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BYRNE'S EUCLID

THE FIRST
liTHE

SIX

BOOKS OF

ELEMENTS OF EUCLID
WITH COLOURED DIAGRAMS

AND SYMBOLS
.V'

THE FIRST

SIX

BOOKS OF

THE ELEMENTS OF EUCLID

IN

WHICH COLOURED DIAGRAMS AND SYMBOLS

ARE USED INSTEAD OF LETTERS FOR THE
GREATER EASE OF LEARNERS

BY OLIVER BYRNE
SURVEYOR OF HER MAJESTY'S SETTLEMENTS IN THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

AND AUTHOR OF NUMEROUS MATHEMATICAL WORKS

LONDON
WILLIAM PICKERING
1847

TO THE

RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL FITZWILLL\M,

ETC. ETC. ETC.

THIS

WORK

IS

DEDICATED

BY HIS LORDSHIPS OBEDIENT

AND MUCH OBLIGED SERVANT,

OLIVER BYRNE.

INTRODUCTION.
HE

and fciences have become

arts

that

much

importance

Illuftration, if

ftudy, will at leaft

their

faciUtate

to

make

acquirement

as

extend their boundaries.

more

agreeable.

has a greater aim than mere illuftration

by certain combinations of tint

we do

and form, but

Work

This

not intro-

duce colours for the purpofe of entertainment, or

mind

of

is

does not fhorten the time of

it

it

as to

fo extenfive,

amufe

to

to airift the

in its refearches after truth, to increafe the facilities

of inflrudlion, and

to diffufe

wanted authorities

to

days of Plato.

If

we

prove the importance and ufefulnefs

we might

of geometry,

permanent knowledge.

Among

quote every philofopher fmce the

the Greeks, in ancient, as in the

fchool of Peftalozzi and others in recent times, geometry

was adopted

as the befl:

gymnaftic of the mind.

Euclid's Elements have become, by

bafis

of mathematical fcience

But

this will

this

fublime fcience

all

common

facfl,

confent, the

over the civilized globe.

not appear extraordinary, if

is

In

we

confider that

not only better calculated than any

other to call forth the fpirit of inquiry, to elevate the mind,

and

to ftrengthen the reafoning faculties, but alfo

it

forms

the beft introdudlion to moft of the ufeful and important

vocations of

human

life.

Arithmetic, land-furveying,

men-

furation, engineering, navigation, mechanics, hydroftatics,

pneumatics, optics, phyfical aftronomy, &c. are

dent on the propolitions of geometry.

all

depen-

INTRODUCTION.

viii

Much however
any fcience

methods

depends on the

to a learner,

firft

communication of

though the beft and moft eafy

are feldom adopted.

Propofitions are placed be-

who though having a fufficient underftandjuft as much about them on entering at the

fore a ftudent,
ing,

told

is

very threfliold of the fcience, as gives

moft unfavourable
fubjedl

or " the

him

a prepolleffion

of

this delightful

his future ftudy

to

formalities and paraphernalia of rigour are

put forward,

fo oftentatioufly

almoft to hide the

as

reality.

Endlefs and perplexing repetitions, which do not confer

greater exactitude on the reafoning, render the demonftra-

and obfcure, and conceal from the view of

tions involved

Thus an

the ftudent the confecution of evidence."

fion

is

mind of

created in the

aver-

the pupil, and a fubjeft fo

calculated to improve the reafoning powers, and give the

habit of clofe thinking,

is

degraded by a dry and rigid

courfe of inftrudlion into an uninterefting exercife of the

memory.

To

raife the curiofity,

and

to

and dormant powers of younger minds

of every teacher

awaken the

fliould be the

are but few, while

it

nence excites attention and produces imitation.

this

try,

men
The

Work

emi-

objedl

method of teaching geome-

to introduce a

in this country, as well as in

fcientific

France and America.

plan here adopted forcibly appeals to the eye, the moft

its

and the moft comprehenfive of our external organs,

pre-eminence

to

imprint

it

fupported by the incontrovertible

well

The

which has been much approved of by many

fenlitive

and

is

aim

but where examples of excellence are

wanting, the attempts to attain

of

liftlefs

known words of Horace

on the mind

fubjedl

maxim

exprefled in the

Segnius irritant animos demijfa per auran

^uam qua fimt

oculis fuhjeSla fidelibus.

feebler imprefs through the ear

Than what

is

by the

faithful

is

is

made,

eye conveyed.

INTRODUCTION.

ix

All language confifts of reprefentative figns, and thole

figns are the befl

which

efFedl

Such

and difpatch.

greateft precifion

their purpofes
for all

pofes are the audible figns called words,

with the

common

which

pur-

are

ftill

confidered as audible, whether addreffed immediately to the

ear, or

through the medium of

letters to the eye.

Geo-

metrical diagrams are not figns, but the materials of geo-

metrical fcience, the objedt of

which

is

to

Ihow the

relative

quantities of their parts by a procefs of reafoning called

This reafoning has been generally carried

Demonftration.

on by words,

letters,

and black or uncoloured diagrams

but as the ufe of coloured fymbols, figns, and diagrams in

the linear arts and fciences, renders the procefs of reafon-

ing

more

precife,

have been in

Such

is

and the attainment more expeditious, they

this inflance

accordingly adopted.

the expedition of this enticing

mode of commu-

nicating knowledge, that the Elements of Euclid can be

acquired in

lefs

than one third the time ufually employed,

and the retention by the

memory

is

thefe facts have been afcertained by

made by

much more permanent;

numerous experiments

the inventor, and feveral others

his plans.

The

particulars

who have

adopted

of which are few and obvious

the letters annexed to points, lines, or other parts of a dia-

gram

are in fadt but arbitrary names, and reprefent

the demonftration

to

name

in

inftead of thefe, the parts being differ-

ently coloured, are

them

made

themfelves, for

their forms incorrefpond-

ing colours represent

them

in the demonftration.

In order to give a better idea

of this fyftem, and

of the advantages gained by

its

adoption, let us take a right

INTRODUCTION.

angled triangle, and exprefs fome of

colours and the

its

properties both by

method generally employed.

Some of the properties of the right angled triangle

expreffed by the method generally employed.

The

ABC

BAC,

are equal to

The

2.

angle

angle

to the angle

two right

CAB

added

The angle ABC

BAC or BCA.
4. The angle BCA
angle ABC.
If

of

AB

is

and

angles, or twice the angle

ABC.

ACB will be

equal

to the angle

greater than either of the angles

or the angle

from the angle

BAC, the
6. The

BCA

ABC.

3.

5.

together with the angles

ABC,

ABC,

AC

is

is

lefs

there be taken

remainder will be equal

fquare of

CAB

to the angle

equal to the

fum of

than the

the angle

ACB.
the fquares

and BC.

The fame properties expreffed by colouring the different parts.

That

is,

the red angle added to the yellow angle added to

the blue angle, equal twice the yellow angle, equal two
right angles.

-^ +
Or

in

A=

words, the red angle added to the blue angle, equal

the yellow angle.

CZ

<^H^
The

yellow angle

angle.

is

JK^

or

greater than either the red or blue

INTRODUCTION.

jl^^

4.

or

iL

Either the red or blue angle

^^^^^

xl

is lefs

than the yellow angle.

^HL

minus

In other terms, the yellow angle

made

by the blue angle

lefs

equal the red angle.

That

the fquare of the yellow line

is,

of the fquares of the blue and red

In oral demonftrations

linear arts

fo that for

and fciences,

fum

equal to the

lines.

gain with colours this impor-

and the ear can be addreffed

tant advantage, the eye

fame moment,

we

is

at the

teaching geometry, and other

in clafTes, the fyftem

is

the beft ever

propofed, this

is

apparent from the examples juft given.

Whence

is

evident that a reference from the text to

it

the diagram

is

colours, than

naming the

more rapid and fure, by giving the forms

and colours of the parts, or by naming the parts and their
parts

and

letters

Befides the fuperior limplicity, this fyftem

on the diagram.
is

likewife con-

fpicuous for concentration, and wholly excludes the injuri-

ous though prevalent pradlice of allowing the ftudent to

commit

the demonftration to

memory

until reafon,

and

fadl,

and proof only make impreffions on the underftanding.

when ledluring on the principles or properties of

if we mention the colour of the part or parts re-

Again,
figures,

ferred to, as in faying, the red angle, the blue line, or lines,

&c. the part or parts thus named will be immediately feen

by

all

angle

in the clafs at the

ABC,

the triangle

fame

inftant

PFQ^the

not fo if

figure

we

fay the

EGKt, and

fo

on

INTRODUCTION.

xii

mufl be traced one by one before the fludents

their minds the particular magnitude referred to,

for the letters

arrange in

which often

occafions confufion and error, as well as lofs of

Alfo if the parts which are given as equal, have the

time.

fame colours

in

any diagram, the mind will not wander

from the objedl before

it

that

is,

fuch an arrangement pre-

an ocular demonftration of the parts to be proved

fents

equal, and the learner retains the data throughout the whole

But whatever may be the advantages of

of the reafoning.
the prefent plan, if

it

be not fubftituted

for, it

can always

be made a powerful auxiliary to the other methods, for the

purpofe of introdudlion, or of a more fpeedy reminifcence,
or of

more permanent

The

experience of

on

prefs fadts

retention by the
all

who

memory.

have formed fyftems

to

im-

the underftanding, agree in proving that

coloured reprefentations, as pidlures, cuts, diagrams, &c. are

more

eafily

hxed

marked by any

in

the

mind than mere

peculiarity.

Curious

poets feem to be aware of this fadl

ticians

many modern

as

fentences un-

it

may

appear,

more than mathema-

poets allude to this viiible fyftem of

communicating knowledge, one of them has thus expreffed

himfelf
Sounds which addrefs the ear are loft and die
In one fhort hour, but thefe which ftrilce the eye,
Live long upon the mind, the faithful fight
Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light.

This perhaps may be reckoned the only improvement

which
and

plain

if there

geometry has received

fince the days

were any geometers of note before that time,

Euclid's fuccefs has quite eclipfed their

occalioned

him
alfo

only

like

of Euclid,

all

good things of that kind

^Efop

among

memory, and even

to

be alfigned

the writers of Fables.

It

to

may

be worthy of remark, as tangible diagrams afford the

medium through which geometry and

other linear

INTRODUCTION.
arts

tem

xiii

and fciences can be taught to the blind,

is

no

this vifible fys-

adapted to the exigencies of the deaf and

lefs

dumb.
Care muft be taken
do with the

lines, angles, or

name them.

nothing to

to fliow that colour has

magnitudes, except merely

mathematical

which

line,

is

to

length with-

out breadth, cannot poffefs colour, yet the jundtion of two

colours on the fame plane gives a good idea of

meant by

mathematical

familiarly, fuch a jundlion

colour,

when we

line
is

to

recolledt

is

are fpeaking

be underftood and not the

fay the black line, the red line or lines, &c.

Colours and coloured diagrams

clumiy method

we

what

to

may

at

firfl:

appear a

convey proper notions of the properties

and parts of mathematical figures and magnitudes, however they will be found to afford a means

more

refined and

extenfive than any that has been hitherto propofed.

We

here define a point,

and

a furface,

and

demonflrate a propofition in order to fhow the truth of

this

fliall

a line,

affertion.

point

or a point

that

is
is

which has

pofition, but not

pofition only, abftradled

of length, breadth, and thicknefs.

ing defcription
a

is

from the confideration

Perhaps the follow-

better calculated to explain the nature of

mathematical point

idea, than the

magnitude

to thofe

who

have not acquired the

above fpecious definition.

Let three colours meet and cover a

portion of the paper,
is

not blue, nor

red, as

it

is it

where they meet

yellow, nor

is it

occupies no portion of the

would belong

plane, for if

it

to the blue,

the red, or the yellow

part; yet

exifts,

it

did,

without magnitude,

it

and has pofition

fo that

with

a Uttle refledlion, this June-

INTRODUCTION.

XIV
tion

of three colours on a plane, gives a good idea of a

mathematical point.

line

of colours, nearly
a line

may

With

length without breadth.

is

in the

be thus given

fame manner

the afliftance

as before,

an idea of

Let two colours meet and cover a portion of the paper;

where they meet

blue
pies

form an idea of what

For the purpofe of

it

cannot have breadth, but

from which we can

meant by

is

illuftration,

a mathematical

one colour differing

from the colour of the paper, or plane upon which

drawn, would have been

fufficient

hence in future,

fay the red line, the blue line, or lines,

tions

is it

no portion of the plane, and

only length

line.

not red, nor

therefore the jundlion occu-

therefore

readily

is

&c.

it is

it is

we

if

the junc-

with the plane upon which they are drawn are

to

be

underftood.
Surface

is

that

which has length and breadth without

thicknefs.

When we
(PQ),

we

confider a folid

body

perceive at once that

has three dimenfions, namely

length,

breadth,

it

and thicknefs

fuppofe one part of this folid (PS)

to be red,

and the other part

(QR)

yellow, and that the colours be

diflinft

without commingling, the

blue furface (RS) which feparates

thefe parts, or

thing, that

without
without thicknefs, and only

which

which

lofs

is

the fame

divides the folid

of material, mufl be

poffeffcs length

and breadth

INTRODUCTION.
from reafoning,

this plainly appears

XV

limilar to that juft

ployed in defining, or rather delcribing a point and a

The

which we have

propofition

manner

in

the

Book.

firft

which the

is

the

ABC, the
bafe ABC,

In an ifofceles triangle

ACB
AB,

are equal, and

AC

when

the fides

are produced, the exter-

nal angles at the bafe

BCE,

CBD

are allb equal.

Produce

make

Draw

_i__ and
"^

and

(B. i.pr. 3.)

and

common

and

and

^=

Again

in

-^
>^

(B.

and

line.

felefted to elucidate the

principles are applied,

internal angles at the

em-

I.

N.

pr. 4.)

fifth

of

INTRODUCTION.

xvi

and

= ^;

^^^

and

^^^

(B.

pr. 4).

i.

But

C^E. D.
By annexing

Let

the equal fides

extremities

BD

other

let

AE

the points

AB

BC, of the

of either,

let

Letters to the Diagratn.

AC

and

be produced through the

third Tide, and in the produced part

any point

be afllimed, and from the

be cut off equal to

and D,

AD

(B.

i.

taken in the produced

fo

nedted by ftraight lines

DC

and

BE

pr. 3).

Let

be con-

fides,

with the alternate ex-

tremities of the third fide of the triangle.

In the triangles

DAC

are refpedlively equal to

angle

the line

AEB,

is

common

DC

is

to

both triangles.

equal to

and the angle

AD

EAB the fides DA

EA and AB, and the

and

and

BE,

ACD

Hence (B

the angle
to

ADC

AC

included
i

pr. 4.)

to the angle

ABE
fides AB

the angle

if

from

and AC
AE the equal
be taken, the remainders BD and CE will be equal. Hence
in the triangles BDC and CEB, the fides BD and DC are
refpedively equal to CE and EB, and the angles D and E
the equal lines

and

included by thofe fides are alfo equal.

Hence

(B.

i. pr. 4.)

INTRODUCriON.

DBC

the angles

the third fide

AB

AC

and

and

BC

ECB, which

Alfo the angles

are equal.

EBA

DCB

ABC

and

ACB

and

from the angles

fides

EBC

DCA

which

before proved equal, the remainders,

the angles

by

are thofe included

and the productions of the equal

are equal if thofe equals be taken

and

xvii

are

oppofite to the equal fides, will

be equal.
Therefore in

aii ifofceles

triangle y &c.

Q^E. D.
Our

object in this place being to introduce the fyftem

rather than to teach any particular fet of propofitions,

we

have therefore feledled the foregoing out of the regular

For fchools and other public places of

courfe.

infi:rud:ion,

dyed chalks will anfwer to defcribe diagrams, &c. for private

ufe coloured pencils will be found very convenient.

We

happy

are

now forms

to find that the

Elements of Mathematics

a confiderable part of every found female edu-

cation, therefore

we

call the attention

of thofe

interefiied

or engaged in the education of ladies to this very attractive

mode of communicating knowledge, and

work for its future developement.

We
fenfes

fhall for the prefent

to the fucceeding

conclude by obferving, as the

of fight and hearing can be

fo forcibly

and

infiianta-

neously addreffed alike with one thoufand as with one, the

million

might be taught geometry and other branches of

would advance the purpofe of education more than any thing that might be named,
for it would teach the people how to think, and not what
mathematics with great

to think

originates.

it is

eafe, this

in this particular the great error

of education

XVlll

THE ELEMENTS OF EUCLID.

BOOK

I.

DEFINITIONS.
I.

A point

is

that

which has no

parts.

II.

line is

length without breadth.

III.

The

extremities of a line are points.

IV.

A
its

ftraight or right line

is

that

which

lies

evenly between

extremities.

V.

furface

is

which has length and breadth

that

only.

VI.

The

extremities of a furface are lines.

VII.

plane furface

that

is

which

lies

evenly between

its

ex-

tremities.

VIII.

plane angle

ther, in a plane,

fame

is

the inclination of two lines to one ano-

which meet

together, but are not in the

diredlion.

IX.

^
^r

^^^
ir

plane redlilinear angle

tion

of two ftraight

which meet
fame

is

the inclina-

lines to

one another,

together, but are not in the

flraight line.

BOOK

When

one ftraight

DEFINITIONS.

I.

Handing on ano-

line

Hne makes the adjacent angles

ther ftraight

equal, each of thefe angles

and each of thefe

angle,

is

called a rigkf

lines

is

faid to

be

perpendicular to the other.

XIX

XI.

An obtufe

angle

is

an angle greater

than a right angle.

XII.

An

acute angle

is

an angle

lefs

than a

right angle.

XIII.

term or boundary

the extremity of any thing.

is

XIV.

figure

is

a furface enclofed

on

all fides

by

a line or lines.

XV.

circle

is

a plane figure,

by one continued

line, called its cir-

cumference or periphery

and hav-

ing a certain point within

which

all

bounded

ftraight lines

it,

drawn

from
to

its

circumference are equal.

XVI.
This point (from which the equal
called the centre of the circle.

lines are

drawn)

is

BOOK

XX

I.

DEFINITIONS.
XVII.

A diameter of a circle is a ftraight line drawn

through the centre, terminated both ways
in the circumference.

XVIII.

femicircle

is

the figure contained by the

diameter, and the part of the circle cut off

by the diameter.
^*

XIX.

fegment of

by

a circle

is

a figure contained

and the part of the

a ftraight line,

cumference which

it

cir-

cuts off.

''

XX.

figure contained

by ftraight

lines only, is called a redli-

linear figure.

XXI.

triangle

is

a redlilinear figure included by three fides.

XXII.

quadrilateral figure

by four

fides.

The

is

one which

fi:raight lines

is

bounded

and .^_i> connecfting the vertices of the

oppofite angles of a quadrilateral figure, are
called

its

diagonals.

XXIII.

polygon

four fides.

is

a redilinear figure

bounded by more than

BOOK

DEFINITIONS.

I.

XXI

XXIV.

whofe three

triangle

fides are equal,

is

be equilateral.

faid to

XXV.

A
is

triangle

which has only two

fides

equal

called an ilbfceles triangle.

"

XXVI.

fcalene triangle

is

one which has no two

fides equal.

XXVII.

right angled triangle

which

that

is

has a right angle.

XXVIII.

An

obtufe angled triangle

is

that

which

has an obtufe angle.

XXIX.

An

acute angled triangle

that

is

which

has three acute angles.

XXX.

Of four-fided
has

all its fides

figures, a fquare

equal, and all

is

its

which

that

angles right

angles.

XXXI.

rhombus

equal, but

its

is

that

which has

all its

angles are not right angles.

XXXII.

An

which has

all its

angles right angles, but has not

all its

oblong

fides equal.

fides

is

that

BOOK L

xxii

POS'lVLATES.

XXXIII.

rhomboid

pofite

but

fides

is

that

which has

its

op-

equal to one another,

all its fides

are not equal, nor

its

angles right angles.

XXXIV.
All other quadrilateral figures are called trapeziums.

XXXV,
^^--^,^g^^^

Parallel ftraight lines are fuch as are in

^^^^^^^^^^

the fame plane, and

which being pro-

duced continually in both directions,

would never meet.

POSTULATES.
I.

Let

it

be granted that a flraight line

any one point

to

may

be drawn from

any other point.

II.

Let

duced

it

to

be granted that

any length

a finite ftraight line

may be

pro-

in a ftraight line.
III.

Let

it

be granted that a circle

may be

defcribed with any

centre at any diflance from that centre.

AXIOMS.
I.

Magnitudes which are equal

to the

fame are equal

each other.
II.

If equals be

added

to equals the

fums will be equal.

to

BOOK

AXIOMS.

I.

xxiii

III.

If equals be taken

away from equals the remainders

will

be equal.
IV.

be

If equals

added

to

unequals the fums will be un-

equal.

V.

away from unequals

If equals be taken

the remainders

will be unequal.

VI.

The

doubles of the fame or equal magnitudes are equal.

VII.

The

halves of the fame or equal magnitudes are equal.

VIII.

Magnitudes which coincide with one another, or exactly

fill

the

fame fpace, are equal.

IX.

The whole

is

greater than

its

part,

X.

Two

ftraight lines cannot include a fpace.

XI.
All right angles are equal.
XII.
If

two

ftraight

ftraight line

angles

two

lines
)

and

jj^

right angles, thefe

fo as to

make

third

the two interior

on the fame

two

meet

fide lefs

ftraight lines will

than

meet

if

they be produced on that fide on which the angles

are lefs than

two right

angles.

BOOK

XXIV

The

twelfth axiom

lowing ways
1

to the
2.

Two

may be

expreffed in any of the fol-

diverging ftraight lines cannot be both parallel

fame

flraight line.

two

parallel

drawn through

a given

If a ftraight line interfeft one of the

ftraight lines
3.

ELUCIDATIONS.

I.

mufl

it

Only one

alfo interfedt the other.

ftraight line can be

point, parallel to a given ftraight line.

Geometry has

for its principal objefts the expofition

explanation of the properties oifigure, and figure

to

be the relation which

fubfifts

Space or magnitude

fpace.

is

is

and

defined

between the boundaries of

of three kinds,

linear, fuper-

ficial, Si.w^foUd.

Angles might properly be confidered

Angular magnitude evidently

of magnitude.
parts,

and muft therefore be admitted

quantity

as a fourth fpecies

The

to

of

confifts

be a fpecies ol

ftudent muft not fuppofe that the magni-

tude of an angle

of the ftraight

is

lines

affefted

which include

of whofe mutual divergence

fure.

The

where

\}[\&

by the length

it is

vertex of an angle
fides or the legs

it,

the

and

mea-

the point

is

of the angle

meet, as A.

An

angle

is

often defignated by a fingle letter

legs are the only lines

gether

at its vertex.

when

which meet

Thus

its

to-

the red and

blue lines form the yellow angle, which

in other fyftems

lines

meet

ceflary

called the

But when more than two

angle A.

would be

in the

fame point,

by former methods,

it

was ne-

in order to

avoid confufion, to employ three

to defignate

letters

an angle about that point.

BOOK

ELUCIDATIONS.

I.

which marked the vertex of the angle being

the letter

Thus

always placed in the middle.

meeting together

FC

at

CD

and

DCB

and

When
beyond

or

DCF

The

lines

is its

BCD.

The

red and blue angles added

HCF added

FCD, make

to

the angle

of other angles.

fo

the legs of an angle are produced or prolonged

its

made by them on both

vertex, the angles

of the vertex are

Thus

or

manner the black angle would be defignated

together, or the angle

HCD

FCD

are the legs of the angle; the point

vertex. In like

the angle

the black and red lines

C, form the blue angle, and has been

denominated the angle

ufually

xxv

faid to

fides

be vertically oppofite to each other

the red and yellow angles are faid to be vertically

oppofite angles.
Superpojition

is

the procefs by

which one magnitude may

be conceived to be placed upon another,

cover

it,

fo as exadlly to

or fo that every part of each fhall exadly coin-

cide.

line

is

be produced,

faid to

longed, or has

length which

it

when

it

is

extended, pro-

length increafed, and the increafe of

its

receives

called

is

its

produced part, or

its

produSlion.

