11/12/13

Alcoholic Beverages
Wine, Beer, and Distilled Liquors
Oh my!

Alcohol
!

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Ethyl alcohol, ethanol or grain alcohol

CH3CH2OH
Absorbed from stomach into blood
Diffuses into the brain
Broken down by the liver
Ingestion greater than breakdown
Blood alcohol level rise
0.08% legally drunk <21 years old 0.01%
0.30%-0.40% toxic levels

Alcohol

Yellow = .01 - 04 Blue = .05 - .07 Black = .08 or greater

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Alcohol - Physiology
!
!

Central nervous system depressant

GABA release
Prevents neuron firing
Calmness

!
!

Glutamate release
Decrease synaptic firing
Impaired brain activity
Less muscle coordination and loss of memory

!
!
!

Dopamine and endorphin release

Activates reward system

Alcohol
!

Health benefits 1-2 drinks/day

!

Lowers risk of heart disease

!

French paradox

Less blood clots

Lower risk of gallstones

Alcohol Related Deaths

US

CDC

2001-2005
Overall

Males

Females

Chronic Causes

36643

25693

10950

Acute Causes

43731

32159

11572

Total for All Causes

80374

57852

22522

Overall

Males

Females

Chronic Causes

5222

3712

1511

Acute Causes

4634

3500

1133

Total for All Causes

9856

7212

2644

CA

2001-2005

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Alcohol
!

Harmful health effects (acute)

Accidental death by drunkenness
Binge drinking
! Overdose (stops breathing)
! Fetal alcohol syndrome
!
!

Higher crime rate

ACUTE CAUSES OF DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH

US

CA

Motor-vehicle traffic crashes

13,819

1,342

Homicide

7,787

1,094

Suicide

7,235

731

Fall injuries

5,532

474

Poisoning (not alcohol)

5,416

630

Fire injuries

1,158

78

Drowning

868

98

Alcohol poisoning

370

49

TOTAL

43,731

4,634

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

!
!
!

1/1000 live births

50% pregnancies are not planned
Caused by alcohol consumption
!
!
!

Amount
Time during pregnancy
30% of pregnant women

Surgeon General no consumption while

pregnant

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

!
!
!
!

Abnormal facial features

Small head size
Low body weight
Problems with the heart, kidney, or
bones
Poor motor coordination

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Hyperactive behavior
Difficulty paying attention
Poor memory
Intellectual disability or low IQ
Learning disabilities
Speech and language delays
Poor reasoning and judgment skills
Vision or hearing problems

Alcohol
!

Harmful health effects (chronic)

!
!
!
!

5% are alcoholics
Damages brain
Cirrhosis of the liver
Enhances cancer rate
!
!
!

!
!

Pancreatic
Liver
Breast

Inhibits immune system

Malnutrition

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Alcohol
!

Psychological problems
!
!
!
!
!
!

Suicide
Lack of motivation
Problems at work
Family problems
Crime
Alcoholism - addiction

CHRONIC CAUSES OF DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH

US

CA

Alcoholic liver disease

12,219

2,537

Liver cirrhosis unspecified

7,055

592

Alcohol dependence syndrome

3,857

554

Alcohol abuse (neurological)

2,382

261

Stroke hemorrhagic

1,847

205

Hypertension

1,544

218

Ischemic heart disease

983

112

Liver cancer

893

124

Alcoholic psychosis

751

76

Stroke ischemic

715

64

Acute pancreatitis

695

53

TOTAL

36,643

5,222

Alcohol
!

Reasons for drinking

!
!
!
!
!
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!
!
!

Social situations
Relaxation
Forget problems
Psychoactive effects
Cravings
Alcohol dependency (alcoholism)
Sensual - stimulates four senses
Taste
Medicinal use
et cetera, etc. etc.

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History
!
!

Alcohol use was excessive in U.S.

Prohibition
!
!
!

Reform movement 1840-1920

Womens Christian Temperance Union
Protect families and children fro the
excesses of alcohol abuse

Wine censors
!

