteraction
Temporalandspatialvariation

How much biodiversity


9 1.72.0 million species
9 Estimates to 100 million

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Biodiversity.ppt

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Where is the biodiversity


Everywhere
Every continent and habitat
has unique life forms

Concentrated in the
tropics
Panama: > 500 species of
breeding birds
Arctic: 50-100 species
Dense concentrations

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Threats to biodiversity
Habitat destruction
Pollution
Global Climate Change
Exploitation

Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction and
population reductions
Hunting and
overharvesting
Tiger
Whales
Sharks

Habitat loss

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Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction and
population reductions
Pollution
Climate change
Invasive species

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Biodiversity:
Who cares?

Which do you like better?

Whichdoyoulikebetter?

Whichdoyoulikebetter?

Whichdoyoulikebetter?

Whichismorediverse?

Whichismorediverse?

Whichismorediverse?

Whichismorediverse?

Whichhasmoreculturaldiversity?

Whichhasmorebiodiversity?

Whichhasmorebiodiversity?

Protecting Biodiversity
How can we protect
biodiversity
Stop overharvesting
Sustainable yield
Hunting & fishing laws
(every state ?)
in developing nations ?

Refuges, parks,
preserves
Endangered Species Act

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Protecting Biodiversity
Refuges, parks, preserves
How big should refuges be?
Where should they be?
McArthur & Wilson Theory of Island
Biogeography
colonization rate
extinction rate (local)
predicts number of species

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Protecting Biodiversity
Effect of island size

6Mar12

Effect of island distance

Biodiversity.ppt

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Protecting Biodiversity
McArthur & Wilson
Theory of Island
Biogeography
colonization rate
extinction rate (local)
predicts number of
species

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Protecting Biodiversity
Island Biogeography
Island size predicts number of species

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Protecting Biodiversity
Island Biogeography
Everyplace is an island
Habitat fragmentation
Smaller fragments hold
fewer species

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Protecting Biodiversity
How can we protect
biodiversity
Endangered Species Act
(1973)

http://www.fws.gov/
endangered/

Listing of endangered and


threatened species
Restricts development of
habitats
Captive breeding programs
Release of captive bred
stocks to enhance or
recover wild populations.
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Protecting Biodiversity
Biodiversity hotspots
Protection of habitat

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Biodiversity has Intrinsic Value


Intrinsic Value = Something that has value
in and of itself

BiodiversityalsohasutilitarianValue
UtilitarianValue=thevaluesomethinghasasa
meanstoanothersend.
Utilitarian values include:
Goods
Services
Information (Recreation, tourism)

What do we get from biodiversity?

Oxygen
Food
Clean Water
Medicine
Aesthetics
Ideas

Should we be concerned about


biodiversity?
What we know:
The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate

Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per


hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each
year.
when species of plants and animals go extinct, many
other species are affected.

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