The
figure,

entire length
is

called

its

of the line or

The

perimeter.

treat

of plain figures only.

of a

circle to its circumference,

lines

which include

is

firft fix

line

which

books of Euclid

called a radius.

a figure are called \isjides.

called the hypotenufe.

is

An

fecond book, and called a reSlangle.

are confidered in the

firfl:

fix

enclofe a

drawn from the centre

is

of a right angled triangle, which

angle,

lines

That

The
fide

oppofite to the right

oblong

is

defined in the

All the lines which

books of the Elements are

fuppofed to be in the fame plane.

The Jiraight-edge and

compajfcs are the only inflruments.

BOOK

xxvi
the ufe of

To

which

is

I.

ELUCIDATIONS.

permitted in Euclid, or plain Geometry.

declare this reflridlion

is

The Axioms of geometry

the truth of

of being

which

is

the objedl of the pojiulates.

are certain general proportions,

taken to be felf-evident and incapable

by demonftration.

eftabliflied

Propojitions are thofe refults

which

metry by a procefs of reafoning.

are obtained in geo-

There

are

two

of

fpecies

propofitions in geometry, problems and theorems.

Problem

a propofition in

is

pofed to be done

as a line to

which fomething

pro-

be drawn under fome given

conditions, a circle to be defcribed,

rtrudled,

is

fome

figure to be con-

&c.

Th.t folution of the problem confifts in fhowing

may be done by

thing required

how

the

the aid of the rule or ftraight-

edge and compafTes.

The

demonftration confifts in proving that the procefs in-

dicated in the folution really attains the required end.

Theorem

principle

a propofition in

is

is afi^erted.

which the

truth of

fome

This principle mufl: be deduced from

the axioms and definitions, or other truths previously and

independently ellabliihed.

To fhow

this

is

the objedl of

demonftration.

A Problem analogous to a poftulate.

A Theorem refembles an axiom.
A Pojlulate is a problem, the folution of which
is

An Axiom

a theorem, the truth of

is

which

is
is

afiiimed.

granted

without demonftration.

Corollary

is

an inference deduced immediately from a

is

a note or obfervation

propofition.

Scholium

on a propofition not

containing an inference of fufiicient importance to entitle

to the

name of a

A Lemma is

it

corollary.

a propofition

pofe of eftabliftiing fome

merely introduced for the pur-

more important

propofition.

xxvu

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

,*,

exprefles the

word

therefore.

*,'

becaufe.

zz

equal.

be read equal

or

to,

equal

is

any difcrepancy in regard

auxiliary verbs

to,

may

of equaHty

fign

or are equal to

to the introdudlion

&c. cannot

are,

Is,

This

affedl the

but

of the

geometri-

cal rigour.

^
r~
^

means the fame

fignifies

as if the

words

'

greater than.
than.

lefs

Cjl

not greater than.

j]

not

-\-

is

vtzdplus

lefs

than.

[fjiore),

the fign of addition

between two or more magnitudes,

read minus

is

were written.

not equal'

{lefs),

when

fignifies their

fubtracftion

fignifies

interpofed

and

fum.

when

placed between two quantities denotes that the latter

is

to

be taken from the former.

this fign exprefi"es the

when

produdl of two or more numbers

placed between

but in geometry
angle,

when

it is

them

in arithmetic

" two

right angles."

its

flraight lines

reBangle

which

may

alfo

be reprefented by placing a point between two of

conterminous
:

:;

generally ufed to exprefs a rect-

placed between

contain one of

and algebra

its

fides.

exprefies an analogy or proportion

thus, if

and D, reprefent four magnitudes, and

the fame ratio that

is

thus briefly written,

A B
A B
:

has to

D,

=
'"b = d.

This equality or famenefs of

ratio

is

has to

the propofition

C D,
C D,
C
A
;

A, B,

read,

STMBOLS AND ABBREVIAnONS.

xxviii

A
A

as

or

is

to B, fo

is

to

is

to B, as

is

to

D.

fignifies parallel to.

II

J_

perpendicular
angle.

right angle.

CIS

two right

^1^ or N
I

C =, ^
or

The

angles,

briefly defignates a point.

fignifies greater, equal, or lefs than.

fquare defcribed on a line

In the fame
2
def.

to.

is

concifely written thus.

manner twice the fquare

\

of,

is

expreffed by

fignifies definition.

pos

pofiulate.

ax

axiom.

hyp

It

hypothefis.

mark, that the

may

hypothefis

is

be necefiary here to rethe condition aflumed or

Thus, the hypothefis of the pro-

taken for granted.

pofition given in the Introduction,

is

that the triangle

is

ifofceles, or that its legs are equal.

conft

confiruElion.

made

The

in the original figure,

confiruBion

by drawing

is

the change

lines,

making

angles, defcribing circles, &c. in order to adapt

it

to

the argument of the demonfi:ration or the folution of

the

problem.

The

conditions

under which

thefe

changes are made, are as indisputable as thofe contained in the hypothefis.

For

infi:ance, if

we make

an angle equal to a given angle, thefe two angles are

equal by conftrudlion.

Q^E.

^lod

erat detnonfirandum.

Which was

to be demonftrated.

CORRIGENDA.

Faults

Page

to be

xxix

correEied before reading this Volu7Jie.

13, line 9, /or def. 7 read ^z.L 10.

45,

laft line,

54, line

/or pr. 19 r^^^ pr. 29.

4 from

and red

the bottom, /or black and red line read blue

line.

59, line 4, /or add black line fquared read add blue line
fquared.

60, line 17, /or red line multiplied by red and yellow line

read red line multiplied by red, blue, and yellow

line.

76, line 11, for def. 7 read dt?. 10.

81, line lOyfor take black line

r^i2ii

take blue line.

105, line 11, for yellow black angle add blue angle equal red
angle read yellow black angle add blue angle add red
angle.

129,

laft line,

141, line

I,

/or circle read triangle.

/or

Draw

black line read

Draw

blue

196, line 3, before the yellow magnitude infert

line.

M.

(Euclib.
BOOK
PROPOSITION

given

firaight line
to dejcribe

I.

I.

PROBLEM.

finite
(

an equila-

teral triangle.

Defcribe

"^^

(postulate 3.);

and

draw

then will

and

(poft. i.).

be equilateral.

(def. 15.);

^_

and therefore

\^

is

-mm

(def. 15.),

(axiom,

i .)

the equilateral triangle required.

Q^E.
B

BOOK I. PROP.

PROB.

II.

ROM aghenp'jhit
to

a green

to

line

Draw

I.),

(poll. 3.)

produce
is

).

(poil. I.), defcribe

produce

2.), defcribe

^""

and

(port. 2.), ther

the line required.

(def.

(conll.),

(poll.

(poft. 3.),

For
and

),

finite firaight

Afpr.

draic ajiraight line equ.al

15.),

.*.

(ax. 3.), but (def. 15.'

drawn from the given point

is

equal the given line

Q. E. D.

BOOK

ROM

the

tivo

in.

PROP.

greater

")

of

given Jiraight

cut off a part equal to

lines, to

the kfs

PROP.

I.

).

Draw

(pr.

(poll:. 3

.),

2.)

defcribe

then

For

(def. 15.),

and

(conll.)

(ax. I.).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP.

I.

THEOR.

IF.

two triangles

have two fides

the

of

one

refpeSlively

equal to two fdes of the

other,

^__

and

the angles

contained

fdes

ing

are alfo equal :

angles

^^

=:

oppofte

^^

to

and

and

and

by

equal fides

^^

and

the remaining

^^

are

thofe

'

and
^

equal

(-^-^ and
their remain-

refpeSlively

and

) ;

w^^m.

to

equal ; then their bafes or their fdes

alfo

^^^^)

to

equal

the triangles are

equal in every refpeB.

Let the two triangles be conceived,

to

be fo placed, that

the vertex of the one of the equal angles.

fliall fall

upon

with

that of the other, and

then will

coincide with

or two flraight lines will enclofe a fpace,

coincide,

when

to coincide

if ap-

which

is

impoffible

*=>

(ax. lo), therefore

^ ^^
^=

^^

will coincide with

plied: confequently

and

or

and

as the triangles

A-^

applied, they are equal in every refpedl.

Q. E. D.

BOOK
N

anj

PROP.

I.

V.

THEOR.

triangle

ifofceles

if the equal Jides

be produced, the external

and

angles at the bafe are equal,

the

internal angles at the bafe are alfo

equal.

and

Produce

draw

(poft.

take

2.),
9

(pr- 3-);

-i^ and

Then

in

and

(conft.),

both, and

(hyp.) /.

and

^=^
1^^

-zz

we

have,

A common
Jk

^=^

to

=
(pr. 4.).

and

^^ \

^=^

and

^^

"*'

^ ^^

Jk = JL

(pr.

4.)

but

^'-^'

Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

PROP.

THEOR.

Ft.

any triangle

two angles

A
and

'

are equal, theJides

and

oppofite to

;/'

^L

them are

alfo

equal.

For

if the fides

of them

other

be not equal,

let

one

be greater than the

and from

it

cut off

(pr. 3.), draw-

A.naA,

Then
(conft.)
,*.

common,

(hyp.) anc

the triangles are equal (pr. 4.) a part equal to the whole,

which

is

'

abfurd
is

,*,

neither of the

fides

greater than the other, /. hence

"

or

they are

equal

Q^E. D.

BOOK

PROP.

I.

FII.

the fame bafe

THEOR.

), a7id on

the fa}7ie Jide of it there cannot be tivo

triangles having their

fides

and

and i^iii^) at both

conterminous
^

extremities of

the bafe, equal to each other.

When

two

triangles ftand

and on the fame

iide

of

Ihall either fall outlide

within

If

it

it

'
llructed fo that

let

of the other triangle, or

the

rzzzz
draw

two

its lides.

triangles be con-

zizzz f ^^^"

----

and,

=^
#=''
.'.

bale,

the vertex of the one

on one of

or, laftly,

be poffible

it,

on the fame

(Pr- 5-)

^^ ^ ^^

and

which
but

(pr. 5.)

therefore the
fides

two

yf

is

abfurd.

= ^^

triangles cannot have their conterminous

equal at both extremities of the bafe.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

PROP.

THEOR.

Fill.

F two

triangles

have two Jides

of the one refpectjvely

two

.m^

and
and

=r

alfo their bafes

^
angles

),

other

the

of

Jides

equal to

),
(

equal ; then the

and

contained by their equalJides

are alfo equal.

to
lie

be conceived

and

If the equal bafes

be placed one upon the other, fo that the triangles fhall

at

the fame fide of them, and that the

______ and

.i.....i_ ,

-..

and

terminous, the vertex of the one mufi:

of the other

contradidl the

for to fuppofe
laft

Therefore the

equal fides

_____ be
fall

con-

on the vertex

them not coincident would

propofition.

and

fides

cident with

.,

being coin-

and

k-k
Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

PROP.

bifeB a given reSlilinear

angle

{^

J.

Take

(PJ*-

draw

defcribe

draw

Becaufe

and

PROP.

IX.

^^

upon which
(pr. i.).

^^^

3-)

= ..^...

common

to the

two

and

(confl.)

triangles

(conft.).

4=

(pr. 8.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP.

10

PROB.

X.

i>tye^

a given finite Jlraight

line

and

common

to the

Therefore the given line

is

[f^^^mmmmwm'^.

two

triangles.

bifefted.

Q;E. D.

BOOK L PROP. XL PROB.

ROM
point

a given

given
line

Jlraight

draw

to

),

),

in

II

a perpendicular.

Take any

point

in the given line,

cut off

(pr- 3-)'

conftrudl

draw

/ \

and

it fliall

(Pr. I.),

be perpendicular to

the given line.

For

(conft.)
(conft.)

and

Therefore

common

^||
J.

to the

z:z.

two

triangles.

(pr. 8.)
(def. 10.).

C^E.D.

BOOK I. PROP,

12

PROB.

XII.

draw

Jlraight

a
line

perpendicular

to

indefinite

(^^^
[point

With
line,

given

Jlraight
^

/ys.

line

from a given
)

"without.

/|\ as centre, at one fide of the

diftance ^^ capable of extending to

the given point

and any

the other fide, defcribe

Make
draw

(pr. 10.)

and

then

For

(pr. 8.) lince

(conft.)

common
and

to both,
(def. 15.)

and
(def. 10.).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

HEN
(

I.

PROP.

a Jlralght

..m^^m^

XIII.

THEOR.

line

Jlanding

upon another Jlraight

line

makes angles with it; they are

either

two right angles or together

equal to two right angles.

be _L to

If

then,

gf..A=C^
But

if

draw

be not _L to

J.

(def. 7.).

;(pr. II.)

(conft.).

Q. E. D.

13

BOOK

PROP. XIV.

I.

THEOR.

F two

Jiraight

fneeting

a thirdjlraight

line (i

fame
it,

pointy

'

and at

make with

),

at the

oppofite Jides

of

adjacent angles

it

and

lines

egual to

thefe

fraight

lines lie in one continuous

Jiraight

two right angles

line.

For, if pofTible

and not

let

be the continuation of

then

4=
+

but by the hypothefis

the like

except

may

is

which

is

abfurd (ax. 9.).

not the continuation of

and

(ax. 3.)

be demonftrated of any other flraight line

,

,*,

^-^

is

the continuation

of
Q. E. D.

BOOK

F two
and

'

PROP. XV.

I.

right lines
I

'

THEOR.

interfet one

another, the vertical an-

gles

and

and

^
are equal.

<*

4
In the fame manner

it

may be

fliown that

Q^E. D.

15

BOOK

i6

THEOR.

PROP. XVI.

I.

a fide of a

trian-

is

produced, the external

greater than either of the

remote

internal

.A

Make

Draw

In

angles

(pr. lo.).

- and produce

it

^^

draw

until
,

#'

and

and

/.

(conft. pr. 15.),

^m = ^L

(pr. 4.),

...f^.A.
In like manner

be produced,

it

can be fhown, that

^^^^

which

is

^z

^^k

is

if

and therefore

[=

^ii.
Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

NY tivo

angle

gether

lefs

PROP. XVII.

17

angles of a tri-

* are to-

than two right angles.

Produce

then will

^Oi

+
But,

and

THEOR.

in the

mik

fame manner

two angles of the

[=

it

Mk

(pr- 16.)

may be Ihown

that any other

triangle taken together are lefs than

two

right angles.

Q;E. D.

i8

BOOK

I.

THEOR.

PROP. XVIIL

any triangle

vbm*

if one Jide

greater

^^mmmm-^

1.

Make

e.

will

is

Of-

greater

to the lefs.

^
(pr. 3.),

Then

aUgk

the

pojite to the greater Jide

than the angle oppoftte

another

than
^

be

A.A

but

draw

(pr- 5-)

(pr. 16.)
ik

and

IS

much more

^->
Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP.

F m

any triangle

one angle

which
angle,

is

is

THEOR.

19

A
be greater

J/j^

than another

XIX.

^^^

the Jide

oppojite to the greater

greater than the Jide

oppojite the lefs.

then muft

be not greater than

If

or

then

If

which

is

which

is

not

is

contrary to the hypothefis.

lefs

than

^^j

for if

it

were,

contrary to the hypothefis

Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP.

20

XX.

THEOR.

NY

two fides

iBMMH

and

of

Z\

triangle

taken together are greater than the

third fide

Produce

make

).

and

><

(pr- 3-);

draw

Then

becaufe

------

(conft.).

(ax. 9.)

+
and

,*,

(pr. 19.)

+
Q.E.D

BOOK

I.

F from any

PROP. XXL

point

THEOR.

21

within a triangle
'

drawn

the

to

),

ther

Jlraight lines be

lefs

extremities

thefe lines

of one fide

mujl he toge-

than the other two fdes, but

muJl contain a greater angle.

Produce

(pr. 20.),

add

to each.

In the fame manner

...

it

may be fhown

that

[Z

which was

(ax. 4.)

to

be proved.

(pr. 16.),

.A

(pr. 16.),

Q^E.D.

BOOK

22

I.

PROP. XXII.

THEOR.

\IVE'N three ng/it

lines

the

<

fum of

any

two greater than

the third, to conJlru6i a tri-

angle whofe Jides Jhall be refpeSlively equal to the given

lines.

a^M
AfTume

Draw
and

With

defcribe

-^ s:
and

and

draw

then will

For

^
I

(pr. 2.).

as radii,

(poft. 3.);

and

be the triangle required.

"'

and
Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

iT a given point

given Jiraight
to

line

in the legs

to

between any two points

of the given angle.

Conftruct
fo that

in

(^^^),

make an angle equal

given re 51 ilineal angle (.^^j^

Draw

PROB.

PROP. XXIII.

^^^ =

(pr. 22.)

and

Then jgj^

= ^J^

(pr. 8.).

Q. E. D.

23

BOOK I. PROP.

24

THEOR.

XXir.

two

triangles

have two fides of

the

one

refpec-

equal

tively

to

twofdes of the other (

to
and -----to

X>

),

the angles

ed

by

greater than the other (c.^), the fide

is

which

angle.

oppofte to the

Make

and

L^ - ly

draw
Becaufe

lefs

^^

..---

3:

.\ )

one of

contain-

equal fdes

^-^-^^

greater than thefde

oppofte to the greater angle

is

<3.

the

and if

isohich

)
-

(pr- 3-).

and

-.

(ax. i. hyp. conft.)

(F-

but

.*.

(pr. 19.)

but

is

(pr. 23.),

^=^
and

be

(pr.4.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK

two

"

25

triangles

two

fides

' "'

and

of the

have

THEOR.

PROP. XXV.

I.

one refpeBively equal to two

fides

and

of the other, but their bafes

unequal, the angle fubtended

by the greater bafe

of the

one,

()

muji be greater

than the angle fubtended by

the

lefs

^Im-

for if

bafe

("""*)

^ C
,

^^

or

H]

^^

=.

which

of the

^^ ^^^
then

is

for if

which

^^^^

not

is

lefs

A
"H

not equal to

is

:=

i-

^^
(pr. 4.)

contrary to the hypothefis

is

^H^

then

other.

than

:ti

^^

A
(pr. 24.),

'

alfo contrary to the hypothefis

/.A

[=

A.
Q^E. D.

BOOK

26

Case

I.

PROP. XXVL

THEOR.

I.

two triangles

have two angles

of the one refpedlively equal
to

two angles of the

other.

and

Case

II.

tf)

y),

of the one equal

to

and afide

afde of

other fmilarly placed

the

with refpeSl

to

the equal

angles, the remaining

and angles are

fdes

refpeSlively

equal to one another.

CASE
and

Let

I.

which

lie

between

the equal angles be equal,

-^

then

For

if it

be poflible,

let

^^

one of them

be

-i

greater than the other

In

\ and

M=A

we

have

(pr.4.)

BOOK

I.

but

PROP. XXVI. THEOR.

A = iH
g^^

and therefore

hence neither of the

=:

fides

(hyp.)

which

^|B,

^ and

greater than the other;

and

is

Again,

let

in '

and

.*.

jf^

^^^

which

If

it

lie

oppofite

be poflible,

let

J^^^ we have

I'ut

(pr. 4.).

II.

flik and

is

they are equal;

.*.

4 = 4,
^ ^

the equal angles

Then

abfurd

^-

and

CASE

27

and

H^ =
^^^

/^ = J^,

JBi^

which

is

(hyp.)

abfurd (pr. 16.).

Confequently, neither of the fides ^"ii" or

greater than the other,

^-^"i^

hence they muft be equal.

follows (by pr. 4.) that the triangles are equal in

all

refpedls.

Q^E. D.

is

It

BOOK

28

I.

PROP. XXVII.

THEOR.

ajlralght
)

meet-

tivo

other

i?2g

Jiraight
-

with

angles

equal,

and

them

makes

alternate

and

thefe

lines,
)

the

line

two Jiraight

lines

are parallel.

If

be not parallel to

they

fliall

meet

when produced.

If

it

be poflible,

when produced

let thofe lines

be not parallel, but meet

then the external angle

^^

is

greater

than flHik>^ (pr. i6),but they are alfo equal (hyp.), which
is

abfurd

in the

fame manner

cannot meet on the other

fide

it

,*,

may

be ihown that they

they are parallel.

Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP. XXFIIL THEOR.

29

F ajlraight line
ting

two other

Jlraight

lines

(-

makes the external equal

the

and

internal

angle, at the
the cutting

oppojite

fame

line

Jide

of

{namely.

yl,

at the fame ftde

to

or if it makes the two internal angles

^l^ and ^F

together equal to two

or

f/^ and ^^^)

right angles, thofe two Jlraight lines

are parallel.

1^ =^^
mL =

Firft, if

/.

then

Jjj^

= ^r

(pr.

(pr. 27.).

II

Secondly, if

then

(pr.

13.),

(ax. 3.)

(pr. 27.)

C^E. D.

BOOK I. PROP.

30

THEOR.

XXIX.

STRAIGHT
(

on

f^^^i'"g

two parallel Jiraight

lines

mmmim^mm and

makes the alternate

),

and

tlie

in-

angles equal to one another

alfo tlie

/ine

external equal to

ternal and oppojite angle on the

fame Jide

and

the

two internal

angles on the fa?ne Jide

together

equal to two right angles.

For

and

if the alternate angles

draw

making

Therefore
fore

two

Hence

.*.

jl^

line,

which

which

is

is,

impoflible (ax.

^^

That

is

A+

to fay, the

2).

^|^
^^^

are

not

(pr. 15);

the external angle equal to the inter-

nal and oppofite on the fame iide

both, then

and

=:

they are equal:

= l/^

and there-

interfed: are parallel to the

the alternate angles

unequal, that

(pr- 23)-

(pr. 27.)

ftraight lines

fame flraight

be not equal,

two

if

^^W

^CLi

internal angles at the

the cutting line are equal to

two

be added to

(pr. 13)-

fame

fide

right angles.

Q. E. D.

of

BOOK

I.

PROP. XXX.

TRAIGHT /mes

THEOR.

_Z)

lohich are parallel to the

fame Jlratght

line

),

are parallel to one another.

Let

Then,

interfedl

= ^^ = iJB

(pr. 29.),

(pr. 27.)

Q. E. D.

3^

32

BOOK I. PROP.

XXXI.

PROB.

ROM

a given

/^

point

to

draw ajiraight
parallel

line

Jlraight line

Draw

from the point

to

to

given

().

any point

in

make
then

(pr. 23.),

(pr. 27.).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XXXII.

I.

any fide

(-

THEOR.

33

of a triangle be produced,

^figl^

to the

^^^)

fum of the two

oppofte angles

and

the

external

the

^qual

internal

aiid

'-^

and

^^^

three internal angles of

every triangle taken together are

equal to two right angles.

Through

the point

draw
(pr. 3i-)-

II

Then

(pr. 29.),

and therefore

(pr. 13.).

-dy
Q. E. D.

34

BOOK

PROP. XXXIII.

I.

THEOR.

TRAIGHT

fines

and
the

adjacent

(-

which join

extremities

of

two equal and parallelJiraight

~ and

"..---=.

),

are

themfelves equal and parallel.

Draw

the diagonal.

(hyp.)

(pr. 29.)

and

common

to the

, and

and /.

two

triangles

(pr. 4.)

(pr. 27.).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

HE

THEOR.

PROP. XXXIV.

I.

ofpofite Jides

35

and angles of

any parallelogram are equal,

and
divides

it

into

the

two equal parts.

=
Since

^^

diagonal (i^

^=t

common

and

/.

are equal

triangles.

^^W = ^^M

Therefore the oppofite

are equal

two

to the

and

gram

(pr. 29.)

and

fides

(^^'^

and angles of the parallelo-

as the triangles

in every refpect (pr.

the parallelogram into

(pr- 26.)

two equal

.N.""^

4,),

the diagonal divides

parts.

Q. E. D.

36

BOOK

I.

PROP. XXXV.

THEOR.

ARALLELOGRAMS
on

fame

the

bafe,

and

between the fame parallels,

On

are {in area) equal.

account of the parallels,

_Kpr. 29.)

and

But,

(Pi--

r=?

