Evolution-Data Optimized

family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile

phone service providers around the world particularly
those previously employing CDMA networks. It is also
used on the Globalstar satellite phone network.[1]
An EV-DO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, the
same bandwidth size that IS-95A (IS-95) and IS-2000
(1xRTT) use.[2] The channel structure, on the other hand,
is very dierent. Additionally, the back-end network is
entirely packet-based, and thus is not constrained by the
restrictions typically present on a circuit switched network.
The EV-DO feature of CDMA2000 networks provides
access to mobile devices with forward link air interface
speeds of up to 2.4 Mbit/s with Rel. 0 and up to 3.1 Mbit/s
with Rev. A. The reverse link rate for Rel. 0 can operate
up to 153 kbit/s, while Rev. A can operate at up to 1.8
Mbit/s. It was designed to be operated end-to-end as an
IP based network, and so it can support any application
which can operate on such a network and bit rate constraints.

A Kyocera PC Card EV-DO router with Wi-Fi

1 Standard revisions

BlackBerry Style (9670 series) smartphone displaying '1XEV' as

the service status as highlighted in the upper right corner.
Huawei CDMA2000 EV-DO USB wireless modem

Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO, EVDO, etc.) is

a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for
broadband Internet access. EV-DO is an evolution of
the CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard that supports high
data rates and can be deployed alongside a wireless carriers voice services. It uses advanced multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA)
as well as time division multiplexing (TDM) to maximize
throughput. It is a standardized part of the CDMA2000

There have been several revisions of the standard, starting with Release 0 (Rel. 0). This was later expanded
upon with Revision A (Rev. A) to support Quality of Service (to improve latency) and higher rates on the forward
link and reverse link. Later in 2006 Revision B (Rev.
B) was published, that among other features includes the
ability to bundle multiple carriers to achieve even higher
rates and lower latencies (see TIA-856 Rev. B below).
The upgrade from EV-DO Rev. A to EV-DO Rev. B
1

1 STANDARD REVISIONS

involves a software update to the cell site modem, and

additional equipment for the new EV-DO carriers. Existing cdma2000 operators may also have to retune some of
their existing 1xRTT channels to other frequencies, since
Rev. B requires all DO carriers be within 5 MHz.

mobile is determined by the mobile itself. It listens to the

trac on the channel, and depending on the receive signal
strength along with the perceived multi-path and fading
conditions, makes its best guess as to what data-rate it
can sustain while maintaining a reasonable frame error
rate of 1-2%. It then communicates this information back
to the serving sector in the form of an integer between
1 and 12 on the Digital Rate Control (DRC) channel.
1.1 TIA-856 Release 0
Alternatively, the mobile can select a null rate (DRC
The initial design of EV-DO was developed by 0), indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data
Qualcomm in 1999 to meet IMT-2000 requirements for at any rate, or that it is attempting to hand o to another
a greater-than-2-Mbit/s down link for stationary commu- serving sector.[4]
nications, as opposed to mobile communication such as a The DRC values are as follows:[5]
moving cellular phone. Initially, the standard was called
High Data Rate (HDR), but was renamed to 1xEV-DO Another important aspect of the EV-DO forward link
after it was ratied by the International Telecommunica- channel is the scheduler. The scheduler most commonly
tion Union (ITU) under the designation TIA-856. Origi- used is called "proportional fair". Its designed to maxinally, 1xEV-DO stood for 1x Evolution-Data Only, re- mize sector throughput while also guaranteeing each user
ferring to its being a direct evolution of the 1x (1xRTT) a certain minimum level of service. The idea is to schedair interface standard, with its channels carrying only data ule mobiles reporting higher DRC indices more often,
trac. The title of the 1xEV-DO standard document is with the hope that those reporting worse conditions will
cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Speci- improve in time.
cation, as cdma2000 (lowercase) is another name for The system also incorporates Incremental Redundancy
the 1x standard, numerically designated as TIA-2000.
Hybrid ARQ. Each sub-packet of a multi-slot transmisLater, likely due to the possible negative connotations of sion is a turbo-coded replica of the original data bits.
the word only, the DO part of the standards name This allows mobiles to acknowledge a packet before all
1xEV-DO was changed to stand for Data Optimized. of its sub-sections have been transmitted. For example,
So EV-DO now stands for Evolution-Data Optimized. if a mobile transmits a DRC index of 3 and is schedThe 1x prex has been dropped by many of the major car- uled to receive data, it will expect to get data during four
riers, and is marketed simply as EV-DO.[3] This provides time slots. If after decoding the rst slot the mobile is
a more marketing-friendly emphasis that the technology able to determine the entire data packet, it can send an
early acknowledgement back at that time; the remaining
was optimized for data.
three sub-packets will be cancelled. If however the packet
is not acknowledged, the network will proceed with the
all have been
1.2 TIA-856 Rel. 0 forward link channel transmission of the remaining parts until [4]
transmitted or the packet is acknowledged.