School books, classical literature,

medicinal wines dropped from U.S.
pharmarcopoeia

Prohibition

Volstead National Prohibition Act and the

Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution in 1920
Forbade the "manufacture, sale, or
transportation of intoxicating liquors
Loophole allowed use of grape juice

Illegal activity sprang up

Prohibition repealed in 1933

Grape plantings increased 1919 to 1925

Gangsters and organized crime

Prohibition
!

Before 1920
!

!
!
!
!

2500 commercial wineries

1933 100 commercial wineries

1960 500 (256 CA) commercial wineries
1990 807
2009 6,705 (2972 CA) commercial
wineries
10 percent of country still dry

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Prohibition
Negative
!

!
!
!
!

Positive

Destroyed alcohol
industry
Weakened constitution
Disrespect for authority
Organized crime
Alcohol tax

!
!

Congressional
hesitance to change
constitution
Alcohol tax
Less alcohol abuse

Alcohol Sales (wine and beer)

!

Wine sales through 3-tiered system

!

!
!

Winery - distributor - retailer - consumer

Wineries have increases while distributors

have consolidated - bottleneck
Change laws to allow direct purchase from
wineries (intrastate and interstate)
37 states allow interstate sales
Felony in three states ((KY, MD, OK)

98-99% of wine still uses 3-tiered sales

Wine Sales Interstate

11/12/13

How are alcoholic beverages

produced?

Fermentation

Human Cellular Respiration

!
!

Body cells require energy (ATP)

Aerobic respiration
!
!

Most human cells

Food (glucose) + oxygen produce
carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Anaerobic metabolism
!
!

Skeletal muscle cells

Glucose produces lactic acid + ATP

Alcohol Fermentation
Microorganisms (bacteria and yeast )
! Bacteria
!
!

May produce undesirable products

Acetic acid, butyric acid, etc.

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Alcohol Fermentation
!

Yeast used for alcoholic beverages

!
!
!

Saccharomyces cervisiae or S. uuvarium

Anaerobic process
Sugar produces ethanol + CO2 + ATP
!
!
!
!

Sucrose
Glucose
Maltose
Fructose

WINE
!
!
!
!

!
!

!
!

Wine fills the heart with courage. Plato

"In wine there is truth. Pliny The Elder
"Eat the bread with joy and drink the wine with a merry heart. Bible
Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit.
Bible
"There is evil in every berry of grape." - Quran
Wine is the first weapon that devils use in attacking the young St.
Jerome
Wine is the most civilized thing in the world. Ernest Hemingway
Red red wine you make me feel so fine Bob Marley

Wine
!
!
!
!
!

Fermented fruit juice (grapes)

Grapes Vitis vinifera
Red or white grapes
Thousands of varieties
Wine formation occurred naturally

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Wine History - Archaeological

!

3,000-5,500 BCE in Persia

Egyptians

!
!

Jars with wine residue

First vine arbors and pruning
Wine jars buried in tombs for afterlife

Wine History - Greece

!
!

!
!
!

1600 BCE
Used pine pitch to seal
vessels
Retsina wines
Commerce
Medicine - Hippocrates
prescribed wine
Added herbs and spices for
flavor and mask spoilage

Wine History - Greek/Roman

!

Dionysus Greek god of wine

Bacchus Roman god of wine

Grape harvest, winemaking

and wine
Ecstasy, festivals and theatre

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Wine History - Roman

!
!
!

!
!
!
!

Didnt use pine pitch higher quality wines

Laid foundation for European wines
Increased yields through irrigation and
fertilization Classified grape varieties
Charted ripening characteristics
Identified diseases
Soil preferences
Oldest wine bottle ~325 CE

Wine History - Europe

!

Spread to France, Spain, Portugal and

Algeria
Monastic wineries and sacramental
usage preserved wine making through
the Middle Ages in Europe

Wine History - Mexico

!
!

!
!
!