34-)

(pr. 8.)

minus

minus

r=
Q^E. D.

BOOK

I.

PROP. XXXVI. THEOR.

37

ARALLELO-

GRAMS

1
^^

is*
and

on

equal bafes, and between the

fame parallels, are

equal.

and ---..-

Draw

, by

=
And

therefore

and

II

"
is

(pr. 34,

and hyp.);

(pr. 33.)

a parallelogram

but

(pr- 35-)

1.1

(ax. I.).

Q. E. D.

38

BOOK

I.

PROP. XXXFII.

THEOR.

RIANGLES

on the

fame

and between
lels

bafe

the fame paral-

are equal.

Draw
\

^i
(prfpr. 3I-)

Produce

1M.

and

^^

are parallelograms

on the fame bafe, and between the fame

and therefore equal,

=: twice

parallels,

(pr. 35.)

(pr- 34-)

twice

k.i
Q.

D.

BOOK

PROP. XXXVIII.

I.

THEOR.

RIANGLES

(^Hi
;4H

tind
^'ij

JH
jm^

on

equal bajes and between

the fame parallels are equal.

Draw
(pr. 31.).

and

II

I
=
and

^^ =

(pr. 36.);

twice

^^k

twice

^H

i k

(pr- 34-)'

(ax. 7.).

Q^E. D.

39

BOOK I. PROP. XXXIX. THEOR,

40

QUAL
and

and on

the fame fide of

triangles

"^

on the fame bafe

it,

are

between the fvne parallels.

If-^,

which

joins the vertices

of the triangles, be not

draw

||

(pr.3i-).

II

meeting

Draw
(conft.)

Becaufe

W.4
A=4

which
Ji.
it

(hyp.)

but

manner

(pr- 37-)

a part equal to the

is

whole,

abfurd.

^i^-^-^

and

in the

fame

can be demonflrated, that no other line except

is

II

.-.

II

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XL.

I.

QUAL

THEOR.

41

trian-

gles

and

on equal bafes,

fame

Jide, are

fame

parallels.

M.

and on

the

between the

which

If

be not

draw

of triangles

joins the vertices

-

II

-~

II

(pr. 31.),

meeting

Draw
Becaufe

(conft.)

^^^-

1^^^

which
41"

'

a part equal to the

abfurd.

is

~^^^"^

whole,

^"f^ in the

fame manner

can be demonftrated, that no other line except

is

II

.-.

Q^E. D.

it

42

BOOK I. PROP.

THEOR.

XLI.

a parallelogram

and a

the fame bafe

the

triangle

fame

^^^ are upon

^^^ and betineen
-.----

parallels
,

and

the parallelogram is double

the triangle.

Draw

Then

the diagonal

V=J
zz twice

^^

^1^.

(pr- 37-)

(pr- 34-)

twice

^H^

Q. E. D.

BOOK

I.

PROP. XLII.

THEOR.

43

conJiruSl

parallelogram
equal to a given

triangle

^^/^andhaV"

ing an angle equal to a given

rectilinear angle

Make

^ =

Draw

~'

"

Draw

but

[j

^1^

(pr. 10.)

:= twice

z=

lA

(pr. 31.)

(pr. 41.)

(pr. 38.)

4
Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP.

44

XLIII.

HE

THEOR.

complements

and

^^^

cf

the parallelograms ivhicli are about

the diagonal of a parallelogram are
equal.

(pr- 34-)

4.
and

JBL =

^^

(pi--

34-)

(ax. 3.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK
O

PROP. XLIV. PROB.

I.

45

given

Jlraight

line

ply a parallelo-

gram equal
angle

to

a given

^^^^'

),

tri-

and

having an angle equal

a given

reSiilinear

Make

to

angle

Produce w^^mmm^

its fides

draw -.

- -

in continuation
till it

prnHnrp

draw

II

meets

it fill if

conterminous

of
'

mpptg

produced, and produce

'" '

||

-, continued

meeting

>

(pr.

but

._i

(pr. 42.)

and having one of

with and

wi th

430

(conft.)

(pr. 19.

and confl.)
Q. E. D.

BOOK I. PROP. XLF. PROP.

O

conjlrudl a parallelogram equal

to

given

equal to

angle

Draw

reSlilinear

a given

figure

and having an

reSlilinear

and

angle

dividing

the redtilinear figure into triangles.

Conftrudl

K.(t^m

having

to

apply

having

(pr. 44.)

apply

to

having

Mf

mg

M
#=
=

(pr. 44.)

##=
and

(pr.42.)

is

>,

a parallelogram, (prs. 29, 14, 30.)

having
Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XLVI.

I.

PON

a given Jlraight

(^^^)

47

line

conJlruB

to

PROB.

fquare.

Draw

and
(pr.

Draw
ing

and

1,

3.)

drawn

and meet-

>,

II

||

^
In

(conft.)

=:

a right angle (conft.)

^H = Hp =
and the remaining

fides

be equal,

and

,*,

^ "g'^^ ^"gle (pr. 29.),

and angles muft

(pr. 34.)

is

a fquare. (def. 27.)

Q. E. D.

48

BOOK

I.

PROP. XLVII.

THEOR.

right

angled

triangle

the fquare on the

liypotenufe

<

<

is

the fum of the fquares ofthejides,

and

equal to

).

On

and
defcribe fquares, (pr. 46.)

Draw -.I
alfo

To

draw

and

each add

and

Again, becaufe

(pr. 31-)

BOOK I. PROP.

XLVII.

THEOR.

49

twice

and

In the fame manner

that

hence

twice

it

may

^H

be fhown

^^ ^

##
Q

E. D.

BOOK

so

PROP. XLVIIL

I.

THEOR.

t/ie

fquare

one

of

Jide

)
\

a triangle
equal

to the

and

),

fide

and

"-

...

and

^i^-

and

a right angle.

(prs.11.3.)
alfo.

(pr. 47-).

-|-

confequently

(hyp.)

(pr. 8.),

,*,

is

the angle

(conft.)

but

is

and draw ---

Since

)fubtended by that

is

fquares of the

other tivo fides (nn.

Draw

a right angle.

Q. E. D.

51

BOOK

II.

DEFINITION

RECTANGLE

or

I.

right angled parallelo-

gram
tained by any

is

faid to

two of

its

be conadjacent

or conterminous fides.

Thus

the right angled parallelogram

be contained by the
or

then

for the redtangle

i.

e.

under

is

equal to

faid to

by

the expreflion

and

a fquare, and
- or

is

is

- ^

which

is

and

briefly defignated

If the adjacent fides are eq^ual

i^^-

fides

may be

it

HH[

or

BOOK II. DEFINITIONS.

52

DEFINITION

II.

N
the

parallelogram,

figure

compokd

of one ot the parallelograms

about

the

diagonal,

together with the two comple-

ments,

Thus

is

called a Gnomon.

and

called

Gnomons.

are

BOOK II. PROP.

HE

7-elangle

two

by

into

PROP.

53

contained
lines,

ftraight

one of which

I.

is

divided

any number of parts.

= <;+
/;

equal to the

fum of

the

contained by the undivided

divided

reBangks

and

the fever al parts of the

and r=

(prs.2.3.B.i.);

line,

line.

Draw

_L

complete the parallelograms, that

Draw

is

to

(pr. 31-

fay,

B.I.)

I
-

+
Q. E. D.

i;

BOOK II. PROP.

54

II.

F a

THEOR.
divided

Jlraight line be

into

any

tivo

parts

'

the fquare of the -whole line

fum of

the

reSlangles contained by the whole line

and

is

equal to

the

each of its parts.

-f

Draw

Defcribe
parallel to

I
-^^
-----

(B.

i.

pr. 46.)

(B.

i.

pr. 31

I
I

I
+
Q. E. D.

BOOK 11. PROP.

F

III.

THEOR.

55

Jiraig/it line be di-

vided into any two parts

11

'

the reBangle

contained by the "whole

line

and either of its parts,

is

equal to

the fquare of that part, together with

the reSf angle under the parts.

or.
^

(pr. 46, B. I.)

Defcribe

Complete

(pr. 31, B. I.)

Then

but

and

In a fimilar manner
that

it

may

be readily fhown

zr m^'i _^

Q. E.

BOOK II. PROP.

56

THEOR.

IF.

a Jiraight

into

any

tico

line

be divided

parts

the fquare of the ii'hole line

is

equal to the fquare s of the

parts, together

ii-ith

twice the reefangle

contained by the parts.

+
twice

Defcribe

draw

vpr.

46, B.

1.)

port. I.).

and

(pr. 31, B. I.)

4-

4.4

(pr. 5, B. I.),

(pr. 29, B. I.)

500a:

//.

/. by (prs.6,29, 34. B.

PROP.

IF.

B
t,^J

I.)

For the fame reafons r

is

I
b"t

Ei

= C-J+

twice

>'

is

THEOR.

a fquarc

a Iquare

""~

:= ~"",

(pr, 43, b.

57

I.)

B.

Q. E. D.

58

BOOK

PROP.

11.

V.

PROP.

a Jlraight

line be divided

into

two equal

parts and alfo

into

two

unequal parts,

the reSlangle contained by

the unequal parts, together with the fquare of the line between
the points

offe51 ion,

is

equal to the fquare of half that

line

Defcribe

IIHIH

(pr.

II

46, B.

i.),

draw

and

-(pr.3i,B.i.)

II

(p. 36, B.

(ax. 2.)

I-

(p.

43. B.

I.)

I.)

BOOK

II.

but

PROP.

r.

(cor. pr. 4.

and

/.

(ax. 2.)

THEOR.

B. 2.)

(conft.)

ifl.F+
Q. E. D.

59

6o

BOOK

PROP.

II.

VI.

THEOR.
F

a Jlraight

be

line

bifeSled

and produced to any

point ^wmmmt
,
the

reSlangle

whole

line

contained by

the

fo increafed, and the

part produced, together with the

fquare of half the

to the fquare

of the

line, is

line

equal

made up

ofthe half, andthe producedpart

(pr. 46, B. I.),

Defcribe

draw

II

(pr.

and

3i,B.

(prs. 36, 43, B.

but

^H

1.)

(cor. 4, B. 2.)

(conft.ax.2.)

+
Q. E. D.

BOOK
F

PROP.

11.

a Jlraight

line

6i

be divided

any two parts wbmw^

into

THEOR.

VII.

the fq liares of the whole line

and
equal

to

one

of the farts

are

twice the rectangle contained by

the whole line

and

with the fquare

of the other parts.

that part, together

Defcribe
,

Draw and

(pr. 46, B.

(poft. I.),

(pr. 31, B. !.)

I
=

add

I.)-

-'

(pr-

43.

-B.

I.),

to both, (cor. 4, B- 2.)

I
(cor. 4, B. 2.)

I
'

+
Q. E. D.

BOOK

62

PROP.

II.

E3

THEOR.

VIII.

F ajlraight line be divided

Into

any
,

two

parts

the fquare of

thefum of the whole

line

and any one of Its parts. Is equal to

four times the reSlangle contained by
the whole line,

and that part together

with the fquare of the other part.

+
and make

Produce

Conftrudl

(pr. 46, B. 1.);

draw

(pr. 31, B. I.)

(pr. 4, B. II.)

but

-^

z= 2.

(pr. 7, B. II

-+

.)

-'

Q. E. D.

BOOK 11. PROP.

F

THEOR.

IX.

63

a Jlraight

line be divided

two equal

into

parts

and

alfo into

parts

,.j

two unequal

^mmm^'^^m

fquares

the

unequal

of the

parts are together double

thefquares

and of

of halfthe

the part between the points offedlion.

^

Make

line,

^=

_L and r=

Draw "..-.

II

and

and draw

4
4. = ^
^
4^
=

or

II

(pr. 5,

B.I.)

half a right angle,

(cor. pr. 32, B. i.)

=: half a

(pr. 5, B. I.)

right angle,

(cor. pr. 32, B. i.)

(prs. 5, 29,

lence

wmmimtm^m^

a right angle.

(prs. 6, 34,

B.

I.).

B.

I.)

^or

(pr. 47, B. I.)

I
\

Q. E. D.

64

BOOK

II.

PROP.

THEOR.

X.

a Jlraight

line

be bi-

feBed and pro-

whole

duced to any point

,

thefquaresofthe

produced

line,

and of

the produced part, are toge-

ther double of the fquares of

the half

and of

litie,

the line

made up of the half and produced part.

+
Make

J_ and =1

or

to

draw ^MvatMit and

(pr. 31, B. I.);

and

draw

(pr.

alfo.

5, B. I.)

half a right angle,

(cor. pr. 32, B.

(pr.

5,

B.

I.)

.)

half a right angle

(cor. pr. 32, B. i.)

4.

a right angle.

BOOK

II.

PROP.

X.

THEOR.

half a right angle (prs. 5, 32, 29, 34, B.

6^

i.),

and
.-.., (prs. 6, 34, B.

I.).

Hence by

(pr. 47, B. i.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK II. PROP.

66

XI.

PROP.

O divide a givenfiraight line -^^

in fuch

a manner, that the reB angle

contained by the whole line

of

parts may be equal

its

and one
to

the

fquare of the other.

1 1

Defcribe

make

(pr. 46, B, I.),

(pr. 10, B. I.),

draw
take

(pr.

on

Then,
2

(pr. 46, B. I.),

defcribe

Produce
(pr. 6,

B.

3, B. I.),

(poft. 2.).

2.)
i

"',

or,

I
Q^E. D.

BOOK II. PROP. XII THEOR.

N any

67

obtufe angled

triangle, thefquare
fide fubtend-

of the

ing the obtufe angle

exceeds the fiim of the fquares

of the fides containing the obtwice the rec-

by

tufe angle,

tangle contained by either

of

thefe fides andthe produced parts

of the fa?ne from the obtufe

angle to the perpendicular
fall on

it

from

let

the oppofite acute

angle.

+
By
^

>

to

'^

^
;

'

hence

by

both

by

pr. 4, B. 2.

add

''

(pr. 47, B.

(pr. 47, B. I.).

-"

I.)

or

Therefore,

'

'

Q. E. D.

BOOK

68

PROP.

II.

THEOR.

XIII.

SECOND.

FIRST.

F^ N

^m p^

Br^/^

any

tri-

the

angle,

fquareofthe
Jidefubtend-

ing an acute angle,

lefs

than the

fum of

is

the

fquares of the Jides containing that angle, by twice the reSlangle contained by either

of thefe fides, and the part of it intercepted between the foot of

the perpendicular let fall on

from

it

the oppofte angle,

and

angular point of the acute angle.

FIRST.

by 2

SECOND.
*by

.'

-I

Firft, fuppofe the perpendicular to fall

within the

triangle, then (pr. 7, B. 2.)

^>

-|-

^^^ ^

add to each
I.....

"

-|-

'

(pr-

^ihi^'^ then,

_ ^4/.

^^i^^"

47. B.

-^

I.)

the

BOOK 11. PROP.

and

.*.

Next fuppofe

THEOR.

XIII.

^ " +

Z]

69
-

by

-" -i

the perpendicular to

fall

without the

triangle, then (pr. 7, B. 2.)

add

+
1^

to

each

+
-^. ^_
^

-|-

<2

...

then

(pr. 47, B. I.),

^mM

_l-_

-J-

Q. E. D.

a
',

BOO A'

PROP. XIV. PROB.

//.

O draw

a right

line

of

which the fquare flmll be

equal to

a given

reSli-

linear figure

fuch that.

^^^^H = ^^V
-.
produce "-

Make

(pr. 45, B. i.),

until

-.-

take

Defcribe

and produce

but

i^

-^^

to

meet

(pr. 5,

=
wmmm^t"

(pr. 10, B. i.),

(poft. 3.),

"
'

^I

'

B.

it

:=

draw

2.),

+ " -(pr. 47,

B. I.);

and

Q. E. D.

BOOK

III.

DEFINITIONS.
I.

QUAL

circles

are

thofe

equal.

II.

right line

when

is

said to

meets the

it

touch a circle

circle,

produced does not cut

and being

it.

III.

Circles are faid to touch one an-

other which meet but do not cut

one another.

IV.

Right
diftant

when

lines are faid to

be equally

from the centre of

the perpendiculars

them from

a circle

drawn

the centre are equal.

to

whofe diameters

are

DEFINITIONS.

72

And
cular

which the greater perpendi-

the ftraight line on

falls is faid to

be farther from the centre.

VI.

A fegment of a circle is the figure contained

by a ftraight
ference

it

line

cuts

and the part of the circum-

off.

VII.

An

angle in a fegment

tained by

two

the angle con-

is

ftraight lines

drawn from any

point in the circumference of the fegment

to the extremities
is

of the ftraight

line

which

the bafe of the fegment.

VIII.

An
;

angle

is

faid to ftand

on the part of

the circumference, or the arch, intercepted

between the right

lines that contain the angle.

IX.

fed:or

by two

of a

radii

circle

is

the figure contained

and the arch between them.

DEFINITIONS.

11

Similar fegments of circles

are

thofe

which

contain

equal angles.

Circles

which have the fame centre

called concentric circles.

are

BOOK

74

III.

PROP.

PROB.

I.

O Jind

the centre of a given

circle

Draw

within the circle any ftraight

Hne

ma ke.

draw
hi left

i^MMMi

biledtion

For,

is

the centre.

if it

be pofTible,

point as the point of concourfe of

and

and the point of

.^

^B. I, pr. 8.),

which

but
is

^=

abfurd

^_|

2*

I J

def. 15.)

- common,

and are therefore right

(con ft.

(ax.

therefore the aflumed point

centre of the circle

and

in

the fame

proved that no other point which

the centre,

and

---- (J'^yp- ^""^

-- (conft.) and

any other
---..---

be the centre.

Becaufe in

angles

let

therefore

therefore the point

the

where

centre
1

is

is

is

manner

not on
in
is

.)

can be

^^^
bifedled

not the

^^
it

is

and

is

the

centre.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP.

III.

STRAIGHT

line

circumference

lies ivholly

Find the centre of

the

in

of a

within the

75

C)

two points

joining

THEOR.

11.

circle

circle.

(B.S-pr.i.);

from the centre draw

to

any point in

meeting the circumference from the centre

draw

Then
but

and

= -^
or

CZ

(B. i.pr. 5.)

^
(B.

(B.
I.

I. pr.

16.)

pr. 19.)

but

.*.

every point in

lies

within the circle.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

76

III.

PROP.

THEOR.

III.

a Jlraight

line

drawn through

') which does not

the centre,

is

it

>^

In

and

paj's

to it;

of the

and

_L

,*,

Again

Then

(B.

-...- (B.

circle.

1.

and
pr. 8.)

I. def. 7.)

let

L^..T^

J and

in

or,

L..._V
m^^^ common,

through

it, it bifeSls it.

to the centre

and

bifelsachord

perpendicular

if perpendicular to

Draw

the centre of a

circle

(B. i.pr. 5.)

(hyp.)

and
(B.

and

.*.

I.

pr. 26.)

bifedts

Q. E. D.

BOOK HI. PROP.

in

11

circle tiaojlraight lines

cut one another, which

do

through the

both pafs

not

THEOR.

IF.

centre, they do not bifeSl one

another.

If one of the lines pafs through the

centre,
bifecfted

evident that

it is

it

by the other, which does not

through the centre.

pafs

But

neither of the Hnes

if

pafs

i^^^
.*.

=^^

be bileded,

^^ =

or

^-i

----.

through the centre, draw

from the centre

If

cannot be

to their interfedlion.

._._._ _L

and

if

bifed:ed,

to

it

(6. 3. pr. 3.)

(B. 3-

and

.*,

.*.

do not

biiecfl

and

P'--

3-)

a part

equal to the whole, which

be

is

abfurd

one another.
Q. E. D.

w*

BOOK

78

III.

PROP.

THEOR.

V.

F two

(0)

circles

interfeSl, they

have not the

Janie centre.

Suppofe

common
to

the

it

poflible

centre

that

from

two

fiich

interfering point,

interfedting circles have a

fuppofed centre draw

and

^^^--

^.i^..

meetmg

the circumferences of the circles.

Then
and

i.def

(B.

<

(B.

equal to the whole, which

.',

circles

is

I.

15.)

def. 15.)

a part

abfurd

fuppofed to interfedl in any point cannot

have the fame centre.

Q,E. D.

BOOK

III.

PROP. VL

F tivo circles

THEOR.

79

touch

one another internally, they

have not the fame

For,

if it

ce?itre.

be poffible,

let

both circles have the fame

centre; from fuch a fuppofed centre

cutting both circles, and

(B. i.def. 15.)

(B. I.def. 15.)

J

equal to the whole, which

therefore the aiTumed point
cles

and

in the

no other point

of contadl.

to the point

Then
and

draw ---

is

fame manner

is

a part

abfurd

not the centre of both cirit

can be demonftrated that

is.

E. D.

BOOK

8o

nCURE

PROP.

HI.

THEOR.

FII.

1.

F Jt'om

any point within a

which
are

drawn

lines is that

and

not the centre, lines

is

the circumference

to

circle

the greatejl of thofe

(-i^.i") which pajfes through the centre,

the leaf

is

the remaining

part

of the

diameter.

Of the
FIGURE

others, that

>

the line pafing through the centre,

II.

mmmmm^^
Fig. 2.

wliich

is

nearer to

greater than that

is

remote.

Is itiore

The two

which

lines

and

which make equal angles with that pafpng through the

centre, on oppofite fdes

of it, are equal

drawn a third

there cannot be

line

to each other;

equal to them,

and

from

the fame point to the circumference.

FIGURE

To

the centre of the circle

" -
^ ^^

then
......i^Mi
in like

.i.M__-

and

may be fhewn

or any other line

in like

from both

manner

it

(B.

15.)

(B.I

pr. 20.)

to

be greater than

drawn from

the fame point

Again, by (B.

/.

may

i. def.

C ^-

...>.

to the circumference.

take

- and - --

rr ....

-|-

manner

draw

I.

i.

pr. 20.)

CI ....1^

be fhewn that

^^

(ax.),
is lefs

BOOK
thiin

PROP.

III.

8i

any other line drawn from the fame point to the cir-

y*/

Again, in

cumference.

^^

common,

in like

and

IV

[^

(B.

may

THEOR.

VII.

and

pr. 24.)

I.

manner be proved greater than any other

drawn from the fame point

to the

FIGURE

^=^.
^

^c
^^

in

circumference more

II.

hen

take

line

--,

remote from

If

and

r=

and

'"',

draw

:>^
,^^ ,

'I
I

,ifo.

then

common.

(B. i.pr. 4.)

a part equal to the

"

^
ence

centre

would be

drawn from

for if
it

IS

it

is

and no other

abfurd
line

is

equal to

the fame point to the circumfer-

were nearer

would be

whole, which

to the

greater, and if

one pafling through the

it

were more remote

lefs.

Q. E. D.

it

nOOK

82

The

PROP. nil.

HI.

THEOR.

original text of this propolition

here divided into

is

three parts.

I.

^Voll ^^

iiKCs

Vy
cu/nference

of

P'"^ without a circle, Jlraight

''

f'''"

thofe falling

ference the greatejl

is

that

through the centre, and the

nearer the greatejl
'ichich is

is

for

fince

which

than

;inv

{^-

1-

P'-

other line dr.iwn

concave circumference.

Again

in

upon the concave circum-

line

ichich fafja

ichich

greater than that

and

pallcs

is

through the centre,

nz

--

be added to both.
l^iit

cir-

and .-..>... to the centre.

greatcll;

ore (jrd'wn to the

more remote.

Draw
Then.

it

is

^-^-^

-|-

;
is

greater

from the fame point

to the

-^)

'-

BOOK

^^

and

prop. nir. tiikor

rrr.

common,

Init

(B.

and

in like

I.

pr.

24.);

may be Ihcwn ZZ

manner

t'l-"! -^'7

more remote from

other line

II.

Of thofc
leaf

is

lines

that

falling on the convex circumference the

()

pafs through the centre,

the lea/l

and

the line which

Icf than that which

is

For, fince

which being produced would

is

is

nearer

to

more remote.