structure

The primary characteristic that dierentiates an EV-DO

channel from a 1xRTT channel is that it is time multiplexed on the forward link (from the tower to the mobile).
This means that a single mobile has full use of the forward trac channel within a particular geographic area
(a sector) during a given slot of time. Using this technique, EV-DO is able to modulate each users time slot
independently. This allows the service of users that are
in favorable RF conditions with very complex modulation
techniques while also serving users in poor RF conditions
with simpler and more redundant signals.[4]

1.3 TIA-856 Rel. 0 reverse link structure

The reverse link (from the mobile back to the Base
Transceiver Station) on EV-DO Rel. 0 operates very similar to that of 3G1X CDMA. The channel includes a reverse link pilot (helps with decoding the signal) along with
the user data channels. Some additional channels that do
not exist in 3G1X include the DRC channel (described
above) and the ACK channel (used for HARQ). Only the
reverse link has any sort of power control, because the
forward link is always transmitted at full power for use by
all the mobiles.[5] The reverse link has both open loop and
closed loop power control. In the open loop, the reverse
link transmission power is set based upon the received
power on the forward link. In the closed loop, the reverse
link power is adjusted up or down 800 times a second, as
indicated by the serving sector (similar to 3G1X).[6]

The forward channel is divided into slots, each being

1.667 ms long. In addition to user trac, overhead channels are interlaced into the stream. These include the Pilot which helps the mobile nd and identify the channel,
the Media Access Channel (MAC) which tells the mobiles when their data is scheduled, and the Control Channel, which contains other information that the network All of the reverse link channels are combined using code
needs the mobiles to know.
division and transmitted back to the base station using
The modulation to be used to communicate with a given BPSK[7] where they are decoded. The maximum speed

1.6

TIA-856 Rev. C and TIA-1121

available for user data is 153.2 kbit/s, but in real-life conditions this is rarely achieved. Typical speeds achieved
are between 20-50 kbit/s.

1.4

TIA-856 Rev. A

3
Ecient support for services that have asymmetric
download and upload requirements (i.e. dierent
data rates required in each direction) such as le
transfers, web browsing, and broadband multimedia
content delivery.

