KH 1124 ENGINEERING SURVEY

Survey Equipment

Sr. Dr. Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
National University of Malaysia

Introduction

The important element in engineering survey

Type of engineering survey equipment is;

Distance equipment

Theodolite

Total Station

GPS equipment

Leveling

Teodolite & Total Station

A total station is an optical instrument used in modern surveying and

archaeology as well as by police, crime scene investigators, private accident
reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.

It is a combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance

meter (EDM) and software running on an external computer known as a data
collector.

Some total stations also have a GPS interface which combines these two
technologies to make use of the advantages of both.

GPS - line of sight not required between measured points;

Traditional Total Station - high precision measurement especially in the

vertical axis compared with GPS and reduce the consequences of each
technology's

GPS

Low budget GPS

High accuracy

Low accuracy

Up to +- 5 meter

Up to +- 15-30 meter

RTK/DGPS = below 1 meter

ADVANTAGES OF GPS VS. TOTAL STATIONS:

a) No Need for Control Points:
To use a total station you will need professionally surveyed ground markers,
which are used as fixed reference points (control points). You will need a
control point within line of sight to each plant to be mapped. And, each of these
control points must be within line of sight to at least one other control point. For
GPS mapping, control points are not required. This eliminates the initial cost of
hiring a surveyor to install the markers.
b) Reduced Manpower:
To map plants efficiently using a total station, a two-person team is normally
required. One person holds the optical target and reads plant labels while the
other person operates the total station. Mapping plants with a GPS is normally
a one-person operation.

DISADVANTAGES OF GPS VS. TOTAL STATIONS:

a) Adverse Effects of Tree Canopies/buildings:
Tree Canopies, especially if wet, can affect GPS measurements, reducing their
accuracy or increasing the time it takes to measure. The GPS receiver will warn
you if reliable data is not available at a certain position. You can move to the
side and take a measurement away from the tree, specifying an offset - a
distance and an angle - between the point you are at and the actual location of
the tree. You can measure this distance and angle using a tape measure and a
compass. Or, you can purchase a laser rangefinder and a built-in electronic
compass, which will automatically provide the offset data to the GPS.
b) Periodic Loss of Satellite Signals:
At any given position and time, signals from a sufficient number of satellites
may not be available. You can determine ahead of time when satellite
coverage will not be adequate. Your GPS can vendor can help you with
this. Keep in mind though that it will sometimes be necessary to schedule your
work around these periods of low satellite availability.

Distance Equipment

Distometer Leica
Leica DISTO special - the Special Edition: Leica
Geosystems AG, the inventor of the laser distance
measuring devices, celebrates the 750,000th sold
Leica DISTO with a special edition.
The special model, limited for this occasion to 10,000
pieces, is in unmistakable Leica red.
The Leica DISTO special5s tands out through its
precision, ease of use and measurement comfort.

Leveling Equipment
Leica Sprinter 150(M) / 250M

http://www.leica-geosystems.com/en/Leica-Sprinter-150M-250M_5284.htm

Leica Sprinter 150(M) / 250M

Technical Data

Sprinter 150/150M

Height accuracies

Standard devation height measurement per 1 km double run (ISO

17123-2)

Electronic measurement*

1.5 mm

Optical measurement

With standard aluminum E-scale/Numeral staff: 2.5 mm

Single staff reading

Standard Deviation: 0.6 mm (electronic) and 1.2 mm (optical) at

30m
Standard deviation distance measurement 10 mm for D 10 m

Distance accuracies
and (Distance in m x 0.001) for D > 10 m
Range

2 - 100 m (electronic)

Measuring modes

Single and Tracking

Time for single measurement

<3 sec

Compensator

Magnet damped pendulum compensator (range +/- 10min)

Telescope

Magnification (optical) 24x

Data storage

up to 2'000 points (only 150M)

Environmental conditions

IP55

Power supply

AA dry cells (4 x LR6/AA/AM3 1.5 V)

Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle (UAV)

Introduction of UAV
A drone and also referred to as an
unpiloted aerial vehicle and a remotely
piloted aircraft (RPA)

Application of UAV

Spec, Planning & Control

UAV Software

Benefits of Using UAV

Highest resolution
depending on the height, images taken from UAV
are at 10 cm to 15 cm per pixel compare to 20 cm
to 50 cm from conventional aerial photography and
50 cm to 200 cm from satellite.
This is due to UAV able to fly lower to the ground
and able to avoiding cloud covers.
Following is comparison of 3 different images from
satellite, conventional aircraft /helicopter and UAV.

Comparism
Satellite imaging

Manned Aircraft

UAV

Typical Coverage A typical size of coverage per

400 km2
Per Day
layer or scene is 60 x 60 km or
3,600 km2. Higher res sat. like
Geoeyes is 2000 km2 per scene

8 10 km2

New acquisition to Depending on cloud - New

delivery
tasking for Malaysia 1 4
months
Altitude
300 km 500 km (space)
Subject to strict
No
flying regulation

2000 10,000 ft
Yes

Less than 2 weeks (for 30 km2) 4

days image acq. 5-7 days image
processing
500 ft to 2000 ft
No

2 weeks to 2 months

Image resolution
pixel per cm

60 cm 200 cm

20 cm - 60 cm

8 cm - 15 cm

Issues
Original Format

Cloud cover
Ready GeoTiff, Ortho,
Multispec

Cloud and weather

GeoTiff, RAW, multiple inc.
Hyper/Multispec, LIDAR etc.

Weather and wind

JPEG and RAW. RGB image

Acquiring Cost

RM150 to 600 per km2min. 10

km2 . sample SPOT pricing[1]

Min. aircraft engagement

RM80,000 . RM1000 per
km2 Typical 400 km2coverage
task, RM400,000, aircraft,
equipment rental and image
processing.

RM 2000 km2 for typical

30km2 coverage - including
image processing and georef.
The cost can reduce to RM1600
per km2 for larger coverage

Sample Image

Cloud issues sample image

res. as typical google earth
image

Advantages

Faster Delivery comparing to ordering new satellite imagery which average take 4
months, UAV can deliver within days or weeks.
Easy setup can be setup within 30 min to fly and highly mobilize.
Battery operated the propeller and engine do not produce high noise that possibly
disturb existing habitant. Enable discreet operation for various surveillance purposes.
Computerized Geo Coordinated Log Flight Plan enable customer to assign
periodic or interval flight using as the same log flight to take the same exact area over
a period of time for progress monitoring, auditing etc.
Aerial Video Recorder able to view live or recorded aerial video of the coverage
areas for further monitoring.
Cost versus benefits for limited area coverage, UAV provides cheaper cost
compare to conventional aircraft equipped with aerial camera. Eg. Average deploying
aircraft with airborne camera is approximately RM80,000.00. Average chartering
helicopter is from RM8,000.00 per day to RM25,000 this is without proper aerial
camera. While UAV stable position camera system is computerized, thus producing
high accuracy angles for mapping and planning purposes.

Laser Scanning