-j-

and

And

again, fince

(B. i.pr. 21.),

h
and

-|-

rs
-,

And

lb

of others.

III.

Alfo the

lines

making equal angles with that which

pajjes through the centre arc equal,

whether /ailing on

the concave or convex circumfrence

can he drinvn equal

to the/n

from

and

no third line

the f<imc point to the

circumference.

Forif

make

-----

C """",
^ ----^

Init

making

;iml tl|;l\V ......

=:

^
-.^

BOOK III. PROP.

84

Then

in

we have

and /

;)

THEOR.

Fin.

/
common, and

and

alfo

(B.

=:

I. pr.

41,

4.);

but

which
iisBisB

of -----

Neither

IS

not Z!Z

.*.

And

is

not

abfurd.

to

any part

r~ -----^

'

is

they are

each other.

any other line drawn from the fame point to the

circumference muft He
lines,

-, nor

-to

is

and be more or

at the

lefs

fame

fide

remote than

it

with one of thefe

from the

line pall-

ing through the centre, and cannot therefore be equal to

Q. E. D.

it.

BOOK in. PROP.

o-

two

thwi

85

a point be taken ivithin a

circle (

more

THEOR.

IX.

can be drawn

] ,

from which

equal Jlraight

to the

lines

circumference^ that

point tnuji be the ceiitre of the circle.

if it be

For,
in

which more than two equal

lines

meet

point

..

from

muft be; join thefe two points by

both ways to the circumference.

it

more than two equal

fince

which

a point

two of them

ftraight

not the centre, fome other

is

and produce

Then

at leall;

.;

and

is

muft

and

which

which
but

is

The fame may

ferent

from

is

from

which

drawn

^^

=-

of the diameter

/\

w hich

is

to the circumference

pafies

nearer to

fide

a point

drawn

more remote
rr

fame

the

lie at

fince

-i^ .--=

ftraight lines are

not the centre, to the circumference,

is

not the centre, ftraight lines are

the greateft

|^

fuppofed that the point

through the centre

^^'. |^

~-

(B. 3. pr. 8.)

(hyp.)

which

is

abfurd.

be demonftrated of any other point, dif-

|\^ which muft

be the centre of the

circle,

Q. E. D.

BOOK

86

NE
I

For, if

PROP.

III.

circle

from the centre of

cannot interfeSl another

more points than two.

be poffible,

it

THEOR.

X.

let it interfedl in

O
(

draw

to the points

(B.

I.

three points

of interfedlion

def. 15.),

but as the circles interfedl, they have not the fame

centre (B.

.*,

the alTumed point

is

3. pr. 5.)

not the centre of

o.

and

from

drawn

a point not the centre, they are not equal (B. 3.

but

prs. 7, 8)

which

abfurd

is

are

and

it

was fhewn before

that they

were equal,

the circles therefore do not interfedl in

three points.

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XL THEOR.

F two

internally,

the

circles

87

and

touch one another

right line joining

their

centres, being produced, Jliall pafs through

a point of contaSl.

For, if

it

be poffible,

let

join their centres, and produce

ways

from

a point

it

both

of contadl draw

to the centre of (

and from the fame point

of contadl draw ---- to the centre of I

Becaufe in

+
(B.

pr. 20.),

and

as

they are radii of

BOOK

8B
but

PROP.

III.

-|-

rr

XI.

which

away

hut

i^

is

,*,

---"

whole, which

is

^^

take

common,

-- --^

becaufe they are radiii of

and

THEOR.

r^

P^i't

greater than the

abfurd.

Tlie centres are not therefore fo placed, that a line

joining

them can

pafs

through any point but

a point

contadt.

Q. E.

D.

of

BOOK

F two

t/ier

89

touch one a7io

Jiraight

the

line

joining their centres,

pajfes through the point

If

THEOR.

XII.

circles

externally,

PROP.

III.

it

be polTible,

of contaB.

join the centres, and

let

not pafs through a point of contadl

contad:

draw -"^^^== and

Becaufe

and

"" ^^-

I.

joining

to the centres.

(B.

I.

(B.

I. def. 15.),

',

than the whole, which

The

is

def. 15.),

a part greater

abfurd.

centres are not therefore fo placed, that

them can

point of

pr. 20.),

=
=

'-
'

(B.

and

then from

pafs

<-he

line

through any point but the point of

contadl.

Q.E. D.

BOOK

90

FIGURE

FIGURE

I.

THEOR.

PROP. XIIL

in.

II.

NE circ/e cannot touch another,

either

or

externally
internally, in

more points

than one.

FIGURE

III.

Fig.

For, if

o
and

it

be

touch

poffible, let

one

another internally in two points

draw
tres,

- joining their cen-

and produce

through one of the points of contadl (B.

draw

and ^

it

pafs

3. pr. 11.);

^^

(B. I.

.-.

until

it

def

15.),

be added to both,

if

+
. (B. I.

but

and

.*.

+
which

is

abfurd.

def

15.),

_
(B.

I.

but

pr. 20.),

BOOK
But

Fig. 2.

of the right

PROP.

III.

if the points

THEOR.

XIII.

91

of contadl be the extremities

line joining the centres, this ftraight line

muft

be bifedled in two different points for the two centres; becaufe

it is

Next,

Fig. 3.

which

the diameter of both circles,

if

it

be poffible ,

touch externally in two points;

draw

abfurd.

j and I

let

is

joining

the centres of the circles, and paffing through one of the

points of contact, and

-^

nd

z=

.... zr
-\-

+
which

is

There

draw

-^

and

(B.
I

^-^''

I.

(B.

Z:Z.

i.

-^^

def. 15.);

def. 15.);

BMBsaaa
.-- (B.

I.

but

pr. 20.),

abfurd.

is

therefore no cafe in

which two

circles

can

touch one another in two points.

E. D.

92

BOOK

PROP. XIV.

III.

THEOR.

infcribed in a circle are e-

qually dijiantfrom the centre

andalfofjlraight lines equally

dijiafit

from

From

the centre are equal.

the centre o

to

= half
=
=

Then
and

and

s^
'

.'

and

> -

is

-^

and --

and

3. pr. 3.)

(hyp.)

I. def.

15.)

a right angle

MB.i.pr.47-)
'

fame reafon.
.%

draw

(B. 3-pr-3-)

(B.

but fince

'" (B.

fince

,join

-L

for the

BOOK III. PROP.

Alfo,

if

the

lines

.. and

equally diflant from the centre

pendiculars

--

and

THEOR.

XIV.

that

-m........

is

i....r

93

be

to fay, if the per-

be given equal, then

For, as in the preceding cafe,

:::=

.......

__i.^,

and

and the doubles of thefe

^n.......

are alfo equal.

Q. E. D.

94

FIGURE

BOOK

III.

I.

PROP. XV.

HE

diameter

line in

THEOR.

the greatejl Jiraight

is

circle

that which

is

and, of all others,

neareji to the centre

is

greater than the more remote.

FIGURE

The

^^

diameter

For draw

^
^^ =

mXm

CZ any
and

'

Then .>>
and

is

I.

Again, the Hne which

^^._i

^^

but

(B.

is

line

nearer the centre

is

pr. 20.)

greater

than the one more remote.

Firft, let the

wnich

given lines be

are at the

fame

fide

of the centre and do

not interfed:

draw J

and

'

BOOK

PROP. XF.

III.

FIGURE
Let the given

which

lines

95

FIGURE

II.

^^

and

^i

either are at different fides of the centre,

orinterfedt;

from the centre draw

---- J_

and

be

THEOR.

---

-^^Mi->i and

make

and

draw
and

Since

are equally diflant

the centre,

but

from

(B. 3. pr. 14.);

(Pt.

i.B. 3.pr.

15.),

Q. E. D.

II.

500 A' ///. PROP.

96

THEOR.

XVI.

llEJiraiglit
line -

draii-n

from

the

extremity of the diame-

of a

ter

perpendicular to
.^^
||

without the

^,.,

'^

h
circle
it falls

circle.

And if anyjlraight

***

line

........

be

drawn from a point

cular to the point of contaB,

it

it

be poffible,

again, be

let

_L

that perpendi-

cuts the circle.

PART
If

within

which meets the

and draw

circle

Then, becaufe

^=^
and

but

.'.

^^

(B. i.pr. 5.),

each of these angles

=r

(hyp.),

ii...._ drawn _L

is

acute.

which

^^^

the circle again.

is

(B.

i.

pr. 17.)

abfurd, therefore

does not meet

BOOK in. PROP.

PART

Bi*"

Let

drawn from
circle,

a point

which,

if it

^^

.*.

....... ...4....

circle,

,*,

it

B^^

.*,

not

fail

between

is

H^

=:

an acute angle

mufl; fall at the fide of

which

is

--..

the whole,

let

which

- -

fuppofed

............

^
is

and the

circle.

fuppofe

^^

the centre of the

the acute angle.

be a right angle,

to

be

_L .---, drawn from

but

and

and

be poflible, does not cut the

Becaufe

97

11.

-^-^^

be _L

THEOR.

XVI.

is

^^;

........, a part greater than

abfurd.

Therefore the point does

outfide the circle, and therefore the ftraight line

MiM* cuts the circle.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

98

III.

PROP. XVII.

THEOR.

Jraiv a tangent to a given

circle

from a

given point, either in or outjide of

'^

its

circumference.

If the given point be in the cir-

cumference, as

at

the ftraight line

I , it is

""

J_

plain that

the radius, will be the required tan-

gent (B.

3.

pr.

16.)

But

outlide of the circumference,

from

draw

it

to the centre, cutting

**

concentric with

then

draw

.., defcribe

^_

radius^

given point

if the

.ub^,

will be the tangent required.

be

BOOK

PROP.

III.

XFII.

THEOR.

/
/

XV
For

and

in

(B.

I.

.*.

pr. 4.)

flB =:

^a^a^B

is

99

i\.

^^^ common,

^^^

a tangent to

a right angle,

o
Q. E. D.

BOOK

loo

III.

PROP.

XFIII.

THEOR.

line

a right

a tangent

from
i

point of contaSl,

For,

the

centre

be
the

draivn
to

the
it.

be poflible,

*> be

then becaufe

is

circle,

perpendicular to

is

if it

let

to

firaight line

acute

^
= [^
...

(B.

pr. 17.)

c
(B.

I. pr.

19.);

but

and

.*,

the whole,

...

/,
ner

which

it

can

is

is

be

is

not

a part greater than

ablurd.

_L -"5 and

in the

fame man-

demonftrated, that no other line except

perpendicular to -....-

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XIX.

III

a Jlra'tght

be

lOI

line

a tangent

to

circle,

thejiraight line

drawn perpendicular

from

THEOR.

to it

point of the contact, pajfes through

the centre of the circle.

For,

if it

be pofTible,

let

and draw

be without

the centre

from the fuppofed centre

to the point

of contadl.

Becaufe

(B. 3.pr. i8.)

.'.

but

ffj^

^^

=:
I

Ji

point without

it

is

^=

whole, which

Therefore the affumed point

manner

a right angle

(hyp.)' and /.

a part equal to the

the fame

is

abfurd.

not the centre

and

in

can be demonftrated, that no other

__^

is

the centre.

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP.

102

FIGURE

XX.

rUEOR.

HE

angle at the centre of a circle,

the angle at the circumference,

is

double

when

they

have the fame part of the circumference for

their bafe.

FIGURE
Let the centre of the

circle

a fide of

I.

be on

Becaufe

^
i=^

(B. i.pr.5.).

But

=: twice

or

FIGURE

(B.

FIGURE

II.

Let the centre be within

circumference

draw

\
pr. 32).

i.

II.

^^^

the angle at the

from the angular

point through the centre of the circle

then

:=

and

becaufe of the equality of the fides (B.

^^

i. pr. 5).

BOOK III. PROP.

Hence

-|-

-|~

XX. THEOR.

"I"

^= ^ + ^

But

103

twice

and

r= twice

FIGURE

FIGURE
III.

Let the centre be without

draw m^

and

the diameter.

B(jcaufe

r=

twice

twice

^^

A ^

(cafe

twice

.)

Q. E. D.

III.

I04

FIGURE

BOOK

PROP. XXI.

III.

THEOR.

I.

HE

angles

^^

Jegment of a

^^

in

the

fame

circle are equal.

FIGURE

I.

Let the fegment be greater than a femicircle, and

draw

^^^

and

twice

^^

to the centre.

or twice

(B. 3. pr. 20.),-

4
FIGURE

II.

FIGURE

II.

Let the fegment be a femicircle,

femicircle,

draw

01

lefs

than a

the diameter, alfo

^=4adV

draw

(cafe I.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK

HE

THEOR.

105

oppojite arigJes

Af
^^

and

^r

PROP. XXII.

III.

^^1

and

of any quadrilateral figure in-

fcr'ibed in

two right

circle,

are together equal to

angles.

Draw
the diagonals

and
;

and becaufe angles in

the fame fegment are equal

^r

and

add

two right angles (B.

i.

rr:

^W =: ^^
^^

to both.

pr. 32.).

In like manner

it

may

be Ihown that,

Q. E. D.

io6

BOOK

PROP. XXIII.

III.

THEOR.

PON

t/ie

fame

Jlraight

and

upon

fame

cannot

which do not

For

if it

be poflible,

draw any

two

and

right line

draw

let

cir-

conflruBed

coincide.

fimilar fegments

cutting both the fegments,

and

^^-HMM

Becaufe the fegments are fimilar.

(B. 3. def 10.),

but

which

is

^M
abfurd

[Z
:

the fegments

^^

(B. I. pr. 16.)

therefore no point in either of

falls

it,

be conftrudled

be

the

fide of

two fmilar fegments of

cles

line,

without the other, and

therefore the fegments coincide.

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP.

THEOR.

XXIV.

107

IMILAR
fegments

and
of cir-

cles

lines

upon
(

equal Jlraight

'^^^ and

are each equal to the other.

be fo applied to

For, if
that

- may

fall

may be on

on

^^

the extremities of

and

the extremities

at the

fame

fide as

becaufe

muft wholly coincide with

and the fimilar
flraight

line

alfo

fegments

and

at

coincide
are

being

then

upon

the fame fide of

(B. 3. pr.

therefore

23.),

it,

the

fame

muft

and

equal.

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XXV. PROP.

io8

SEGMENT

of a

circle

being given, to defcribe the

circle

of 'which

it

the

is

feginent.

From any
draw

point

^^^

and

fegment

the

in

^^^^

bifeft

them, and from the points of biledlion

draw
and

where they meet

Becaufe

..__

perpendicularly

by

centre (B. 3. pr. i.),

is

the centre of the circle.

terminated in the circle

^""^
likewife

it

palTes

^a^^M^

the centre, therefore the centre

is

is

bifedied

through
pafles

the

through

in the interfedlion of

thefe perpendiculars.

Q.E. D.

BOOK III. PROP.

egua/ circles

THEOR.

XXVI.

109

O o
""'

the arcs

on which

Jiand equal angles, whether at the centre or circum

ference, are equal.

Firfl,

let

^^

at

the

mmm

Then

/\

O-

fince

centre.

\
and

have

^;;.

and
(B. i.pr.4.).

But

Oo
'"'

(B.3.pr. 20.);

are fimilar (B. 3. def. 10.)

they are alfo equal (B.

3. pr.

24.)

BOOK

110

If therefore

III.

the

PROP. XXVI.

equal

THEOR.

fegments be taken from the

equal circles, the remaining fegments will be equal

hence

and

But
it

is

if

(ax. 3.);

.*,

the given equal angles be at the circumference,

evident that the angles at the centre, being double

of thofe

at the

fore the arcs

circumference, are alfo equal, and there-

on which they fland are equal.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XXVn.

III.

^^

and

O-O

N equal circles.

the angles

THEOR.

which Jiand upon equal

arches are equal, whether they be at the centres or at

the circumferences.

For

be poffible,

if it

let

one of them

be greater than the other

and make

\ =
/.

V_^-"
but
.'.

to the

^-i_

V^ =
^

:= >fc^

whole, which
is

is

greater than
,*,

**.....

(B. 3. pr. 26.)

**n..

^^

(hyp.)

a part equal

abfurd

.*,

the other,

neither angle

and

they are equal.

Q. E. D.

112

BOOK

III.

PROP. XXVIII.

N equa/ circles
egual

THEOR.

o-o
cut

chords

off equal

arches.

From

the centres of the equal circles.

draw

and

and becaufe

c=o

alfo

(IW-)

(B. 3. pr. 26.)

and

.0 =

(ax. 3.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XXIX. THEOR.

113

N equal circles
the chords

^-^^

and
nd

--

ivhich fub~

tend equal arcs are equal.

If the equal arcs be femicircles the propofition

But

evident.
let

^^i^

i^

if not,

and

be drawn to the centres

becaufe

^^

(hyp.)

and
but

is

(B.3.pr.27.);

and

...... and

-'

(B. I. pr. 4.);

but thefe are the chords fubtending

the equal arcs.

Q. E. D.

^^

BOOK

114

III.

PROP. XXX. PROB.

l>ife^

arc

given

n-

Draw
make

_L ^^-"

draw

*
,

and

it

bifedls the arc.

Draw "" and

--
is

(confl:.),

common,

and

(conft.)

y"*'\

(B. i.pr.4.)

(B. 3- pr. 28.).

and therefore the given arc

is

bifeded.

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XXXI. THEOR.

115

angle, the angle in a fegment greater than

femicircle

ment

acute,

is

than a femicircle

lefs

FIGURE

The

V^

angle

and the angle

circle

angle

is

Draw

^^

II.

and

sz

V^

a right angle.

FIGURE

The

FIGURE

a feg-

a right angle.

is

A= V ^

right angles

in

I.

and

I.

is obtufe.

in a femicircle

Draw

FIGURE
a right

circle the angle in afemicircle is

in a

(B. i.pr. 5.)

the half of

(B.

i. pr.

two

32.)

II.

fegment greater than a femi-

acute.

the diameter, and

^
^^

.-

a right angle

is

acute.

ii6

BOOK III. PROP.

XXXI. THEOR.

FIGURE
FIGURE

III.

The

angle

^^^^

in a

III.

fegment

lefs

than femi-

circle is obtufe.

Take

in the oppofite circumference

which draw

Becaufe

mmm*

^
W^

and

any point, to
.

^Oh

-|-

(B. 3. pr. 22.)

but

(part 2.),

is

obtufe.

Q. E. D.

BOOK
F

PROP. XXXIL

III.

a tangent

be

and frotn

to

drawn

jg^
is

circle,

the point of con-

tact a right line

be

117

^ii"

line

rig/it

THEOR.

"

cutting the circle, the angle

made by

this line

with the tangent

^^

equal to the angle

in the alter-

ate fegment of the circle.

If the chord fhould pafs through the centre,

dent the angles are equal, for each of them

is

it

is

evi-

a right angle.

(B. 3. prs. 16, 31.)

But

if

dra'V

not,

point of contadl,

from the

muft

it

pafs

through the centre of the

circle, (B. 3. pr. 19.)

^= ^

.-.

W+

f
/.

Again

CJ

(B.3.pr.3i.)

CA =

= ^

iV\

(B-

= ^m

(ax.),

32.)

(ax.).

(B. 3. pr. 22.)

/. C.

I- pr.

which

is

^
^

the angle in

the alternate fegment.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

ii8

PROP. XXXIII. PROP.

III.

N a given ftraight line ^^^

to

dejcribe a

Jegment of a
an

circle that Jliall contain

angle equal to a given angle

^,ty,
If the given angle be a right angle,
bifedt the

given line, and defcribe a

femicircle

on

it,

this

will

evidently

contain a right angle. (B. 3. pr. 31.)

If the given angle be acute or obtufe,

make with
,

the given line, at

its

extremity.

and

draw

make

with

or

defcribe

as radius,

'

for they are equal.

is

a tangent to

(B.

divides the circle into

3. pr.

16.)

two fegments

capable of containing angles equal to

and

j/^

which were made

and

refpedlively equal

(B. 3.pr. 32.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XXXIV.

O

PROP.

119

cut off from a given cir-

cle

fegment

which fiall contain an angle equal

to

given angle

I>raw

(B. 3. pr.

a tangent to the circle at

at the point

of contad:

17.),

any point

make

the given angle

and

>

contains an angle

Becaufe

and

angle in

but

>

^
IS

cuts

the given angle.

a tangent,

it,

the

(B. 3. pr. 32.),

(conft.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK III. PROP. XXXV. THEOR.

120

FIGURE

I.

F two

chords

""

.^

interfeSl each other, the

FIGURE

circle

reBangle contained

by the fegments of the one

re 51angle contained by the fegments

is

equal to the

of the other.

I.

If the given right lines pafs through the centre, they are
bifedled in the point of interfed:ion, hence the recftangles

under their fegments are the fquares of their halves, and

are therefore equal.

FIGURE

II.

"
.>.- not;

FIGURE

Let

pafs

through the 'centre, and

draw

and

Then

(B. 2. pr. 6.),

or

II.

'

(B. 2. pr. 5.).

FIGURE

FIGURE

III.

III.

Let neither of the given

centre,

draw through

lines pafs

through the

their interfedlion a diameter

........
9

and

alfo

X
>
- X
........

=
=

(Part. 2.),

(Part. 2.)

X
X

Q. E. D.

BOOK

F from
drawn

to it, one

'^"
and

cuts

THEOR.

be

lines

of which

a tangent

is

the other

121

FIGURE

a point without a

twojlraight

circle

the circle,

PROP. XXXFI.

III.

to

--

the re^angle under the whole

it ;

cutting

line

^-^

external fegment
the fquare

and

of the tangent

is

the

equal to

-^
FIGURE

Let

pafs

I.

through the centre;

from the centre

draw

to the point

minus

of contadl
(B. i.pr. 47),

mmus

or

(B.2.pr.

FIGURE
If
pafs

"'

FIGURE

II.

do

6).

not

through the centre, draw

and

Tl len

"X
minus

(B. 2. pr. 6), that

is.

mmus
.2

(B. 3.pr. 18).

Q. E. D.

n.

I.

BOOK

122

THEOR.

PROP. XXXVII.

in.

F from

a point

outfide

of a

circle tivoftraight lines be

draivn, the one

cutting

other

the

-^-
the

circle,

meeting

it,

and if

the reSiangle contained by the whole

cutting

" and

line

-....

ternal fegment

thefquare of the

line

its

meeting the

the latter .m.^m^m,>

is

ex-

be equal to
circle,

a tangent

to

the circle.

Draw from

-^

tangent to the circle, and draw from the

.,

centre

but

the given point

.., and

--- -^
(B.3.pr.36.)

(i^yp-).

and

Then

in

and

',

...a

and

and

is

^=^
but

^^^

^r
and

.*.

-,^^^

is

and

common.

(B. i.pr. 8.);

a right angle (B. 3. pr. 18.),

:= ^_J|

a right angle,

a tangent to the circle

(B. 3. pr. 16.'

Q. E. D.

BOOK

IV.

DEFINITIONS.
I.

RECTILINEAR
faid to

when

figure

is

be infcribed in another,
the angular points

all

of the infcribed figure are on

the fides of the figure in
to

which

it is

faid

be infcribed.

II.

A
all

FIGURE

is

faid to

be defcribed about another figure,

the fides of the circumfcribed figure pafs through the

angular points of the other figure.

III.

RECTILINEAR figure

infcribed in a circle,

is

when

faid

circumference of the

to

be

the vertex

of each angle of the figure

is

in the

circle.

IV.

when

RECTILINEAR figure

is

cumfcribed about a circle,

its fides is

faid

to

be cir-

when each of

a tangent to the circle.

BOOK IF. DEFINITIONS.

124

V.

CIRCLE

is

faid to

a redlilinear figure,

of the figure

be tnfcribed

when each

in

fide

a tangent to the

is

circle.

VI.

CIRCLE

is

faid to

be circum-

fcribed about a redtihnear figure,

when

the circumference pafles

through the

vertex

of each

angle of the figure.

is

circumfcribed.

VII.

STRAIGHT

a circle,

line

when

is

faid to

be tnfcribed

in

its

extremities are in the

is

devoted to the folution of

circumference.