Planted grapes and were successful

King of Spain forbid planting grapes in
1595 (law for 150 years)
Fear of colony becoming self sufficient
Never established wine industry
Baja Norte now major wine producer
especially Guadalupe Valley

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Guadalupe Valley

Wine History - California

!
!
!

First vineyard in San Diego 1769

Father Junipero Serra
Mission Grape variety
!
!
!
!

Vigor, strength and productivity

Major grape grown until 1890s
Weak color, bland flavor, poor acidity
Sweet wine (angelica) and brandy

Wine History - California

!

Agoston Haraszthy - Hungarian

(Ah-gush-tun Harris-tee)
!

!
!

Brought European grapes in 1850s and

1860s
300 fine varieties
Considered founder of California wine
industry

12

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Wine History
!
!
!
!
!

Phylloxera root aphid

Native of North America
Inadvertently carried to Europe
Killed European grapes
Resistant rootstocks for U.S. saved European
wine industry
Fraud and adulteration of French wines
!
!

Appellation controlee in1935

Strict guidelines for French wines

Leaf Mildew
!

Fungus Plasmopara viticola

Threatened French vineyards late
1800s
Copper fungicide

Wine History
!

European wine industry suffered

U.S. wine industry flourished

Politics (prohibition) not insects destroyed

U.S. wine industry

13

11/12/13

Wine History - California revisited

!
!

Wine quality improved

1976 two California wines outscored
French wines in Paris judging
Number of wineries and vintages
increased

Wine History - California revisited

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

61.5 billion dollars CA

121.8 billion dollars USA
3,364 licensed wineries in CA
90% of all U.S. wine
47% red wine
40% white wine
13% blush wine

Wine History - California revisited

!

Creates 330,000 jobs in California and a total

820,000 jobs nationwide.
Pays $12.3 billion in wages in California and a
total $25.8 billion nationwide.
Makes $14.7 billion in state and federal tax
payments.
Attracts 20.7 million tourists annually to all
regions of California.
Generates wine-related tourism expenditures
of $2.1 billion in California.
Gives $101.5 million in annual charitable
contributions from California wineries.

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11/12/13

Wine Production (hectoliters)

Wine Consumption (hectoliters)

Wine Consumption/capita
Country

Liters

Vatican City

66

France

53

Italy

50

Portugal

44

Spain

33

Greece

33

Argentina

27

Belgium/Romania

25

Germany

24

Australia

23

United Kingdom

19

USA

10

Brazil

15

11/12/13

Wine Making - Enology

!
!

Harvesting grapes 20%+ sugar

Crushing and pressing
!

Stomped, hand operated or electric

Wine Making - Enology

!

Fermentation
!
!

!
!

Oak or stainless steel

Add yeast and
sulfur dioxide
Continues until sugar
is has been converted
to ethanol
Sweet vs dry wines
2-6 weeks

Wine Making - Enology

Fermentation
! White wines
!
!
!
!

Red or white grapes

Juice only (no skins)
10-15o C
Longer fermentation

Red wines
!
!
!

Red grapes
Juice and skins
25-30o C

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Wine Making - Enology

!

Racking
!
!

!
!

Clarification
Filtering
!

Settling vats to to remove sedimentation

Yeast, skins, tartaric acid

To remove unwanted microbes and stop

fermentation

Pasteurization

Wine Making - Enology

!

Aging 6 -18 months

!
!

!
!

Oak barrels
Stainless steel with oak chips

Adds flavor and aroma to wine

Second fermentation for some red
wines
Add Lactobacillis to convert malic acid
to lactic acid

Wine Making - Enology

!
!

Bottling
Corks
!

!
!

Store upside
down

Screw caps
Aging in bottles

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Varieties of Wines
!

California whites
!
!
!
!