Revision A of EV-DO makes several additions to the pro- 1.6 TIA-856 Rev. C and TIA-1121
tocol while keeping it completely backwards compatible
with Release 0.
In 2006 Ultra Mobile Broadband was announced as the
[10]
These
These changes included the introduction of several new brand name for the EV-DO Rev. C standard.
forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst ended up being two separate standards.
rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s. Also included were
protocols that would decrease connection establishment
1.6.1 Ultra Mobile Broadband
time (called enhanced access channel MAC), the ability for more than one mobile to share the same timeslot
Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband
(multi-user packets) and the introduction of QoS ags.
All of these were put in place to allow for low latency,
Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was proposed by
low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[8]
Qualcomm as the natural evolution path for CDMA2000.
The additional forward rates for EV-DO Rev. A are:[9]
The specications were published by 3GPP2[11]
In addition to the changes on the forward link, the re(C.S0084-*) and TIA[12] (TIA-1121) in 2007-2008.
verse link was enhanced to support higher complexity
modulation (and thus higher bit rates). An optional sec- In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, anondary pilot was added, which is activated by the mobile nounced it was ending development of the technology.
when it tries to achieve enhanced data rates. To combat This followed the announcement that most CDMA carrireverse link congestion and noise rise, the protocol calls ers chose to adopt the competing 3GPP Long Term Evofor each mobile to be given an interference allowance lution (LTE) standard.[13]
which is replenished by the network when the reverse link
conditions allow it.[9] The reverse link has a maximum
rate of 1.8 Mbit/s, but under normal conditions users ex- 1.6.2 TIA-856 Rev. C
perience a rate of approximately 500-1000kbit/s but with
TIA-856 Rev. C has been published in 2010.[14] While
more latency than cable and dsl.
capacity of existing Rel. B networks can be increased
1.5-fold by using EVRC-B voice codec and QLIC handset interference cancellation, 1x Advanced and EV-DO
1.5 TIA-856 Rev. B
Advanced oers up to 4x network capacity increase usEV-DO Rev. B is a multi-carrier evolution of the Rev. ing BTS interference cancellation (reverse link interferA specication. It maintains the capabilities of EV-DO ence cancellation), multi-carrier links, and smart network
management technologies.[15][16]
Rev. A, and provides the following enhancements:
Higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbit/s on the
downlink per carrier). Typical deployments are expected to include 2 or 3 carriers for a peak rate
of 14.7 Mbit/s. Higher rates by bundling multiple
channels together enhance the user experience and
enable new services such as high denition video
streaming.
Reduced latency by using statistical multiplexing
across channelsenhances the experience for latency sensitive services such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web browsing.
Increased talk-time and standby time
Reduced interference from the adjacent sectors especially to users at the edge of the cell signal which
improves the rates that can be oered by using Hybrid frequency re-use.

2 See also
Evolved EDGE
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA
Mobile broadband
Mobile broadband modem
List of device bandwidths
List of Evolution-Data Optimized network equipment suppliers
List of Evolution-Data Optimized service providers
Simultaneous Voice and EV-DO data (SVDO)

Notes and references

[1] Globalstar GSP 1700 satphone also loaded with EVDO

[2] 3G - CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies. CDMA development Group. Archived from the original on 200712-20. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
[3] CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. QUALCOMM Technology
and Solutions. Archived from the original on 2007-0924.
[4] Bi, Qi; S. Vitebsky (1721 March 2002). IEEE Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE.
pp. 389395. |chapter= ignored (help)
[5] Bi, Qi (March 2004). A Forward Link Performance
Study of the 1xEV-DO Rel. 0 System Using Field Measurements and Simulations (PDF). Lucent Technologies.
Retrieved 2008-01-18.
[6] CDG: Advantages of CDMA2000
[7] http://wireless.agilent.com/rfcomms/refdocs/1xevdo/
1xevdo_gen_rtap_rate.html
[8] Gopal, Thawatt (1115 March 2007). IEEE Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE.
pp. 32627. doi:10.1109/WCNC.2007.601. ISBN 14244-0658-7. |chapter= ignored (help)
[9] cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface (PDF).
3GPP2. July 2005. pp. 10114. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
[10] http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2006/Dec05_06.asp
[11] http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp
[12] http://www.tiaonline.org/news-media/
press-releases-archive?iframeurl=http://www.tiaonline.
org/news_events_/press_room/press_releases/2008/
PR-319_TIA_Publishes_UMB_Standards_Suite.cfm
[13] Qualcomm halts UMB project, Reuters, November 13th,
2008
[14] There are specications that t the rev. C description at http://www.3gpp2.org/public_html/specs/speclist.
cfm; but there doesn't seem to be much more information
about that, not even a press release.
[15] DO Advanced: Maximizing the Performance of EVDO. Qualcomm. October 27, 2011.
[16] 1X Advanced Four-Fold Increase in Voice Capacity
Whitepaper. Qualcomm. May 1, 2009.

External links
3GPP2.org CDMA2000 standards documents
CDMA Development Group (CDG)
EVDOforums.com EV-DO discussion group
A video demonstration of EVDO Rev. B capabilities

EXTERNAL LINKS

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Evolution-Data Optimized Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data%20Optimized?oldid=654583380 Contributors: Egil,

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