The Fourth Book of the Elements

problems t
tion

chiefly relating to the infcription

of regular polygons and

regular polygon

is

and circumfcrip-

circles.

one whofe angles and

fides are equal.

BOOK IF. PROP.

N a given circle
to place

PROP.

125

ajlraight

equal to agivenjlraight line

I.

line,

),

not greater than the diameter of the

circle.

Draw
and

the diameter of

if ..-....^

^:z

the problem

But

',

is

then

folved.

be not equal to

if

(hyp-)

make

(B.

I. pr. 3.)

with

as radius.

defcribe

draw

), cutting

which

is

|,

and

the line required.

For
(B.

I.

def. 15. confl.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK IF. PROP.

126

PROP.

II.

a given

circle

to

m-

Jcribe a triangle equiangular

to

To

any point of the given

(B. 3. pr. 17.)

^^^

make

and

in like

circle

a given triangle.

draw

and

at the

^^

manner

a tangent

point of contadt

(B.

i. pr.

23.)

Ik

and

draw

Becaufe

and

J^

Jg^ =
.*.

V^

^^
^^ = ^U

=:

^r

,\^ =

(B.

^^

^^

(conft.)

3. pr.

32.)

alfo

i-3xtit

reafon.

(B. i.pr. 32.),

and therefore the triangle infcribed in the

circle is equi-

angular to the given one.

Q^E. D.

BOOK IF. PROP.

BOUT
circle

PROB.

III.

127

a given

to

circumfcribe a triangle equi-

angular

to

a given triangle.

Produce any

ways

fide

of the given triangle both

from the centre of the given

circle

draw

any radius.

Make ^ft

and

At

(B. I. pr. 23.)

r=%

the extremities of the three radii,

draw

and .-.-...--, tangents

given circle.

The

four angles of

(B. 3. pr. 17.)

Zi
>^Wi

to the

^B

equal to four right angles.

(B.

taken together, are

i.

pr. 32.)

BOOK IF. PROP.

128

but

^B

^"d

^^^

PROB.

III.

^^^ I'ight angles (confl.)

two right angles

but

^H^

La^^^M^

= ^^

and

and

(B'

^' P''-

^3-)

(conft.)

,*,

i
In the fame

manner

it

can be demonftrated that

<^=^,

4=4

(B. i.pr. 32.)

and therefore the triangle circumfcribed about the given

circle

is

equiangular to the given triangle.

Q, E. D.

BOOK

PROP.

IF.

IV.

PROB.

129

fcribe a circle.

Bifeft

and

^V.

(B. i.pr. 9.) by

"^^

and

from the point where thefe

meet
and

draw

lines

refpedlively

pendicular to

BMI^HiB

per-

and

and

In

A 4
common,

>

,*,

..

and

^^ ......

In like manner,

it

may

(B.

i.

pr.

4and

26.)

be fhown alfo

that

hence with any one of thefe lines

other two

and

it

as radius, defcribe

will pafs through the extremities of the

and the

fides

of the given triangle, being per-

pendicular to the three radii at their extremities, touch the

circle (B. 3. pr. 16.),

which

is

therefore infcribed in the

given circle.
Q. E. D.

BOOK IV. PROP.

130

defer ibe

PROB.

V.

circle

about a given triangle.

"
---

From

(B.

I. pr.

the points of bifedlion

-^~^

J_

tively (B. i. pr.

11.),

circle

10.)

draw

and

and
refpec-

'

and from their point of

concourfe draw i^--^^^,

and defcribe a

and

and

with any one of them, and

will be the circle required.

it

In

(conft.).
-

common,

(conft.),

^aiaKa
In like manner

it

may

^^ ^^^^^^^^"

therefore a circle defcribed

(B.

I. pr. 4.).

be fhown that

"^^^^

m^^^

and

from the concourfe of

thefe three lines with any one of

them

as a radius

will circumfcribe the given triangle.

Q. E. D.

BOOK IF. PROP.

a given circle

circle

131

/<?

a fquare.

infcribe

Draw

O
f

PROB.

FI.

the two diameters of the

_L

to

each other, and draw

is

a fquare.

^^^^

For, iince

f
^^^

and

each of them, in

are,

a femicirclc, they are right angles (B. 3. pr. 31),

/.

and

in like

And
SM
.*.

manner

mg ^

>>

becaufe
"""

and fmce the adjacent

gram

and

^
/,

fquare.

""

>

fides

|^^

(confl.),

(B.

I.

B.

and
def.

c).

pr. 4);

and angles of the parallelo-

are equal, they are all equal (B.

o
-^

(B. i.pr. 28):

11

infcribed in the

i.

pr. 34)

given circle,

is

Q. E. D.

BOOK

132

PROP. VIL PROP.

IF.

BOUT
I

given

^^

circle

circumfcribe

a fquare.

Draw two

diameters of the given

circle perpendicular to

each other,

and through their extremities draw

9

and

tangents to the circle

and

(conft.),

^^

II

in the

be demonftrated that
that

,,

a fquare.

a right angle, (B. 3. pr. 18.)

alfo
-

is

fame manner

it

can

and

alfo

and -

is
I

a parallelogram,

and

becaufe
they are
it is

all

alfo evident that

and

right angles (B.

--^

-i^

is

i. pr.

34)

^.^

are equal.

a fquare.

Q. E. D.

BOOK IV. PROP.

infcribe

circle

PROB.

Fill.

in

133

given fquare.

Make
and

draw
and

II

(B.

I. pr.

..

31.)

is

and

parallelogram

fince

is

equilateral

In like manner,

it

(B.

i. pr.

34.)

can be fhown that

are equilateral parallelograms

be defcribed from the concourfe

and therefore

if a circle

oi thefe

with any one of them

lines

infcribed in the given fquare.

as radius,

it

will be

(B. 3. pr. 16.)

CLE. D.

BOOK IF. PROP.

134

IX.

PROB.

defcribe

circle about

given fquare

Draw

the diagonals

"

and
other

"^-^Ik
*

^
is

bifedled

^^

and

rr

in like

it

to both,

it

can be (hown

bifedted

their halves.

manner

and the bafe

comnion

manner

is

^k

have

(B. i.pr. 8),

in like

that

hence

.-.

interfedting each

their fides equal,

then,

becaufe

or

(B.

I.

pr. 6.)

can be proved that

If from the confluence of thefe lines with any one of

them

as radius, a circle

be defcribed,

it

will circumfcrihe

the given fquare.

Q. E. D.

BOOK IV. PROP.

an

conftruSl

triangle, in

PROP.

X.

'35

ifofceles

which each of

the angles at the bafejliail

vertical

he double of the

angle.

Take any

and divide

it

(B. 2. pr.

in

it

fo that

X
With

fliaiwht line

I""

I.)

as radius, defcribe

from the extremity of the

(B. 4. pr. i)

\\

Then

radius,

draw

is

the required triangle.

For, draw

O
Since

.%

is

and place

and defcribe

^I

about

(B. 4. pr. ^.)

XX "
a tangent to

m =

(B. 3. pr. 37.)

(B. 3. pr. 32),

BOOK IV. PROP.

36

^F

add

+ A

but
fince

confequently

=z

.-.

.-.

=:

(B.

I.

^f

pr. 5)

JH^

pr. 32.)

(B. i.pr. 6.)

(B. I.pr. 5.)

=
5

I.

pr. 5.)

^ .^_.

y^t
is

I.

(B.

(B.

A=^
the bafe

^Xi

-^ =

twice

=z
"

jH[^

.'.

..

-"m-m

^ + ^;

or

PROB.

to each,

<

A+

X.

(conft.)

A=^+

and confequently each angle

at

double of the vertical angle.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XL PROB.

IV.

N a given circ/e
to

infcribe

137

an equilateral and equi-

angular pentagon.

Conftrudl an ifofceles triangle, in

which each of the angles

fhall

at the bafe

be double of the angle at the

vertex,

circle a

and

infcribe

triangle

Bifedl

the given

in

^^

equiangular to

and

^\

it

(B. 4. pr. 2.)

(B. i.pr.9.)

draw

and

Becaufe each of the angles

A.^.A
the arcs

and

and

upon which they ftand

\\

are equal,

are equal,

(B. 3. pr. 26.)

and

.*.

..... which fubtend

thefe arcs are equal (B.3.pr. 29.)

and

equilateral,

as

,*,

the pentagon

each of

its

is

angles ftand

it is

upon equal

alfo equiangular,

arcs.

(B. 3. pr. 27).

Q^E. D.

BOOK

138

PROP.

IV.

PROP.

XII.

an equilateral

defcribe

and equiangular pentagon about a given

circle

ODraw
vertices

five

of the angles of any regular

pentagon

'

in

given

the

(B. 3. pr. 17).

tangents will form the required pentagon.

five

Draw

infcribed

circle

Thefe

tangents through the

and

In

1:

(B. i.pr.47),

^B
.-.7

In the fame manner

=: twice

but

<-=

and

twice

^^/

common

and

it

^^
^

and

.4.

(B. i.pr. 8.)

^^1 =r twice

can be demonilrated that

"

and

^r

t^vice

B. 3.pr. 27),

^;

BOOK

PROP.

IV.

their halves

j^

--
and

^-

,,

In the fame
that

.^K

manner

alfo

PROB.

XII.

In the fame

-i-iaMaiii.

it

^^ ^

and

it

can be demonftrated

-^-,

can be demonftrated that the

other fides are equal, and therefore the pentagon

lateral, it is alfo

\ 9

...HMMiB,

twice

^ twice
=

manner

common

1^^^---
but

139

is

equi-

equiangular, for

twice

1^^

and

\^^

twice

j^^ ,

and therefore

mKkl

demon ftrated

uflB

1" the

fame manner

that the other angles

it

can be

of the defcribed

pentagon are equal.

QE. D

BOOK IF. PROP.

140

PROP.

XIII.

infcribe

given

circle

in

and

equiangular

equilateral pentagon.

^^^

^^ ^ given equiangular

and equilateral pentagon

it

quired to infcribe a circle in

Make

re-

is

it.

^=^,andi|^=^
(B. i.pr. 9.)

Draw

&c.

common

and

And

,*,

^^

becaufe

In like

>A

bifedled by

it

the polygon

...,.lk

^r

J|^

is

is

(B.

i.

pr. 4.)

bifedled by

may be demonftrated
"j and

twice

manner

triangles

and

r= twice

two

to the

and

..

,r=A,

Becaufe

that

that

IS

the remaining angle of

bifedled in a fimilar

manner

BOOK IV. PROP.

^i-i^

Draw

-....-..

we have

two

in the

^^

perpendicular

6cc.

triangles

^^

:^

JIh

way

on the

diculars

it

and

a right angle
,

In the fame

to the

^^^^i^ common,

z= ^^^,(conft.),

^V

and

141

of the pentagon.

fides

Then

PROB.

XIII.

may be fhown

(B.

I. pr.

26.)

that the five perpen-

of the pentagon are equal

fides

to

one

another.

Defcribe

lars as radius,

For

if

it

and

it

with any one of the perpendicu-

will be the infcribed circle required.

does not touch the fides of the pentagon, but cut

them, then a
to the

X^

line

drawn from the extremity

diameter of a circle will

has been fhown to be abfurd.

fall

at right angles

within the

circle,

which

(B. 3. pr. 16.)

f^E. D.

14*

BOOK

IV,

PROP. Xn\ PROB.

pO

dcfirihc j r.-TiV chcn:

grom egh:.s:

oik
^JHk

Bilect

bT

^om the
._^B
,

'sJ

^nd csiii

^^

and

and

..-......

point of fedion,
>

and

draw

^^^^

and

(B. i.pr.6):

I" like

manner

it

mar be proved

therefore

Therefore

if a circle

^ ^^
^ ^

^iB^^M

that
,

and

m>...w.

be defcribed from the point where

thefe five lines meet, with any one

as a radius, it will

of tfaem

circumicribe

the given pcntagoo.

E- D.

BOOK W. PROP.
O

infcribe

H3

an equilateral and equian-

hexagon

gular

XV. PROB.

in

gircen

circle

OFrom any
the

point in the circumference of

defcribe

given circle

through

centre, and

its

o
^

draw the diameters

draw

and

.-..-..-^

....__

required hexagon

is

palling

.........J &c. and the

inicribed in the given

circle.

Since

of the

palles

and

circles.

hence

triangles,

angles;

i^B.

through the centres

i.

are equilateral

^^ =
^ ^
^^ ^
4
pr. 32)

one-third of two right

but

(B. i.pr. 13);

^
32% and

(B. I. pr.

one-third of

are all equal to one another (B.

i.

pr.

equal arches (B. 3. pr. 26), which are

chords (B.

3. pr.

Di

the angles vertically oppoiite re

29)

hexagon

is

it is alio

equiangular.

:::ei"e

;\ and iland on
fubtended by equal
i

and fince each of the angles of the

double of the angle of an equilateral triangle,

O ^

F)

BOOK IV. PROP.

'44

PROP.

XVI.

infcribe

an equilateral and

equiangular quindecagon in

a given

circle.

and

be

the fides of an equilateral pentagon

infcribed

in

given

the

circle,

and

- the fide of an inscribed equilateral triangle.

The

arc fubtended
.

The

and

of the whole

by

__

_6_
I

circumference.

of the whole

arc fubtended by 1
_5_
1

circumference.

Their difference =: tV
,'.

the arc fubtended by

zz.

tV difference of

the whole circumference.

Hence

if firaight lines

circle (B. 4. pr. i),

equal to

..-.

be placed in the

an equilateral and equiangular quin-

decagon will be thus infcribed in the

circle.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

V.

DEFINITIONS.
I.

LESS magnitude

is

faid to

be an aliquot part or

when

fubmultiple of a greater magnitude,

lefs
'^

meafures the greater

lefs is

contained a certain

that

is,

when

the
the

number of times ex-

adlly in the greater.

II.

GREATER magnitude

when

the greater

is

meafured by the

the greater contains the

of a

faid to be a multiple

is

lefs

a certain

lefs

that

is,

lefs,

when

number of times

exadlly.
III.

Ratio

is

the relation

which one quantity bears

to

another

of the fame kind, with refpedl to magnitude.

IV.

Magnitudes

are faid to have a ratio to one another,

they are of the fame kind

and the one which

is

when

not the

greater can be multiplied fo as to exceed the other.

TAe

of her definitions

will be given throughout the book

where their aid

is Jirjl

required.

146

AXIOMS.
QUIMULTIPLES

or equifubmultiples of the

fame, or of equal magnitudes, are equal.

= B, then
twice A ^ twice B,
B;
2 A =
If

that

is,

3Az=3B;

= 4B;
&c. &c.
and i of A = i of B
i of A = i of B
4

&c. &c.
II.

MULTIPLE of a greater magnitude

multiple of a

is

greater than the fame

lefs.

Let
2
3

C B, then
AC B;

ACZ3B;
AIZ4B;
&c. &c.
III.

That

magnitude, of which a multiple

fame multiple of another,

Let 2

is

is

greater than the

greater than the other.

2 B, then

3 B,

ACB;
or, let 3

then

ACB;
or, let

w A CZ m

ACB.

B, then

BOOK

PROP.

V.

THEOR.

I.

H7

any number of magnitudes be equimultiples of as

many

others, each

any one of the firjl

of each
is

what

multiple soever

of its part, the fame multiple

jhall of the firft magnitudes taken together be of all

the others taken together.

LetQQQQQ be the fame multiple

Pip^^^ isof ^.

of

Q,

that

that

OOOQO
Then

QQQQQ
OOOOQ
which

that

is

nitudes,

,*,

fQ
is

the fame multiple of

<

QQQQQ

is

of

many magnitudes

.QOOQOJ

<!

QQQQQ

:=

Q.

demonftration holds in any number of mag-

which has here been applied

If any

Q.

QQQQQ
as there are in

The fame

of

evident that

becaufe there are as

^s

to three.

number of magnitudes, &c.

BOOK

148

r.

PROP.

THEOR.

11.

|F the firft magnitude be the fame multiple of the

fecondthat the third

of the fourth, and the fifth

is

the fame multiple of the fecond that the fixth

is

oj

the fourth, then fiall the firfi, together with the

fifth,

be the fame multiple of the fecond that the third, together

with the fixth, is

^01 9,

Let

let

the

firil,

OO 0>

the fecond, that

and

of the fourth.

0,

the

third,

^'^^

fifth,

is

of <^, the fourth

be the fame multiple of

OOOOj

the fecond, that

^,

be the fame muhiple of

^^^

fixth,

is

of <2>,

the

the

and

fourth.

Then
fifth

that

it

is

evident, that

together,

.^

,^. ,^.

!r!r^^ k

looooj

many magnitudes

i"

firfl:

firfl

the fecond,

magnitude, &c.

is

becaufe there are

# ^
^^^^
000 _ ^
f

of

as

If the

the third and fixth together,

the fame multiple of <2>) the fourth

,*,

'

the fame multiple of

is

.^

3P

^s

there are

BOOK V. PROP.

III.

THEOR.

149

offour magnitudes be the fame multiple

thefirjl

of the fecond that the third

is

of the fourth, and

if any equimultiples whatever of the firjl

be taken, thofe Jliall be equimultiples

fecond,

and

First.

The Second.

"

be the iame multiple of

|-

The Third.

which

SSSS

take
<;^

one of the

the other of the fourth.

The

Let

and third

which

>

TT

J3? A
Then

is

of

the fame multiple of

The Fourth.

it is

>

is

of

<

evident,

Tlie Second.

that

is

the fame multiple of

BOOK

150

V.

PROP.

THEOR.

III.

The Fourth.

which

is

of

becaufe

> contains

<

'
;-

The fame
.*.

If the

as

contains

realbning

firft

many

four,

is

>

times as

T^ T^

!>

contains

applicable in

&c.

contains

all cafes.

BOOK

V.

DEFINITION

DEFINITION
Four magnitudes,
tionals

when

^^

01

V.

'51

V.

^ ^j are
>

every equimultiple of the

faid to be
firft

propor-

and third be

taken, and every equimultiple of the fecond and fourth, as.

of the

of the third

firfl

&c.

&c.
of the fourtli

of the fecond

&c.

Then

^^

&c.

taking every pair of equimultiples of the

firft

and

and every pair of equimultiples of the fecond and

third,

fourth,

'

\^<mm

cz,

^4
then will

tt

^^

=or^

=
=
=
=

C.
C.
C,
C.
C.

or

31

or

or

33

or

=
=
=
=
=

or
or
or
or

BOOK F. DEFINITION

152

That

is,

if

twice the

V.

be greater, equal, or

firfl

lefs

than

twice the fecond, twice the third will be greater, equal, or

lefs

than twice the fourth

equal, or

lefs

be greater,

or, if twice the firfl

than three times the fecond, twice the third

will be greater, equal, or lefs than three times the fourth,

and so on, as above expreffed.

or

or
If

or

or

'

or

&c.

6cc.

or
or

Z]
31

or

or

Z]

or

then

c=

will

&c.

&c.
In other terms, if three times the

firft

be greater, equal,

or lefs than twice the fecond, three times the third will be
greater, equal, or lefs than twice the fourth

times the

firft

be greater, equal, or

lefs

or, if three

than three times the

fecond, then will three times the third be greater, equal, or

lefs

than three times the fourth

be greater, equal, or

lefs

or if three times the

firft

than four times the fecond, then

will three times the third be greater, equal, or lefs than four

times the fourth, and so on.

Again,

BOOK

If

DEFINITION

V.

^
=
=

<

or

^
^

or

Zl

or

V.

^Sl

=: or ID

or

ID
&c.

Sec.

=
=
=
=
=

then
will

or

Zl

or

Zl

or

Z]
Zl
Zl

or
or

&c.

And

&;c.

with any other equimultiples of the four

so on,

magnitudes, taken in the fame manner.

Euclid exprefles

The
ratio to

this definition as follows

of four magnitudes

firft

which the

the fecond,

when any

is

have the fame

faid to

third has to the

equimultiples whatfoever of the

being taken,

fourth,

and third

firft

and any equimultiples whatfoever of the

fecond and fourth

if the multiple

of the

that of the fecond, the multiple of the third

that of the fourth

or,

it

be

lefs

than

alfo lefs

than

firft
is

the multiple of the

firft

to that

of the fecond, the multiple of the third

to that

of the fourth

or,

ii

is

be equal

alfo

the multiple of the

equal

firft

be

greater than that of the fecond, the multiple of the third

is

alfo greater than that

In future

we

ftiall

of the fourth.

exprefs this definition generally, thus

M#
when M ^
If

C=
C=

or

Zl

''^

or 313

;;;

BOOK

154

Then we
to

fourth

infer that

the fecond,

DEFINITION

V.

the

which

lias

firft,

F.

lame

the

the third, has to

ratio

the

exprelTed in the fucceeding demonftrations thus

or thus,

"

And

as

::

It

"

^=
to

is

if

4 V;
=^ V

:ii

or thus,

so

and

is

ip we

to

C5

^=

or

is

read,

^.

fhall infer if

^ w then
M ^ C = 13 w ^.

will

or

That

is,

fourth

if the

then

or lefs than

firfl;

if

be to the fecond, as the third

M times the

firft

times the fecond, then (hall

cular

which

M and

to the

be greater than, equal

third be greater than, equal to, or lefs than

fourth, in

is

to,

times the

times the

are not to be confidered parti-

multiples, but every pair of multiples whatever;

nor are fuch marks as

0, ^,

&c. to be confidered

any more than reprefentatives of geometrical magnitudes.

The

ftudent fhould thoroughly underftand this definition

before proceeding further.

BOOK

any equimultiples whatever of the frji and third

shall have the

and fourth

Let

to that

every equimultiple of

ples

is,

of

.*.

;;z

and 2

if

The fame
of the

and

| and ^
3

and therefore

tiple

:2|::3^:2^,

then3

M times '^
and ^ and

multiples of 2

(hyp);

of the fourth.

are equimultiples of

^ and ^

and every equimultiple of 2

equimultiples of

That

any equimultiples of

ratio to

of the fecond, which the equi-

to that

::^ :^,

fame

viz., the equimultiple of the firji Jliall

of the third has

and

^SS

the firjl offour magnitudes have the fame ratio to

have the fame ratio

THEOR.

IF.

the fecond, which the third has to the fourth, then

the fecond

multiple

PROP.

V.

C
3

are

and

M times ^
3

are equimulti-

| and w 1^
H ^ V
^ but

times 2

r=, or Z]

are equi-

or

;^

ip

(def. 5.)

^:2||::3^:2^

|||,

then

(def. 5.)

reafoning holds good if any other equimul-

firft

and third be taken, any other equimultiple

of the fecond and fourth.

,*.

(B. 5, pr. 3.)

C =,

If the

firfl:

four magnitudes, &c.

BOOK

156

V.

PROP.

V.

one magnitude be the

THEOR.

fame

multiple of another,

which a magnitude taken from thefirfl

is

of a mag-

nitude taken from the other, the remainder Jhall be

the fame multiple of the remainder, that the whole
is

of the whole.

Q = M'^
O

LetQQ

= M-,,

and

o
C^<^

= M'

minus

minus M' >

D
.-.

<>

and /.

/, If one magnitude,

=M'(Jminus.),

^
Sec.

= M'

A.

BOOK

V.

PROP.

F two magnitudes

THEOR.

VI.

be equimultiples

157

of two others,

and if equimultiples of thefe be taken from

the firJi

two, the remainders are either equal to thefe others,

or equimultiples of them.

Let

Q = M'
:yQ
o
Q
00
o

minus

then

M'
and

minus

/w'

00 minus

and

;')

:= M'

m' k

m') k

If

m'

/'

:=

and equal

when M' minus

m') b,

minus

::^

m and (M' minus

multiples of K and k

.'.

ni

= (M' minus

(M' minus
Hence, (M' minus

QQ = M'

':^i

to

tn')

k are equi-

* and a

i.

two magnitudes be equimultiples, &c.

BOOK

158

PROP.

F.

THEOR.