Chardonnay
French colombard
Chenin blanc
Sauvignon blanc

California reds
!
!
!
!
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Cabernet sauvignon
Zinfandel
Merlot
Rubired (blending variety)
Syrah

Wine Labeling - CA
Brand name or winery
Vintage (year) 95%
Varietal (grape type)75%
Blended

Vineyard designate 95%

Appellation (location)
State 100%
County 75%
AVA
85%

Europe
Terroir

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11/12/13

Napa Appellations
!
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Atlas Peak
Calistoga
Chiles Valley
Diamond Mountain
Howell Mountain
Los Carneros
Mt. Veeder
Napa Valley

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Oak Knoll District

Oakville
Rutherford
St. Helena
Spring Mountain
Stags Leap
Wild Horse Valley
Yountville

Napa
Appellations

San Diego
!
!

31 50 wineries
3 appellations
!
!
!

San Pasqual Valley

Ramona
South Coast

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San Diego

Champagne
A region in France
! Treaty of Madrid in 1891 and
Treaty of Versailles 1919
! No European county
! 70 countries agree with EU laws

Sparkling wines
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Champagne
Champagne
Vins Moussex
France
Cremant
France
Spumante
Italy
Cava
Spain
Sekt
Germany
U.S. didnt sign treaty
2006 cant label new sparkling wines
producers Champagne

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Sparkling Wine
Methode Champenoise (May-TUD Shahm-pen WAHZ)
! Fermentation
! Settle
! Second fermentation in bottle
! Add sugar and yeast for CO2 production
!
!

Tilt bottles to collect yeast and sediment (riddling)

Freeze neck and remove plug (disgorgement)

Sparkling Wine
Ferment in large sealed vat
! Second fermentation
Bubble with CO2

Fortified Wine
!

!
!
!

Fermented wines with distilled beverage

added usually brandy
~20% alcohol
Sherry, port, Marsala, Maderia
Vermouth and Dubonnet
!

Flavored with plants

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11/12/13

BEER
!
!
!
!
!

"He was a wise man who invented beer. Plato

The Government will fall that raises the price of beer Czech proverb
"When I read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading.
Henny Youngman
"I would kill everyone in this room for a drop of sweet beer."
-Homer Simpson
Mind your ps and qs

Beer and Ale Types

!
!
!
!

Ales
Lagers or pilsners
Specialty beers
Craft beers

Lagers
!
!
!
!
!
!

Sacccharomyces uuvarum
Bottom fermenting
Cool temperatures
Less alcohol
Lighter taste
Major beer of US

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11/12/13

Ales
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Sacccharomyces cerevisiae
Top fermenting
Warmer temperatures
Higher alcohol content
Fuller and more complex flavors
Pale ales - more hops
Porters
Stouts - highly roasted malts

Beers and Ales - Brewing

Basics
! Malting
! Drying and crushing
! Mash - grains and water added
! Brew kettle hops added and heated
! Hops removed
! Fermentation
! Aging
! Carbonation
! Bottling

Beers and Ales - Brewing

!

Malt
!
!
!

Adjuncts
!
!
!

Sprouted barley 6 days

Converts starch to sugar
Converts proteins to amino acids
Unmalted grains are added for starch
Less expensive that barley malt
Malt liquors lighter flavors

Hops
!

Female flowers added for flavor and tartness

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11/12/13

Beers and Ales - Brewing

!

Yeast added after mixture (wort) is strained

Beers and Ales - Brewing

Fermentation continues 7-10 days

Green beer
Aged for three weeks

Inactivation or removal of microbes

!
!

!
!

Insoluble proteins and polyphenols settle out

Pasteurization
Cold filtered

Carbonation

Beers and Ales - History

!

!
!
!
!
!
!
!

4000 B.C. ancient Sumerian recipe on clay

tablets
Egyptian culture
Louis Pasteur 1876 pasteurized beer
19th century lighter German pilsners
1900 1,880 breweries in America
Small and local
Saloons and Carrie Nation
Prohibition

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11/12/13

Beers and Ales - History

!

1930 - 1980 fewer, larger breweries

!
!