A.

the firjl of t/ie four magnitudes has the fame ratio

fecond which the third has

to the

fourth,

to the

then if the firjl be greater than the fecond, the

third

equal

if lefs,

ip

: r

tion, if

%% d

but

greater than the fourth

if

,,
:

CZ

^^ C #4
## [Z

then will
then

^fp

[=

and

.*.

^C

Similarly, if

^,
or

If the

f equal,

and

therefore, by the fifth defini-

and

.'.

lefs.

^ H

Let

alfo

is

firfl

^ J, then
^

or

will

z^,

of four, &c.

DEFINITION

XIV.

Geometricians make ufe of the technical term " Invertendo," by inverfion,

and

it is

when

there are four proportionals,

inferred, that the fecond

is

to the firfl as the fourth

to the third.

Let

A B

:: I)

C O,

C.

then, by

" invertendo"

it is

inferred

BOOK

PROP.

V.

F Jour magnitudes

^ O
:

If

by the

Let

if

1 1

I]

defimtion.

M ^ ID Q, that w Q CZ M ^
M B lU w
CZ M
w O CZ M ^, then will w
CMB
/w

is,

In the fame manner

that if

then will

it

may

Q :=

that

or, /

be (liown,

M^
:=, or 13 M B

and therefore, by the

.',

then

fifth

.*.

.*.

M ^ n O?

inverfely.

: :

O ^

then, inverfely,

'50

are proportionals , they are pro-

when taken

portionals alfo

Let

THEOR.

B.

or

Z]

fifth definition,

O ^
:

If four magnitudes, &c.

'^

we

infer

BOOK V. PROP.

i6o

THEOR.

C.

the fiyji be the fame multiple of the fecond, or the

fame part of
the frjl

it,

that the third

as the third

to the fecond,

is

of the fourth

is

is

to the

fourth.

Let

^^

that

the

firfl:,be

7 J,
Then

the third,

takeMj

and

JJ

is

^M^

of

^, the fecond,

the fourth.

.4

J ,m 0, M ? ?,> A
is

the fame multiple of

of

is

taken the fame multiple

that

,*,

is

becaufe^S
that

the fame multiple of

(according to the hypothcfis)

M TT

is

of

ofSS

(according to the third propolition),

M ^_
that

is

the fame multiple of

M TT

is

of

4.

BOOK
Therefore, if

;//

is,

is

that

M JJ
it

will be greater than

can be fliewn,

a greater multiple than

^^ greater than

in the

generally, if

then

than

m 0,

then

fame manner

M ^ ^ be equal m ^^ then

if

M J J will be equal m
And,

i6i

a greater multiple of

is

SS

if

is,

THEOR.

C.

M ^ ^ be of ^

M Ji

then

PROP.

F.

M ^^ C

will be

C^

A.

=z

or

or

^
;

//;

^*

_...

,',

Next,

by the

fifth definition,

JS

be the fame part of

let

that itk

In this cafe alfo

is

of

T T-

JJ

:: (ffc

TT.

For, becaufe
is

the

fame part of

"*"-""'
^^
^^
WW
that

is

of

BOOK F. PROP.

62

therefore

SS
that

is

the fame

^J

THEOR.

C.

is

of

muhiple of

Therefore, by the preceding cafe,

and

..

A ^^

by propofition B.

/. If the

firfl

be the fame multiple, &c.

BOOK

\^

THEOR.

PROP. D.

V.

163

the firJl be to the fecond as the third to the fourth,

and if

the firfi be a multiple, or a part of the

fecond; the third

the fame multiple, or the fame

is

part of the fourth.

and

firft, let

JJ

fhall

be the fame multiple of

Second.

First.

Take

00

^^
QQ

=r

Whatever multiple

^^

then, becaufe

is

of

....

00Y
)f

the fame multiple of 1

and of the fecond and fourth,

^nd

Fourth.

Tliird.

QQ

take

H;

be a multiple

we

have taken equimultiples,

therefore (B.

c.

pr. 4),

BOOK F. PROP.

i64

THEOR.

D.

but
'OCl"^^ ^^,
.

and

y\y\

the fame multiple of

is

that

Next,

and

then

let

ip

fhall

that

by the preceding

that

is,

cafe,

is

that

,% If the

firft

a part

is

^^

is,

V TJ

a part

-^^

of

is

*=

'

of

JJ

a multiple

XX

is

^J

^^
of

is

'

V'

the fame multiple of

the fame part of

be the fame part of

Inverfely (B. 5.),

but

of

is

^^

alfo

(conft.),

of

be to the fecond, &c.

XX

BOOK

THEOR

165

magnitudes have the fame ratio

to the fame

PROP.

V.

QUAL

VII.

and the fame has

tnagnitiide,

the fame ratio to equal

magnitudes.

Let
then

^ = ^
=

and

Becaufe

.-.

and

From

.*.

^ ^

C
C=

:=

[3

or

;^

the foregoing reafoning

i

it is

/;/

then

evident that,

then
C = Of ZD M
wHC^orl^ M^

/.:#=:
,*.

(B. 5. def. 5).

>

Equal magnitudes, &c.

^,

or

# =

M# =M ^

M
M^

/, if

any other magnitude

and

(B. 5. def. 5).

BOOK

i66

DEFINITION

F.

DEFINITION

VII.

VII.

WiiKN of the equimultiples of four magnitudes

definition), the multiple of the

tile fifth

(taken as in
greater than

firft is

of the fecond, but the multiple of the third

tli:it

greater than the multiple of the fourth

have to the fecond a greater

to

laid

magnitude has
third

is

faid to

fourth

to the

have

then the

not

is

firft is

ratio than the third

and, on the contrary, the

to the fourth a lefs ratio

than the

firft

has to the fecond.

If,

among

the equimultiples of four magnitudes,

pared as in the

##
44^44 = ^
'"'

multiple

rnul .iny particular

a

particular

that

M
";

the

times the

v>r

is

firft

is

not

CZ

times the fourth

tiwnd

we

fhould find

IP V.

oi the

but

or if

we mould

and

third, and

firft

multiple m' of the fecond and fourth, fuch,

times the third

~~1

[=,
W

fifth definition,

com-

w' times the fecond, but

times the fourth,

then the

or

have

to

i.e.

faid to

firll is

M'

a strcater ratio than the third has to the fourth;

the thial has to the fourth, under fuch circumftances, a

lets ratio

than the hrtl has to the feccaid

other equimultiples

may

although

feveral

tend to ibow that the four mag-

nitudes arc piv>portionAls.

This

det\i\itivM\

ItM

fP

will in tuiure be exprdSbd ti^is

rr

then
In the aK>\^

wnikkitHi

cv'

jvftrtkn;.

Q. but M

P ~
:

;-

'

;\

IZ
-tSoia*
cs,

at* fike

- Z3

'T

ad af aie

dK

to be

iMilli|ilr'

BOOK
and

F.

DEFINITION

VII.

fifth definition,

which

introduced in the

167
are in that

definition confidered to be every pair of multiples that can

be taken.

and

It

the like

fentatives

muft

alfo

be here obferved, that ip

may

be

7,

Third.

Fourth.

10

fet forth as

2C

14
21
28

32

40

30
40
50
60
70
80
90

35
42
49

48
56

56
63

64
72
80
88

98
&c.

&c.

the above multiples

that

is,

twice the

fecond, and twice the third

16^21

8t
".'-

no

9'

104
T12

^7
36
45
54
63
72

lOD

70
77
84

96

firft
is

and 20 "^

120
'3
140

vy
108
117
126

&c

&c.

we
is

find

16

C 14 and 20

greater than twice the

greater than twice the fourth

that

is,

twice the

than three times the fecond, and twice the third

three times the fourth

can find -:
is

and

Second.

24

Among

FirJi.

lO

and

Let us take the four numbers,

r~

U,

of geometrical magnitudes.

In a partial arithmetical way, this

follows

fymbols are to be confidered merely the repre-

C 56 and

firil is lefs
is lefs

than

and among the fame multiples

that

is,

9 times the

we
firft

greater than 8 times the fecond, and 9 times the third

greater than 8 times the fourth.

Many

is

other equimul-

BOOK

68

tiples

might be

V.

selected,

the numbers %,y, \o,

not, for

we

DEFINITION

VII.

which would tend

to

Ihow

that

were proportionals, but they are

can find a multiple of the

firlt

a multiple

of

the fecond, but the fame multiple of the third that has been

taken of the

firft

not

the fame multiple of the fourth

which has been taken of the fecond

the

hrll: is

not

not

CZ

for inftance, 9 times

o times the fecond, but 9 times the third

^ times the fourth, that

or 8 times the

firfl

fecond, but 8 times the third

the fourth, that

is

is,

we

any fuch multiples

as thefe

find

is

C 70, but 90
C 9 times the

not greater than 9 times

O-i-C 63, but Sc

is,

-:

is

not

can be found, the hrft

When
(3~)is

have to the fecond (7) a greater ratio than the third

and on the contrary the third
(10) has to the fourth
faid to

faid to

have

(10)

is

firfl

(3) has to the

to the fourth

fecond (7).

a lefs ratio than the

BOOK

PROP.

r.

THEOR.

Fill.

109

unequal magnitudes the greater has a greater

ratio to the fame than the lefs has

magnitude has a greater

and

fame

the

atio to the lefs

than

it

has to the greater.

Let

be two unequal magnitudes,

and

and

any other.
k

We

fliall firft

prove that

two unequal magnitudes, has

the

lefs,

has to

which

the greater of the

is

than

a greater ratio to

that

is,

[Z ,

%
C#
H
take
^ the multiple of ^
which
make m
M'
= M'
M' l^/^' #, M'
and tn
that M'
and M'
fhall be each

take

fuch,

alfo

leaft

;;/

will

M'

.*.

is

butM'
as m'

is

the

than (w minus

firft

;;;'

minus
that

.-.

M'

IS

is,

tn

f"

for.

?n

IS

firft

minus

or;;/

becomes

C M'^,

isnotCM' JU,

^ not CI M' a,
+ # "^"^ be Zl M' Jj + M' A
A
be
mull
M'
%

and
/.

CZ

multiple which

not

is

;;;'

i;;^

',

but

it

has been

fhown above

that

BOOK

170

M'

is

note ?'

has to

Next we

PROP.

F.

lefs,

than

/;/

it

0,

has a

has to

M'

#,

m'

and

the leail

becomes greater

firft

is

is

-}-

,'.

the

definition,

^ greater ratio

Of unequal

The
among

is

,'.

is

to

tiple

M'

.'.

m'

the

A
and M' ||,

H = M' ||
m ^ minus ^
notC M' ^,
confequently
and ^
not CI M' A
m % minus #
# ZH M' g -f M' a
^ ID M' , and by feventh
A
than ^ has
^ has a|
than

cafe, fuch, that

firll:

which

ratio to

[=

will be each

multiple of

,*,

1:0.
^
greater

the greater

j^ ,

the fame as in the

M' A and M' jp

definition,

a greater ratio than

o''#
Take

by the feventh

therefore,

prove that

fhall

THEOR.

Fill.

to

magnitudes, &c.

contrivance employed in this propofition for finding

the multiples taken, as in the fifth definition, a

of the

firfl

mul-

greater than the multiple of the fecond, but

the fame multiple of the third which has been taken of the
firft,

not greater than the fame multiple of the fourth which

has been taken of the fecond,

as follows

The number
that

is,

may

be illuftrated numerically

9 has a greater ratio to 7 than

:

or, 8

has to 7
7-

BOOKF. PROP.
The

multiple of

8 times, therefore

is

by

8, 9, 10, or

greater

multiply the

and third by

firft

the

again,

we may

than 64

171

becomes greater than

firft

8,

and

this cafe, let

we have

we ftiall have 70 and 70

multiples, we have
lo times

is

greater ratio to 7 than

merely

is

72,

is

greater than -o, but

by the feventh

illuftrative

of the foregoing demon-

its

manner

a fraction

becaufe, if

confequent a greater number of

times than another antecedent contains

merator, and

definition, 9 has a

has to 7

readily in the following

an antecedent contains

when

-t^

property could be fhown of thefe or other

ftration, for this

numbers very

then,

-o

-j- 8, or
..

lo times
the fourtli.

-0

not greater than 70,

The above

8 times
the third.

the second.

Confequently 04

10 times; then, by multiplying the

is

8 times
the first.

6^+

'^-^-f-

multiple of ^ which becomes

firft

fecond and fourth by 10,

arranging thefe

7,

and third

firft

any other greater number; in

us multiply the

and

which

i ,

THEOR,

Fill.

its

confequent, or

formed of an antecedent for the nu-

is

confequent for the denominator be greater

its

than another fraction which

dent for the numerator and
nator, the ratio of the

firft

is

its

formed of another antececonfequent for the denomi-

antecedent to

greater than the ratio of the

laft

its

confequent

antecedent to

its

is

confe-

quent.

Thus, the number 9 has

to 7, for

is

Again, 17
17

17

15

evident that

greater than
:

19

is

255

is

a greater ratio to 7, than 8 has

-.

a greater ratio than 13

J

13

13

greater than |g,

247

19

.-.

is
J-^

15, becaufe
,

greater than

BOOK

1/2

F.

PROP.

THEOR.

VIIT.

and, according to wliat has been above fliown, 17 has

to 19 a greater ratio than 13 has to 15.

So that the general terms upon which

or

follows

lefs ratio exifVs are as

If g be greater than ^,
ratio than

B
^,

has to

the fame ratio

is

The

faid to

if

which

have to

a greater, equal,

is

faid to

have

be equal to

has to

rr,

and

a lefs ratio than

ftudent fhould underftand

all

up

then

if -^

to

be

a greater

has to

has to

D.

to this propofition

perfectly before proceeding further, in order fully to

and read up
as

recommend

to this flowly,

the learner to

there-

commence

again,

and carefully reafon

he proceeds, particularly guarding

at

each ftep,

againlT; the

mifchiev-

ous fyftem of depending wholly on the memory.

lowing thefe inftrudions, he will

com-

We

prehend the following propofitions of this book.

fore ftrongly

than

lefs

By

find that the parts

fol-

which

ufually prefent confiderable difficulties will prefent no difficulties whatever, in profecuting the ftudy

book.

of

this

important

BOOK

PROP.

V.

AGNITUDES

THEOR.

IX.

which have the fame ratio

fame magnitude are equal

^ ^
:

which

In the fame manner

H ^
:

not

'^'
:

by the

^A

that

not

||

cafe,

firft

This may be {hown otherwife,

^

f|

C, then B

will

^ =

H,

A ^A

Magnitudes which have the fame

Let

fame

then will

^,
4 =#.
^ then

(invert.)

therefore,
,*.

t/ie

and

(B. 5- pr. 8),

is

is

/.

For

may be fhown,

it

A
let

abfurd according to the hypothefis.

is

.*.

Again,

one another

^ =

then

CI

let

C#

p,

For, if not,

to the

are equal to one another.

rat to

Let

to

which the fame magnitude has

thofe to

^71,

ratio,

as follows

= C,

for,

&c.

as the

fradlion

the fradlion -, and the numerator of one equal to the

numerator of the other, therefore the denominator of thefe

fradlions are equal, that

Again,

B muft

if
(,.

,\

is

=C

zz C.

= C.

For, as

"^,

BOOK

174

HAT

PROP.

V.

THEOR.

X.

magnitude which has a greater ratio than

another has unto the fame magnitude,

two

of the

and that magnitude

has a greater ratio than

nitude,

is

C#

For

then,

is

is

Again,

or

fl:

=:

not

=:

let

and

ID
mufl: be

if not,

Z]

p:

H*

and

^^

or

S muft he r~ ^.
:
C V fP,

/.

.*.

(B. 5. pr. 8) and (invert.),

then,

flj:

^d#

(^- 5- P^- l) or

.'.

then

mag-

abfurd according to the hypothefis.

,*,

For

which the fame

has unto another

then
or

=# B

si

>

|p =:

if not, let

^ H 13 ^
which

the greater

of the two.

the lefs

Let

it

to

is

is

.'.

^>

C ^
or

(B- 5. pr. 8) and (invert.);

(B. 5. pr. 7),

which is abfurd (hyp.);

=^
mufl be ^ ^

not

That magnitude which

1^

CZ

or

has, &c.

BOOK

ATIOS
fame

Let

to

V.

t/iat

PROP. XL THEOR.

are the fame

to the fame ratio,

are the

each other.

^75

then will

IP'

and

P=

^ H=
:

M^
=, or 13 m H,
then M
IZ> ^. or 3] w ^,
and
M CZ, ^, or ^
then M A C =, or Z3 m , (B.
def. 5)
M ^ C, ^, or ^ w d M A [Z, =, or Zl
For

if

if

;/;

t'

5.

if

and

.*,

.*.

(B. 5. def. 5)

^ H ^A
I

Ratios that are the fame, &c.

>

BOOK

176

PROP.

r.

number of

afijf

THEOR.

XII.

tnagnitiides be proportionals, as

one of the antecedents

is to its

all the antecedents taken

confeqiient,

fo

f}:>all

together be to all the

confequents.

| #=
+ + ^:# + 0+
then will

+0+

MU
and M

For

w 0,

IZ

if

then

\^tn

alfoM

IZ'

Therefore,

if

JH

tlian

;;/

\- tn

or;^(#
In the fame

way

may

antecedents be equal to or
fequents,

times

be equal to or
together.

lefs

all

t,

0, then will
-I-M. + Ma,

+ + ^) be
-\-

+0+

it

CZ

Cw

+O+

(H

Q [Z w <>,

(B. 5. def. 5.)

MJ+MQ + M
or

+' +

\'

+ +

be fhown, if
lefs

than

"h

^'^

greater
^^^

>

*)-

M times one of the

m times one of the con-

the antecedents taken together, will

than

ni

times

Therefore, by the

all

the confequents taken

fifth definition, as

one of the

to

its

confequent, fo are

taken together to

all

the confequents taken together.

antecedents

.*,

If any

is

all

number of magnitudes, &c.

the antecedents

BOOK

PROP.

V.

THEOR.

XIII.

the firjl has to the fecond the

fame

'77

ratio

which

the third has to the fourth, but the third to the

fourth a greater ratio than the fifth has

fixth

to

the

the firfi fhall afo have to the fecond a greater

ratio than the fifth to the fixth.

Let fP

O=
then

For, becaufe
tiples

(M' and

fP

M' <^

D IZ O
d O 0>

of

;')

ci

#,

there are

fome mul-

| and ^^ and of ^

and

^,

M'

Cm

not

but

fuch that
but

0,

by the feventh

definition.

Let thefe multiples be taken, and take the fame multiples

and ([n.

of
5. def. 5.) if

/. (B.

then will

but

but

M'

M' <3

C, =,

or

Zl

/'

| C =, ^ m
or

M'

M'

^'

(conftrudlion)

.*.

M'

^C Q

is

not

ni

ni

(conflrudlion)

and therefore by the feventh definition,

W
.*.

If the

firll;

:0 CIO

^^v

has to the fecond, &c.

AA

BOOK

178

THEOR.

PROP. XIV.

V.

the firJl has the fame ratio to the fecondivhich the

third has to the fourth

then, ifthefirjl be greater

than the third, thefecondjhall be greater than the

fourth; and if equal, equal; andiflefs,

Let

^ Q

B ^

: :

IP [Z

For^rQCI
/.
/.

IJ (B.5.pr.

^ O=
:

^Ji

:D(B.

CZ

firfl

fuppofe

QC^

then will

hypothefis,

and

lefs.

8),

andbythe

s-pr-'is).

QC
D
^^^
^ = |P
For ^
O= D
and ^
Q= ^
(B- 5- pr- io-) or

Z3

Secondly,

let

D=

and /.
Thirdly, if
becaufe

(hyp.)

(B. 5- pr-

O=4

(B. 5, pr. 9).

-V

will

the

that

firft

lO'

^ 13 then O ZI
^=^ Q
C W ^"d
^ C O, by
Q 13 ^
:

/.

/. If the

(B. 5. pr. 7),

.*.

then will

firft

is,

has the fame ratio, &c.

cafe,

BOOKV. PROP.

AGNITUDES

THEOR.

XV.

179

/lave the fame ratio to one another

which their equimultiples have.

Let
then,

For

.*.

And

as the

be two magnitudes

and

# H
:

::

M'

^^

=a

fame reafoning

M'

::

is

(B. 5- pr- 12)-

generally applicable,

M'

/, Magnitudes have the fame

M'h.

ratio,

&c.

we have

BOOKF. DEFINITION

i8o

DEFINITION
The

XIII.

XIII.

technical term permutando, or alternando, by

tation or alternately,
tionals,

and

it is

is

ufed

when

inferred that the

there are four propor-

firft

has the fame ratio to

the third which the fecond has to the fourth

firft

is

Ihown

to the third as the fecond

is

in the following propofition

Let#

to the

It

may be

::19

neceffary here to

A, ^j V7H7

folids,

&c.

as

is

it is

muft be homogeneous, that

fuch cafes, compare lines with

with

fourth

remark that the magnitudes

fame nature or fimilitude of kind

folids

or that the

:B)

^ B

by " permutando" or "alternando"

inferred

permu-

we muft

lines, furfaces

Hence

is,

of the

therefore, in

with

the ftudent will

furfaces,

readily

perceive that a line and a furface, a furface and a folid, or

other heterogenous magnitudes, can never ftand in the relation

of antecedent and confequent.

BOOK

V.

PROP. XVL

THEOR.

i8i

four magnitudes of thefame kind be proportionals,

they are afo proportionals ivhen taken alternately.

Let

^ Q H
ForM

: :

fl

M^ M
:

then

/;;

::

::

/;;

ip

O ^ Q
:

Q H ^

m
M ^ MQ

alfo

.*.

::

U ^

H ^
*

if

(^- 5-

P''-

S)

>

(B. 5. pr. 14),

zw

5. pr. 14)

therefore, by the fifth definition,

.*.

(B. 5. pr. 15),

M ^ C. = or ^ B
then will M Q C :=, or 33
^ (B.
and /.

(^yP-) ^nd (B. 5. pr. 11)

'

If four magnitudes of the fame kind, &c.

BOOK

82

DEFIXmOX XFL

F.

DEFLS'ITIOX XVI.
DnmxxDO, by di^
and

b
b

it is

:-

inferred, l

to the fecood, i

r -

J-.e

iJie

:h ere ire

exceli

: :

:":

toood

;::;::::;

ev;

:r

-,

to tbe fenrth.

le:
far **

A
Ac;

B, and C
have r :

diridendo **

miners

r ::

::

-"
i:'i

::

3 ::C

::..-

: :

-e,A
;

:-.

-A :A

::

inferred
~"

'^

fbppt^i

::

r-e

rti

thb be -:: :

: D

S :A

D;

C minns

b
if

it

greater iIjj:

D :C;
zuz^C :C.

:i

.2

;'

:ut to
:

BOOK

PROP. XVII. THEOR.

V.

183

[F magnitudes, taken jointly, be proportionals, they

Jhall alfo be proportionals ii-hen taken feparately
\,

that

is,

if tivo

magnitudes together have

to one

them the fame ratio which two others have

ofthefe, the remaining one of the firft

two Jhall have

the fame ratio which the remaining one

of the

laft

of

to one

to the other

two has

to the

other of thefe.

+ CI: O ::" +
then
^ O

:,

Let tp

will

::

M ^C O
then we have M V + M
Take

M Q,
C O + M Q,

each add

to

'w

C + M: D:
but becaufe IP + 0:0::"+#:
and M (IP + O) C
+ xM) Q
M ( + ) C + M) 4
/. M ^ + M [=//;+ M
M C ^ ^ by taking M ^ from both
when
^ ^ m U, then M T~ m ^
orM(V

CI)

(^^

(hyp.),

(;

.-.

(B. 5. def. 5)

(^^

'^

.'.

that

In the Tame

manner

or

OT

.*.

may

it

^ U, then
and /. V
O
r=

'SI

is,

M^

fides

be proved, that if
will

=r

or

(B. 5. def. 5).

If magnitudes taken jointly, &c.

book

l84

DEFINITION XV.

V.

DEFINITION XV.
The

term componendo, by compofition,

are four proportionals

ther with the fecond

with the fourth

is

and

it is

invertion"
_

inferred that the

" componendo,"

A-|.B:B::

and

when

toge-

it is

inferred that

-j-D:D.

B and O may become

the

firft

the fecond and fourth, as

B
then, by "

firft

there

to the fourth.

is

then, by the term

ufed

to the fecond as the third together

Let A

By "

is

componendo," we

-|- .

infer that
:

and third,

BOOK

PROP.

F.

THEOR.

XVIII.

magnitudes, taken feparately, be proportionals

they fliall alfo be proportionals

that

to the fecond as the

is

-f-

fuppofing

v^

^ not = ^

^ Q
^
.':#::: 4
=
but

(B. 5. pr. 17);

(hyp.);

(B. 5. pr.

n);

(B. 5- pr- 9).

which
.'.

is

contrary to the fuppofition

is

that

*,

not unequal to
is

=:

If magnitudes, taken feparately, &c.

B B

is

to the fourth.

^^

jointly

together fhall be

O
fP + Q Q
|p
Q

for if not, let

and fecond

third andfourth together

Let IP

then

when taken

if the Jirji be to the fecond as the third

is,

to the fourth, the firji.

i8s

BOOK

i86

PROP. XIX. THEOR.

V.

magnitude be

isohole

taken from the firji,

is

to

a whole, as a magnitude

to

a magnitude taken from

the other ; the remainder ffoall be to the remainder,

as the ivhole to the whole.

+O

Let l^
then will

: + ::

Q:

::'P>

+a V

For tP

::

IP

:,

+ 0:H+'',
+t

(^l^er.),

:
O V
Q 4 9 H
butlP + 0: + # ::^:B
Q
^+D
+
.*.

again

(divid.),

^^

(alter.),

hyp.);

therefore

: :

(B. 5. pr. 11).

,*,

If a

whole magnitude be

to a

DEFINITION
The term "

whole, &c.

XVII.

convertendo," by converfion,

is

made

ufe

of

by geometricians, when there are four proportionals, and

it is

inferred, that the

as the third

is

firft is

to its excefs

lowing propofition

to

its

excefs above the fecond,

above the fourth.

See the

fol-

BOOK

F four

PROP.

V.

THEOR.

E.

187

magnitudes be proportionals, they are

proportionals by converjion
its excefs

that

is,

the Jirjl

above the fecond, as the third

alfo
is to

to its ex-

above the fourth.

cefs

then fhall

'-W,

Becaufe
therefore

.-.

.'.

:0::B

'

::

(inver.).

#0:

(compo.).

If four magnitudes, &c.

DEFINITION
" Ex squall "
diftance

(fc. diflantia),

when

there

when

nitudes, as the

or ex aequo, from equality of

any number of magnitudes more

others, fuch that they are propor-

firft is

firft

is

to the laft
to the laft

of the

firft

in

which the magnitudes

it is

rank of mag-

of the others

two following kinds, which

different order

and two."

XVIII.

taken two and two of each rank, and

inferred that the

there are the

is

many

than two, and as

tionals

(divid.),

arife

" of

this

from the

are taken,

two

BOOK

i88

DEFINITION XIX.

V.

DEFINITION
" Ex

asquali,"

itfelf,

when

from

the

magnitude

firft

the fecond

to the third

of the

and

firft

rank, fo

on

in order

of the other

ference

is

mentioned

this

called ordinate proportion.

is

Book

fo

is

firft

and

and the in-

whence

in the preceding definition;

demonftrated

It is

: :

we

.\

firft

rank,

P, Q, the fecond,
M, N
L M, B
A B
:: M
D E o P, E F P

and L,
fuch that

E, F, the

infer

<

'

: :

by the term " ex squali" that

::

L :Q.

as

the fecond

be two ranks of magnitudes,

if there

A, B,

of the

pr. 22.

5.

Thus,

ufed iimply by

to the fecond

is

to the third
as

is

to the fecond of the other rank.

rank, as the
is

This term

equality.

firft

XIX.

in

BOOK

DEFINITION XX.

F.

189

DEFINITION XX.
" Ex ^quali

proportione perturbata feu inordinata,"

in

from equality in perturbate, or diforderly proportion. This

term
the

the

and

on

and

rank, fo

firft

rank, fo

firft

and the inference

C D,E
M N O
,

N O D
:

of the

is

the

is

in the

i8th

5. pr. 23.

be two ranks of magnitudes,

fuch that
:

of the fecond

but two of the fecond rank

demonftrated in B.

fecond of

but one of the fecond rank

laft

to the

to the laft

is

to the third

to the laft

laft

if there

is

to the fourth of the

is

It is

A.

C^

is

in a crofs order

definition.

Thus,

but one

as the fecond

from the

magnitude

firft

but two to the

laft

fo

the

as the laft

as the third

third

and

rank

and

when

ufed

firft

rank
is

is

: :

P,
:

'

: :

the

firft

the fecond,

rank,

: :

P
:

vr

the term " ex xquali in proportione perturbata feu inordi-

nata" infers that

: :

<,>

BOOK

190

i/iere

PROP. XX. THEOR.

V.

be three magnitudes ,

and other

three, which,

taken two and two, have the fame ratio

then, if

the jirjl be greater than the third, the fourth fiall

greater than the fixth

be

and if lefs,

Let

Then,

and if

equal, equal

lefs.

^, 0>
and

fuch that

be the

^, Oj ^>

firft

three magnitudes,

be the other three,

:0 ::4 :0,andC) :B ::0:#-

fp
if

IZ>

or

Z]

then will

CI,

=,

orZl ^.

From

the hypothefis,

andO :0
.*.

/.

"P

if I^F

:::;

::::

d, =,
orI3

,*,

by alternando, we have

or

Z]

(B. 5- pr-

then will

(B. 5. pr. 14).

If there be three magnitudes, 6cc.

n);

C =,

BOOK

PROP. XXL

V.

t/iere

crofs order

taken two and two, but in a

ratio,

then if the firft magnitude be greater

than the third, the fourth

;

fliall be

and if equal, equal ; and if lefs,

Let

be the

I,

^,

and

fuch that

if

>

^"^

or

Firft, let

it

.*.

is

"

then

any other magnitude,

5-pr.8);

(6.

!= :A

:#

was fliown

ID

:#::: A

and becaufe {^

and

'

^ be C

*!=' A
.-.

A H ^ O

C =, Zl #.

will

butO

lefs.

three magnitudes,

firft

f C. =.

then, becaufe

greater than the

fpt, the other three,

O*,

A O

Then,

191

be three magnitudes, arid other three which

have the fame

fixth

THEOR.

that

::

(^
:

'.

(^yp-);

(B. 5-pr- 13);

:

(j

(hyp.)

% dH

'

iil

(B. 5- pr- 13);

>

BOOK

192

PROP. XXI.

F.

that

Secondly,

is

=]

^ C

^H

let

then fhall

:dl

.-.

il

let

(hyp- ^"'l

(B. 5. pr. II),

be Z3

it

then

/. by the
that

fhall

be Z3

BC

has been (hown that

and il

ifiv.),

(B. 5. pr. 9).

for

and

(hyp.).

.-.

Next,

^.

5.pr.7);

(B.

= 0>
and ^
A=O ^
O #=
^=
but

^=

^ B,

For becaufe

V :* =

THEOR.

cafe

firft

is,

^^^

is

^ ^ 9

/. If there be three, &c.

O;

^j

'

BOOK

THEOR.

PROP. XXII.

V.

193

number of magnitudes, and as nuuiy

'which, taken two and two in order, have

there be any

others,

fame

the

ratio

the frji JJjall have to the lajl of

the firft magnitudes the fame ratio which the frji

of the others has

N.B.
"ex

This

of the fame

to the lajl

ifually cited by the

is

words "ex (egua/i," or

cequo."

there 36 magnitud

irft, let

and

many

as

es^

,0

others

fuch that

^ :il

and
then

Let

thefe

"

fliall

1^

magnitudes,

0,

::0

well

as

>

any equimultiples

as

whatever of the antecedents and confequents of the

lland as follows

ratios,

and

M ^,

,N

becaufe

|p

/.Mm: m

::

'

^, w

<;>,

^ ^ O
: :

M^

:/<3

(B. 5. p. 4).

For the fame reafon

<^

and becaufe there are three magnitudes,

c c

1,

BOOK F. PROP.

194

M^

and other three,

THEOR.

XXII.

w <^

which, taken two and two, have the fame

ifMip

/.
then will

M^
and

Next,

let

=.

CZ.

.*.

CZ,

: :

by (B.

^ #

^,

5. pr.

^
IB

^,

is

^ ^ O
::::

to fay,

'

H ^
^

which, taken two and two, have the fame

that

20)

(def. 5).

there be four magnitudes,

and other four,

=, ori:N

Z]

oi'

ratio

ratio,

#'

and

A ^
:

then fhall
for, becaufe l[p

and <^

IP

::m

^^,

^f

O ^
*

: :

'

are tliree magnitudes,

other three,

which, taken two and two, have the fame

therefore, by the foregoing cafe,

but

a 4
:

therefore again, by the

and

,*,

fo on,

firfl;

^^

cafe,

ip

-^
:

ratio

: :

(2>

: :

(^

^,

'-

whatever the number of magnitudes be.

If there be any

number, &c.

BOOK

PROP. XXIII. THEOR.

V.

t/iere

others,

number of tnagnitudes, and as many

ivhich, taken two and two in a crofs order,

be afiy

have the fame ratio

of the
firji

firjl

of the others has

N.B.

This

is

195

the firjl fliall have to the

magnitudes the fame ratio which the

to the laji

of the fame.

ifually cited by the

proportione perturbatd

Firft, let there

;"

or

words " ^x aquali

be three magnitudes,
>

which, taken two and two

have the fame
is,

|;

and

then fhall

in

" ex aquo perturbato."

and other three, '

that

laji

'

O ^
'

in a crofs order,

ratio

:o

:
^ :
:

^j(^> |)

Let thefe magnitudes and their refpective equimuhiples

be arranged as follows

M
then

,M^,m^,M
f IQ ::M

'

,,,m(^,m%,

MQ

(B. 5. pr. 15);

and for the fame reafon

but^ :q

::<2>

:0

(hyp.).

BOOK

196
.-.

PROP. XXIII.

V.

:MQ

ip

.-.

::<^

and becaufe

:#
:

THEOR.

(B. 5. pr.

n);

<2> (Jiyp-)>

(B. 5. pr. 4)

then, becaufe there are three magnitudes,

M Q, w
and other three, M
m
W,

which, taken two and two

,
w

(2),

in a crofs order,

have

the fame ratio

therefore, if

then will

and /.

^,

[^,

[Z, =r, or ;i]

::

,;;

Next,

let

-J.

the fame ratio

:D

(B. 5. pr. 21),

>

A.?

in a crofs order,

have

namely.

::

::

en fhall

For, becaufe

(B. 5. def. 5).

^j

which, when taken two and two

andH

;;;

there be four magnitudes,

and other four, (2)j

IP

"H

;;/

or

^^ ^,

-0
"O
|

are three magnitudes,

BOOKF. PROP.
and

9,

THEOR.

XXIII.

SI, i^, other

which, taken two and two

197

three,

have

in a crofs order,

the fiime ratio,

therefore, by the

firfl

but
therefore again, by the

and

.*.

i'o

cafe,

^ H
:

::

<^

firft cafe,

on, whatever be the

^^

#,

y ^
:

/S

'

number of fuch magnitudes.

If there be any number, &c.

BOOK

198

jF the

PROP. XXIV. THEOR.

V.

has

firji

to the

fecond the fame ratio which

and

the third has to the fourth,

the fifth to the

fecond the fame which the fix th has

the firfi

and fifth

to the

fourth,

together Jhall have to the fecond

the fame ratio which the third

and fix th

together have to the

fourth.
Second.

First.

Fourth.

Third.

D
Sixth.

Fifth.

Let ip

and

(2>

U: :a:<^,
D: ::#.

'+0 Q:

then

For <2>:D--:
and

+ 4
:

#: ^

Q ^ ^ B
0> ::#:
::

(%P-).

(^yP-) ^"^ (invert.),

.-.

(B- 5- Pr- 22);

and, becaufe thefe magnitudes are proportionals, they are

proportionals

taken jointly,

V+ 0:0:: + :
o D
V + O U ::#+
but

.-.

when

/. If the

firft,

&c.

'-

(B. 5- pr- 18),

(hypO.

(B. 5- pr. 22).

BOOK

PROP. XXV. THEOR.

V.

four magnitudes of the

tionals, the greatejl

199

fame kind are propor-

and leaf of them

together are

greater than the other two together.

Let four magnitudes,

-j-

^,

-|- -'

of the fame kind, be proportionals, that

and

let

-f-

quently by pr.
then will

^^

^^

If

is

|^

to fay,

greateft of the four, and confe-

^
beClB+

and 14 of Book

^+1314-

becaufe

|^, and

5,

is

+ Q :+>:: O

the leaft

+D;
:

(B. 5. pr. 19),

+ Dl=

but

.'.

"f [=

to each

*.

fP

(B.

of thefe add

+O+

1=

If four magnitudes, &c.

(hyp.).

5. pr.

A);

"4"

^7

+o+

BOOK V. DEFINITION

2o,o

DEFINITION

When
to

X.

X.

three magnitudes are proportionals, the

have to the third the dupHcate

ratio

laid

firfl is

of that which

it

has

to the fecond.

For example,
that

is,

cate ratio

of

::

x\

A,

if

C, A

B
or

C, be continued

b',

is

have

faid to

proportionals,

to

the dupli-

r=

the fquare of

This property will be more readily feen of the quantities

'J

^"f

and

J, tor

r^

r=

or of
for

^
ar

-3

"

/T !'

'.

li

the fquare of
iJy

jr~

'

r.

the fquare of

=:
'

DEFINITION
When

'.'.

'

XI.

four magnitudes are continual proportionals,

firft is

faid to

which

it

have

to the fourth the triplicate ratio

has to the fecond

increafing the denomination

of that

and

fo on, quadruplicate,

ftill

by unity,

in

the

&c.

any number

of proportionals.

For example,
tionals, that

to

D,

is,

let.

A, B, C,
:

the triplicate ratio of

or

- :=

D, be

C
N

::

to

four continued propor:

iJ

the cube

of.

is

faid to

have

BOOK K DEFINITION XL

201

This definition will be better underftood, and applied

tinued proportionals, as follows

Let^r",

'

ar'

is,

':':

=:

then

magnitudes

^y be four

yar>

portion, that

r"

portion, that

ar*

ar^

ar*

a =

ar
then the ratio

Or,

let a,

fix

ar"

::

r.

magnitudes

in

pro-

::

ar"

ar'

ar

a,

ar

r" zrz the fifth power

^

ar

::

of

zr: r.

rtr*

ar, ar^, ar^, ar*, be five magnitudes in continued

proportion; then

:=

-5

=z

the fourth

DEFINITION
To know

When

(i,

'

is

rtr* ::

'-'-ar

the cube or

ar, a, be

let ar', ar*, ar^, ur',

continued pro-

-ar^

r=

in

ar

'

Or,

that are con-

number of magnitudes than four

a greater

to

compound

ratio

power of

::=:-.

A.

number of magnitudes of the fame

kind, the firfi: is faid to have to the lafl: of them the ratio
compounded of the ratio which the firfl has to the fecond,
and of the ratio which the fecond has to the third, and of
the ratio which the third has to the fourth and fo on, unto
there are any

the

lafl;

magnitude.

For example,

if

A B C D
,

A B C D

be four magnitudes of the fame

kind, the

the

lafl:

of the
ratio

firft

is

faid to

the ratio

ratio

of B

of A

to

to

to

E F

G H K L
s

compounded
and of the

C and of the
,

have

ratio

of C to

DD

or, the ratio

of

BOOKF. DEFINITION

202

to

to C

faid to

is
,

And
B to C

and

if

be compounded of the ratios of

has to B the fame ratio which

the fame ratio that

fame that
have to

has to

has to V

H, and

has to

then by this definition,

compounded of

the ratio

L>

to

to |j.

A.

ratios

and

to

is

said to

which

the

are the

H, and K to L. And
the fame thing is to be underftood when it is more briefly
exprefled by faying, \ has to D the ratio compounded of
the ratios oft to F, G to H, and K to
fame with the

of E

ratios

to F,

to

In like manner, the fame things being fuppofed

which

the fame ratio

has to
nefs fake,

the ratios of

F,

to

the

H, and K

to

D, then for fhortratio compounded of

has to

have to

faid to

is

if

L.

to

This definition may be better underftood from an

metical or algebraical illuftration

pounded of

all

for, in fact, a ratio

feveral other ratios,

which has

ratio

for

nothing more than a

is

compounded, and

confequent the continued produdl of

;,

^^

6
:

1,

the ratios of

5,

11 55, or

-^2

5,

385.

of the magnitudes A, B, C, D, E, F, of the fame

A
for

7,

or the ratio of 96

kind,

its

the confequents of

all

compounded of

ratio

the ratio of

And

for

compounded.

Thus, the

is

com-

antecedent the continued produdl of

its

the antecedents of the ratios

the ratios

arith-

is

the ratio

B,

A X B X

nx'x

compounded of

X E

XEXF

D,
:

the ratios of

E,

B X C X

T'

""^

x E X

^^^ ""^"^ ^

"^

'

F,
^'

BOOK r. PROP.

ATIOS

THEOR.

F.

wAic/i are cojnpounded

203

of the fame

ratios

are the fame to one another.

Let

B
and

Then

::

::

G,

H,

A B C D E
F G H K L

which

the ratio

as

H,

C: D::H:K,
D E K L.

R, ^

fame

the
:

K,

compounded of

the ratios of

or the ratio of

compounded of

ratio

is

L, or the ratio of

For

the

ratios

E,

the

is

of F

L.

G,

L.

G'

C ~" H'
C __ H

"
ad^ =
XX
X X
D

AX
X

and /. -

fo

K'
K
F

X
X

X
X

X
X

-:

or the ratio of

A E

The fame may

be demonflrated of any number of ratios

is

the fame as the ratio of

circumftanced.

Next,

let

A B
:

: :

L,

B: C:: H: K,
C: D:: G: H,
D: E :: F: G.

BOOK

204

Then

B, B

fame

C,

which

C D, D

is

THEOR.

F.

compounded of

E, or the

ratio

compounded of the

ratios

as the ratio

G H, F
:

the ratio

PROP.

V.

or the ratio of

For -

of

of

the ratios of

E,

the

is

:L,

F :L.

-,

=:

and

r.

X
X

^^

^"^

or the ratio of
,",

is

XD
XE

K,

XX
! = -'
.

X
X

XF
XG

F
L

the fame as the ratio of

Ratios which are compounded, &c.

L.

BOOK

PROP.

V.

F feveral ratios

be the

G.

fame

THEOR.

205

feveral

ratios, each

to

to each, the ratio

which

which are the fame

to the firft ratios,

compounded of ratios

is

each to each,

jhall be the fame to the ratio compounded of ratios

which are the fame

A B

D E

bed

If

C:

to the other ratios,

: :

CD

G H

and

:: -.d

E:F ::e:f
and

II

::

A
then

p^^

''

__ E

^'

X
X

k
s

and /.

rP

01

If feveral ratios, &c.

X y

a:b::
c:d::

e:f:: X

Z3

>

=
^

i-

d
e

>

ff
)

X
X
~

-p

=
=

\\

w X

"

__

T g:h:: Y Z

G
H

X9 X
XR X

G:H::
P T

f
and
^""^

A B P Q
C:D::Q: R
E:F ::R S

2
S"

P Q R

each to each.

>

'/..

X
X

X
X

BOOK

2o6

PROP. H. THEOR.

V.

a ratio which

compounded offeveral ratios be

is

is

compounded offeveral

and if one of

the firjl ratios, or the

which

the fame to a ratio

other ratios

which

ratio

the

fame

of the

to one

compounded offeveral of them, be

is

laji ratios,

or to the ratio which

pounded ofJeveral of them ; then the remaining

or, if there be

maining

more than

ratios,

JJi all

is

com-

ratio ofthefirjl,

compounded of the re-

one, the ratio

be the fame to the remaining ratio of the

if there be more than one, to the ratio compounded ofthefe

la/i, or,

remaining ratios.

A B C D E F G H
F Q R S T X
Let
be the

B, B

the

ratios,

iirfl:

of

C,

which

F,

E, which
:

is

which

the ratio

that

G,

the ratios of

which

F,
:

F G,

T,

S, S

is,

the

H,

S,

the ratios

is

R
T,

is,

and,

the ratio of

Qj

X, which

is

is

B,

R,

R.

the remaining

compounded of
the ratio of

X,

the

let

Q,^

H,

X, which

the ratios of

compounded of

ratio

that

as

compounded of

is

the other ratios

E, be the fame

the fame as the ratio of

ratios.

A H,

compounded of

compounded of

ratios,

E,

be the fame as the ratio of P

Then
firft

Q^_Qj^R,

alfo, let

C D, D
is

compounded of

the ratio
ratio

and

firft ratios,

the other ratios

C D, D

C,

the ratios

E H,
:

fhall

be

compounded of

X, the remaining other

BOOK
Becaufe -

l;

f!

X
X

[;

PROP. H. THEOR.

V.

XC X D X
XD X E X

f.

L
F

X X &
XG XH

X QX

Q X

O XX QR w
^
X X CX D _ X Q
anH
^ XCX
DX Qx R'

XC X
X D X

1^

w
^

X(,XU

,
*

XG

h-

X F X G
X GXH

/.

,*,

J:

If a ratio which, &c.

X
X

X.

207

X
X

X'

X Sx
XTX

X'

S
'I'

BOOK

2o8

t/iere

PROP.

V.

be any

other ratios,

pounded of

THEOR.

K.

number of ratios, and any number of

fuch that the ratio which is com-

ratios,

which are the fame

to the

ratios, each to each, is the fame to the ratio

is

compounded of ratios, which are the fame, each

the lajl ratios

is

and

compounded of

which are the fame

ratios,

or to the ratio which

is

compounded of

to each, to fever al

maining ratio of the firjl

which

ratio

is

to each, to the
to the

or,

compounded of

of the

federal of the

to

of the

lajl ratios,

which are the

ratios,

then the

lajl ratios

which

is

which are the fame, each

lajl

or, if there be

compounded of

to each, to thefe

remaining

ratios,

abed

more than

which are the

ratios.

AB, CD, EF, GH, K L, MN.

OP OR ST V
XY

a b c

h k

A:B, C:D, E:F, G:H, K:L, M:N,

^ :T, V :W, X
ratios, and o :!', (^:R
,

other ratios

and

let

i g

Let
firft

re-

remaining ratios of the firJi, Jhall be the fame

one, to the ratio

to each, to

if there be more than one, the

ratios,

remaining ratio of the

fame, each

which

if one of the firji ratios, or the ratio which

firjl ratios, each to each, be the fame to one

fame, each

frji

B zn

C :D
E :F HZ

G :H
K L
:

M:N

'.

b :c.
L

id.

~~7.

'i

:f.

T"^

''

P"

be the
,

the

BOOK
Then, by the

PROP.

F.

THEOR.

K.

of a compound

definition

209

ratio, the ratio

compounded of the ratios of j :/,, ic,

g :/"./"?-. which are the fame as the ratio of A
E F, G H, K L,
N, each to each.
of ,7

is

In-

/;

Alfo,

Then

=
=

VV

h\p be

will the ratio oi

as the ratios

each

to each.

of

:p

/: m.

A:

B,

for

ratio

which

of a
c

c,

D, two of the

And
ratios

which

k m,

k,

the remaining
:

ratios

the ratios of

the ratios of a

ratio

Then

of e

of e

s,

f g,
:

the ratio of
or h

11

b,

g,

H, K L,
which is com-

F,

be that

which

are the fame, each

fhall

V :W,

be the fame as the

r= erg.

AXCXKX'.XKXM
:-^

compounded of the
which are the fame as

each, to the remaining other ratios, namely,

:

of j ict

is

namely,

f,

n,

ratios,

firft

pounded of the
to

h:p.

the ratios of

as

:Y

be the fame as the

),

which

s,

alfo, let the ratio

, :

fame

are the

the ratios of h

let

compounded of

is

V :W X

ratios (or the ratios

'!?

compounded of

is

firfl:

C"

:T

three of the other ratios.

of h

M N

and

A,

which

d,

d,

P-

the ratio

Ct :R

n.