44 brewing companies in U.S. in 1980

Pilsner lager beers

2008 1,600 breweries in the U.S.

!
!
!

Mostly microbreweries
Greater variety of beers
23 in San Diego

Breweries

9.

Anheuser-Busch InBev
MillerCoors Brewing Co.
Pabst Brewing Co.
Boston Beer Co.
D. G. Yuengling and Son Inc.
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co.
Craft Brewers Alliance, Inc.
New Belgium Brewing Co.
High Falls Brewing Co.

10.

Spoetzl Brewery

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Beers and Ales - History

Saloons
Bottled beer 1870s
First canned beer 1935

First aluminum beer can

!
!

Krueger Cream Ale

1959 Primo

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11/12/13

Sake and Soju

Fermented rice
2 microorganisms
Fungus Aspergillus oryzae

Sacccharomyces cerevisiae

!
!

!
!

Breaks down starch

Ferments sugars

18% alcohol
Served heated or cold

Distilled Spirits
!

Distillation
!

!
!
!

The boiling of beer or wine

Alcohol lower boiling point than water

Higher alcohol content
Proof = 2 times alcoholic percent
!

90 proof = 45%

Distilled Spirits - Aged

!

Whiskeys
!
!

Fermented grains
Aged in oak or charred oak barrels

Bourbon

Rye

Scotch

51% corn
51% rye
100% malted barley

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11/12/13

Whiskey Rebellion
!

Treasurer Alexander Hamilton and federalist

party passed excise tax on whiskey
Incensed Western frontier (OH & PA)
!
!
!

No infrastructure
Warring Indians in West
Rebellion (separate from union)

President Washington

Jefferson repealed tax in 1802

Mobilized army in 1794 to stop rebellion

Distilled Spirits - Un-aged

!

Gin
!

Fermented malts and grains and

flavored with juniper berries and other
flavors

Vodka
!

Fermented from malts, wheat, rye,

grapes, sorghum, sugar beet
molasses, or potatoes
Filtered for purity

Rum
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Fermented molasses or cane sugar

No defined production process
Light rums
Gold rums aged in oak
Dark rums aged in oak
Spiced rums spices added
Flavored rums fruit flavors

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Tequila Agave tequilana

!
!
!

Fermented blue agave hearts

Distilled
Maybe aged

Tequila
!
!

Blue agave in the state of Jalisco

2 categories
!

Tequila 100% blue agave

bottled at distillery
Tequila 51% blue agave
can be bottled elsewhere

Tequila
4 types
! Blanco or silver pure distillation
! Oro or gold - caramel added
! Reposado - white oak casts 2-12
months
! Anejo - white oak > 12 months

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11/12/13

Tequila

Tequila

Mescal or mezcal
!
!
!
!
!

Maguey or Agave americana

Hand crafted
Smokey flavor compared to tequila
Types similar to tequila
Cusano rojo has a worm in the bottle

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Distilled Spirits
!

Brandies (Cognac)
!
!

Distilled wine
Aged many years

Liqueurs
!
!

Distilled wine
Sugar or syrup added

Liqueurs
!
!
!
!
!
!

Berry
Chocolate
Coffee
Cream
Flower
Fruit

!
!
!
!

Herbal
Honey
Nut
Whiskey

Drug Damage
!

!
!

Britain's Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs

Dr. David Nutt 11/1/2010
Assessed damage
Nine criteria on harm to the user
!
!
!
!

drug-related death
damage to health
drug dependence
loss of relationships

Seven criteria on harm to others

!
!
!
!
!

Crime
Environmental and international damage
Family conflict
Economic cost
Damage to community cohesion.

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11/12/13

Scale
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Alcohol was most harmful, with a score of 72

Heroin with 55
Crack cocaine with 54, cocaine 27.
Crystal methamphetamine 33
Tobacco 26
Amphetamine or speed 23
Cannabis 20
Valium 15
Ecstasy 9
Anabolic steroids 9
LSD 7
Magic mushrooms 5

31