/, by the hypothefis a
Alfo, let the ratio

D,

compounded of
m'.n, n:p, which are the

the ratios of h:k, k:l, I '.my

fame

B,

k :/.

=.

--

','>

^; h k.

Q^\R
V

:^

c -Jt

X H X

X X

X6 X
XcX

,-

X
X

,i

X
X/ X
X

/
'

BOOK

2IO

PROP.

V.

OX ox ^X

^x^x^x?x

X
X

THEOR.

K.

V,

kXlXmXnXp

by the compolition of the

cX/XcXrfXfX;

w
^

uXl
.7

but

;X.

X
A

XD

X kX

kX

''iXcXdXfXfXj

;X
X
X

,
'

'

^"

and

h
k

(hyp.).

Xp'

h Xk X
kX Xm'
i

X n
Xp'

,,

("7?-).

(hyp.).

^^

Xk Xm X
XmXn X

/.

Xp

_.

i'

m X

Xb Xc __

X m X
XVmVn
m
X
X X Vs
T XXg

AJ C X X X
And
.v. V^vV
>?Xc
X/X^

w
^

bxcxd

Xf X
X fX

-J

XrnXn
X n Xp

X
X

^-

Xm

kX kX
kX Xm

dX cX/Xg
__

ratios

e f

g-

/, If there be any number, &c.

* Al"-ebraical

and Arithmetical expositions of the Fifth Book of Euclid are given m

published by Williams and Co. London. 1841.

Hyrne's Doctrine of Proportion

BOOK

VI.

DEFINITIONS.
I.

ECTILINEAR
figures are faid to

be

fimilar,

when

they have their feveral angles equal, each to each,

and the

about the equal

fides

angles proportional.
II.

Two

one figure are faid

fides of

tional to

two

of the

firft

fecond

is

fides

to

of another figure when one of the

to the fecond, as the

is

to the

be reciprocally propor-

remaining

remaining

of the

fide

fide

fides

of the

firft.

III.

STRAIGHT

ratio,

when

line

the

greater fegment

is

faid to

whole
is

is

be cut in extreme and

to the greater

fegment,

mean
as the

to the lefs.

IV.

The
its

altitude of

any figure

vertex perpendicular to

is

its

the straight line

drawn from

bafe, or the bafe produced.

BOOK

2;2

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

I.

RIANGLES
and

parallelo-

grams having the

fame
to one

another as their bafes.

Let the triangles

have

altitude are

common

fame

Produce

and

the

both ways, take fucceffively on

lines equal

to

lines succefTively equal to

common

The
to

ftraight hne.

produced

duced

vertex, and

their bafes
in the

and

it

it

and on

and draw

pro-

lines

from

vertex to their extremities.

triangles

j^-JKJt^

thus formed are

one another, fmce their bafes are equal. (B.

and

multiples of

its

all

equal

pr. 38.)

bafe are refpectively equi-

and the bafe

BOOK VL PROP.

In like manner

lively equimultiples of

Ifm or

.*.

then

6 times

or 6 times

i
|^

THEOR.

I.

and

C ^

or
or

13
;^

definition

fhown

of the Fifth Book.

that this property exifts

equal 5, yet

it is

or 5 times

or 5 times

and ftand for every multiple taken

refpec-

bafe are

its

and the bafe

(^ :=

2-

as

in

u-m

the fifth

Although we have only

when m

equal 6, and n

evident that the property holds good for

every multiple value that

may be

given to m, and to

(B.

5.

def

n.

5.)

Parallelograms having the fame altitude are the doubles

of the triangles, on their bafes, and are proportional to

them

(Part i), and hence their doubles, the parallelograms,

are as their bafes. (B. 5. pr. 15.)

Q. E. D.

BOOK

214

VI.

PROP.

THEOR.

II.

a Jlraight

line

be draivn parallel to any

->

Jide

angle,
tides,

or

thoj'e

tri-

cut the other

Jides produced, into pro-

portional fegments

And

it fliall

of a

if any Jlraight

line

^^

divide the fides of a triangle, or thofe

fides

produced,

ments,
fide

-,
PART

I.

Let

I,

Draw

then {hall

'

and

and

(B.

V-

proportional feg-

parallel to the remaining

is

it

into

I.

pr. 37);

(B.5.pr.7);but

(B. 6. pr. 1),

\-

(*

(B. 5. pr. II).

IttlllllBlB*,

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

PART

THEOR.

11.

21

II.

Let

Let the fame conftrudlion remain.

becaulc

1/

::

>

(B.6.

and

aiaflVB

but

^aai^

(hyp.),

i\

),

-Z=
fame
II

fide

of

(B.

5. pr.

(B. 5- pr- 9)

:.

but they are on the fame bafe

-i
.

it,

and

at the

and
(B- i.pr. 39)

Q. E. D.

.)

pr.

I);

BOOK

2l6

VI.

PROP.

THEOR.

III.

RIGHT

/ine

bifeSling the angle

of a

triangle, divides the oppofite Jide

into

fegments

proportional

to the conterminous Jides ()

And if a Jiraight

line

(-

drawn from any angle of a

divide the oppojite Jide
into fegments

proportional to the conterminous fides

it

triangle

......)
),

bifeSls the angle.

PART

Draw

to

^=<

then,

.*.

I.

but

..........

(B. i.pr. 29),

^=1
I

meet

.-.

(B.

and becaufe

IHB
(B. 6. pr. 2)

but

(B. 5. pr. 7).

I.

=-#

pr. 6);

BOOK FI. PROP.

PART

III.

THEOR.

217

II.

Let the fame conftrudtion remain,

and

but

^.^

(B. 6. pr. 2)
:

-...

......... ::

...^^

(hyp.)

.
(B. 5. pr. .1).

and

,*,

and /.

.a.

^=

zzz

^(B.

/.

and

^ =y,
.*.

I.

pr. 5);

........

c.

(B.

i. pr.

and

^^

29);

=:

bifedls

pr. o),

but fince

^_

..;

II

and

(B.

^,

^
Q^E. D.

F F

BOOK

^i8

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

IV.

equiatigular

angles

and

,-'*

tri-

the fides

about the equal angles are pro-

and the Jides which are

portional,

^L

oppojite

to

the equal angles are

homologous.

Let the equiangular triangles be

fo

placed that two fides

oppofite to equal angles

^^^

may be

may have

1.

fame

at the

to

jtKk

and

Draw -t and

',

=
-

of that flraight

a like reafon,

is

fl^

to

j^|^

Then, becaufe
;B.i.pr.28);

II

and for

fide

the equal angles not conterminous,

opp ofite

e.

and

conterminous, and in the fame ftraight line;

and that the triangles lying

line,

^^

"""5

a parallelogram.

But
(B. 6. pr. 2)

BOOK
and

lince

PROP.

FI.

'

^_i.

alternation,

THEOR.

IF.

^^ ^
:

j:

(B.

219

i. pr.

.......i..

-.-

34),
*

and by

(B. 5. pr. 16).

manner

In like

it

may

^i^HMiMaBH^

be fhown, that

^^B^i^ia^^^

iiMiJiiaiiia*

and by alternation, that

^^^Ma

o^^^^^^^

but
^a^^^^^^^m

it

JJ

has been already proved that

^MMHHWHHMM

and therefore, ex squali.

(B. 5. pr. 22),

therefore the fides about the equal angles are proportional,

and thofe which are oppolite

to the equal angles

are homologous.

Q. E. D.

220

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

::

and

have their Jides propor-

tivo triangles

(-

tional

::

THEOR.

V.

^mmmmmmm,
('

i^^.)

and

they are equiangular,

the equal angles are fubtended by the homolo-

gous fides.

From

the

of

extremities

and

W=

iB

(B.

draw

making

(B. i.pr.

=
and

2.1;);

I. pr.

32)

fince the triangles are equiangular.

(B. 6. pr. 4);

(hyp.);

but

(B. 5. pr. 9).

and confequently

In the like

manner

it

may

be fhown that

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

V.

common

Therefore, the two triangles having a

and their

polite to equal fides,

fides equal,
i.

and

.*

j^^

=:

M/^

jj^^

^^^

z=

^^

:=

confequently

^F =

reafon

alfo equal angles

bafe

op-

e.

=^ad^
But

have

221

(B.

pr. 8).

I.

(conft.)

for the

flU?
(B.

fame

^"^

i.

32);

and therefore the triangles are equiangular, and

it

is

evi-

dent that the homologous fides fubtend the equal angles.

CUE. D.

BOOK

222

VI.

PROP.

angle

angle

wKk
m

triangles

tivo

and

THEOR.

VI.

.^^___^

o/'

///<'

of the

.A
_^**^ _^*'^

have one

one, equal to one

other,

and

the Jides

about the equal angles proportional, the

HPI^

and have

triangles Jhall be equiangular,

thofe angles equal

which the homologous

Jides fubt end.

From

the extremities of

of

Z:^

about

(B.

I.

and

pr. 32),

^W

one of the

fides

draw

makiin g

and

=A

zz.

then

^
^=4
=:

and two triangles being equiangular.

^a
(B. 6. pr. 4)

but

>

(hyp.);

(B. 5. pr. 11),

and confequently *

(B. 5. pr. 9);

.*.

BOOK

VI.

-^

PROP.

>,*

(B.

But

^yf

and /.

I. pr.

ZLj

^\ = -^
.*.

A*I,....dW

^"d

=.

223

in every refpedl.

4).

= j^

fince alio

and

THEOR.

VI.

(conft.),

J^
::z:

JHl

and

(B. i.pr. 32);

j/\\

-^

their equal angles oppolite to

are equiangular, with

homologous

Tides.

Q^E. D.

BOOK

224.

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

VII.

F two

/\

each equal

triangles

'

and

Aave one angle

equal

^^

to

),

in

the

Jides about two other angles proportional

(-^

::

..-),

^l
and each of the remaining angles

and ^..^

either lefs or not lefs than a

and

right angle, the triangles are equiangular,

thofe angles

are equal about which the Jides are proportional.

Firft let

it

be alTumed that the angles

are each lefs than a right angle

that

i^A

^"'^

^^

are not equal, let

Becaufe

^=^
/.

^,

^^

then if

it

and

be fuppofed

contained by the proportional

^\

be the greater, and

(hyp.), and

^^--B

^B.

pr.

32);

fides,

make

^\ = ^J
I.

<.^

(conft.)

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

FIT.

225

(B. 6. pr. 4),

but

^^

::

. ..

(hyp.)

(B. 5. pr. 9),

and

^^B

But
,,

^^^

^^ = ^^

,*.

is

lefs

is lefs

which

.',

^
is

'^^^.^

abfurd.

than a right angle

and therefore

^<^

,*.

and

they are equal, and fince

4=4

(B.

1. pr.

5).

than a right angle (hyp.)

be greater than a right angle (B.

proved

(B.

I. pr.

and

i. pr.

lefs

13), but

^B
it

muft

has been

than a right angle,

^-\

^B

,',

rz

are not unequal

/ \

(hyp.)

32), and therefore the tri-

angles are equiangular.

But

if

'^^
-^

than a right angle,

triangles are

^5

and ^*-^ be aflumed

it

may

to be

each not

lefs

be proved as before, that the

equiangular, and have

the fides about the

equal angles proportional. (B. 6. pr. 4).

Q. E. D.

OG

BOOK

226

PROP. Fin. THEOR.

VI.

a right angled
triangle

a perpendicular
be

drawn from

the right angle

to the oppojitejide, the triangles

.j^S^

triangle

^^

and

to

Becaufe

on each Jide of

it

are fimilar to the whole

each other.

^^p

common

(B.

I.

ax.

),

and

and

to

t\^<
and

;B.

..^^^^l

I.

pr.

32);

equiangular

are

and

conlequently have their Tides about the equal angles proportional (B. 6. pr.

4),

and are therefore limilar (B.

6.

def. I).

In like manner

it

may

but

be proved that

^^
k

fimilar to

has been ihewn to be limilar

and

to

fimilar to the

is

whole and

to

are

each other.
Q. E. D.

BOOK VI. PROP.

ROM

a given Jiraig/it

to cut off

From
given

till

the

For

fi

'"
)

making any

and produce
line

as often as

>

contains the required part.

Draw

is

"

of the

whole produced

mtiBH* contains

-""-

extremity

either

angle with
>

line

22:

any required part

^"t.

draw

line

PROB.

IX.

and draw

the required part of

nee
*

(B. 6. pr. 2), and by compolition (B.

5. pr. 18)

^
but
as

mmm

'--

contains

>

-".-

mmmmmm
as often

contains the required part (conft.)

is

the required part.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

228

VI.

PROP.

X.

PROB.

divide a Jlraight

line

to

given divided

line

fanilarly

From

either extremity of

i^

the given line

draw a>saaaKajM

making any angle

take

and
>

and

equal to

refpedlively (B.

draw

and draw

-
Since (

(B.6.

II

to

i.

--

pr. 2)

and

it.

j are II,

pr. 2),

or

(conft.),

and
(B. 6. pr. 2),
(conft.).

and

,*,

the given line

is

divided

fimilarlv to

Q.E. D.

BOOK VL PROP. XL PROB.

O yfi/ a

At

third proportional

two given Jlraight

to

lines

either extremity of the given

^i^

line

.---

draw

making an angle

take

....... .^

draw

and

make .,.._... =:
and draw

to

||

(B.
l

229

is

I. pr.

31.)

the third proportional

-^^^
For

and

fince

(B.

6pr. 2);

but

(conft.)

(B. 5. pr. 7).

Q^E. D.

BOOK

230

VI.

PROP.

XII.

PROB.

O find

a fourth pro-

portional

given

to

three

lines

Draw
making any angle

and
take

and
alfo

draw
and
(B.
is

On

r.

pr.

31);

the fourth proportional.

account of the parallels,

(B. 6. pr. 2);

bU. (;.

.} (conft.);

(B. 5. pr. 7).

Q^E. D.

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

XIII.

PROP.

^31

Jind a mean propor-

tional between

two given

Jlraight lines

iaMMlanil
}

Draw

any ftraight

line

make

bifed

and
and from the point of bifedtion

as a centre,

line as a radius, defcribe a femicircle

^^

draw
is

the

mean

JL

and

'^^^

is

a right angle (B. 3. pr. 31),

and

^^^^

is

J_ from

*.

^^"^

is

and

.*.

cs

proportional required.

Draw

Since

and half the

between

mean
and

it

upon the oppofite

fide,

proportional between
(B. 6. pr. 8),

'

and

(conft.).

Q. E.

BOOK

232

PROP. XIV. THEOR.

VI.

QJJ A L

which

parallelograms

and

have one angle

each equal,

in

have the Jides about the equal angles

reciprocally proportional

II.

And
and

parallelograms which have one angle in each equal,

the fides about them reciprocally proportional, are equal.

- and

Let
and

and

^^~",

and

be fo placed that

may

'

be continued right Unes.

dent that they mayaflume this pofition. (B.

1

'

i.

It

is

evi-

prs. 13, 14,

5-)

Complete

Since

\\

(B. 5. pr. 7.)

BOOK

VI.

PROP. Xir.

(B. 6. pr.

The fame

THEOR.

233

I.)

conftrudtion remaining
r

(B. 6. pr. I.)

(hyp.)

(B. 6. pr. I.)

(B. 5. pr. II.)

and

.*.

^Hi^

= ^^

(B. 5. pr. 9).

Q^E. D.

H H

BOOK

234

PROP. XV. THEOR.

VI.

I.

QUAL
one

JiJt's

which have

triangles,

angle

in

each

^^ ^ ^B

equal

have the

),

about the equal angles reciprocally

proportional

--

II.

And two

j^i

triangles which have an angle of the one equal to

an angle of the other, and the Jides about the equal angles

reci-

procally proportional, are equal.

Let the triangles be

^^
lb

and

that

^A

may

^mmmmi^m

ftraight line.

{o

placed

that

the equal

be vertically oppolite, that

and

Whence

be in the fame ftraight

Draw

-^ may

alfo
line.

(B.

>

i.

be

is

angles

to lay,

the

lame

and -aiM^MMM

mull

in

pr. 14.)

then

(B. 6. pr. I.)

(B. 5. pr. 7.)

(B. 6. pr. I.)

BOOK

VI.

PROP. XV. THEOR.

235

(B. 5. pr. II.)

II.

Let the fame conftruction remain, and

>

(B. 6. pr. I.)

and

But

(B. 6. pr. I.)

::

A
;

(B.5

> -^

(hyp.)

pr. 11);

(B. 5. pr. 9.)

Q.E. D.

BOOK

236

VI.

PROP. XVI. THEOR.

PART

Y four Jh'ciight

I.

lines be

proportional

).

the reSlangle

!>..._..

by the extremes,

is

equal

contaified

to the rectangle

.........) contained by the means.

PART

And
angle

II.

if the reStcontained

by

the extremes be equal

to the

reBangle con-

tained by the means,

thefourJlraight lines

are proportional.

PART

From

the extremities of

^M^BHB

and

and .--

I.

refpedlively

_L
:

^^^^H
And

and

"

them and

to

draw

complete the parallelograms

and

fince,

BBB (hyp.)

(B. 6. pr. 14),

(conft.)

BOOK
that

is,

PROP. XVI. THEOR.

VI.

237

the redtangle contained by the extremes, equal to

the redangle contained by the means.

PART

II.

Let the fame conftrudlion remain

becaufe

('

and

11

^. -....-...

(B. 6. pr. .4).

But
and

i^ ^

^conft.)

(B. 5. pr. 7).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

238

PROP. XVII. THEOR.

VI.

PART

three Jlraight lines be pro-

portional

::

^^^mmt

the

reSlangle under the extremes

is

equal

to the fquare

PART

And

of the mean.
II.

if the reSlangle under the ex-

tremes be equal to the fquare of the mean,

the three fir aight lines are proportional.

PART

I.

Aflume

and

fince

then

X
(B. 6. pr. 16).

"9

But

X
_.i

or

therefore, if the three ftraight hnes are

proportional, the redlangle contained by the extremes

equal to the fquare of the mean.

PART

Aflume

II.

^^

then

m 9

(B. 6. pr. 16), and

wmm

Q. E. D.

is

BOOK

VI.

PROP. XVIIL THEOR.

line

a given Jlraight
conftruSi

to

^,.

reBilinear figure

fimilar to a given one

and

239

/imiiarly placed.

Relblve the given figure into triangles by

drawing the

At

of

extremities

the

----

lines

Jb^^

and

and

..*.

% = \J^
make -^^ =:

again at the extremities of

^^

and

^^\

^
-v

? =
Then

It is

in like

is

manner make

V=V

^"^

evident from the conftrudlion and (B.

W w
^"

fimilar to

the figures are equiangular

and

make

1.

pr. 32) tliat

and fince the triangles

are equiangular; then by (B. 6.pr.4),

240

BOOK

PROP.

VI.

Again, becaule

^^^

^^B

and

mm

**

THEOR.

XVIII.

ttafBffiaai

are equiangular.

/. ex asquali.

(B. 6. pr. 22.)

In like manner

it

may be fhown

that the remaining fides

of the two figures are proportional.

.-.

by (B.

is

and fimilarly fituated

6. def.

.)

fimilar to

and on the given

line

Q^E. D.

BOOK

LAR

gles

and

A
^^^^^k

THEOR.

PROP. XIX.

VI.

241

trian-

are

one

to

another in the duplicate ratio

of their homologous Jides.

Let

^^

and

be equal angles, and

homologous

and

i^HHft and
of thefe

lines

^^^^^^
MKKKL
take

--

fides

^nd on
a

of the fimilar triangles

-.-.-.

the greater

proportional,

third

fo

that
\

draw

(B. 6. pr. 4)

(B.

but

>

5. pr.

16, alt.),
(conll:.),

MiSa
1

confe-

BOOK

242

quently

PROP. XIX.

VI.

A\
^^^

the equal angles

^^

rz

^^

and

THEOR.

for they have the fides about

^Ik

reciprocally proportional

(B. 6. pr. 15);

Aa-A\
(B. 5 pr. 7);

^^^L

^^

....

::

(B. 6. pr. I),

that

is

to fay, the triangles are to

cate ratio of their

and

one anotlier

homologous

i^-i

in tlie dupli-

fides

(B. 5. def. 11).

Q^

E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XX.

FI.

IMILAR

THEOR.

243

poly-

gons may be divided

into

the

fame number of
fimilar triangles, eachfimilar

pair of

ivhic/i

are propor-

tional to the polygons

and

the polygons are to each other

in the duplicate ratio

of their

homologous fides

Draw

and
and

"

and

refolving

the polygons into triangles.

Then

becaufe the polygons

are limilar,

and

=
and

but

gons

^F^

are fimilar, and

^J

(B. 6. pr.6);

= w

becaufe they are angles of fimilar poly

therefore the remainders

hence nmmmmmmmmm

^^

>..

on account of the

^^
\\

and

^k

-_..._-__

fimilar triangles,

are equal
*

BOOK

244
and --.

PROP. XX.

VI.

THEOR.

::

on account of the fimilar polygons,

*
ex

asquali

(B. 5. pr. 22),

HMM*

_^.^_^____

and

as

contain equal angles, the triangless

_^

thefe proportional fides

^^^

and

^^^

are fimilar (B. 6. pr. 6).

In like manner

triangles

^^F
^^

-^^

is

..-.....

to

But

^^^

is

to

it

may

and

be fhown that the

^^m
^^K

are fimilar.

^^^m in the duplicate

..> (B. 6. pr. 19), and

to

^^

ratio of

in like

-.-.

manner,

to

ratio

of

in the duplicate

-.;

>>
(B. 5-P'-. II);

Again

^^^^
^^^

to

is

^^^
^^

to

and

in

the duplicate ratio of

^^^F

is

to

T
^^r

in

BOOK VL PROP.
the duplicate ratio of

and
fo

is

as

^i^

one of the antecedents

the

fum of

confequents

that

all
is

XX. THEOR.

is

to

to

^^M

is

one of the confequents,

the antecedents to the

fum of

all

the

have

to

one

to fay, the fimilar triangles

another the fame ratio as the polygons (B.

But

to

^^^F

245

5. pr.

12).

in the duplicate ratio

of

to

ED

246

BOOK VL PROP.

XXI. THEOR.

ECTILINEAR

Jigures

<?</

which are fimi/ar

to the fameJigure

are fimilar alfo to each other.

Since

fides

about the equal angles proportional

6.

def.

and
are equiangular,

proportional

are fimi-

they are equiangular, and have the

lar,

(B.

HHiBll^ and

and have the

therefore

i);

and

'^%.
fides

IHIBl^

fince

the

figures

are alfo fimilar, they

about the equal angles

and

l^Hhk.

are alfo

equiangular, and have the fides about the equal angles proportional (B. 5. pr.

1),

and are therefore

fimilar.

Q,E.

D.

BOOK

PROP. XXII. THEOR.

VI.

PART

I.

YfourJlraight

lines be

(^^^

portional
::

247

pro-

^^
the

),

Jiinilar reSiilinear figures

fimilarly described on them are aljo proportional.

PART

And
figures,
jlraight

II.

if four fimilar
fimilarly
lines,

reSlilinear

four

defcribed on

be proportional,

the

firaight lines are alfo proportional.

PART

Take
and

to

I.

a third proportional to
,

and

>

and

fince

a third proportional

>

(B.6.pr. ii);
;

::

.*.

::

ex asquali.

but
(B. 6. pr. 20),

and

(hyp.),
- (conft.)

BOOK

248

VI.

PROP. XXII. THEOR.

(B. 5. pr. 11).

PART

II.

Let the fame conftrudlion remain

(hyp-).

(conft.)

and

,*.

(B.

5. pr.

II).

(^E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XXIII. THEOR.

VI.

QUIANGULAR
ograms

^m^
in

249

parallel-

and

are to one another

a ratio compounded of the ratios of

their fdes.

Let two of the

-...

fo

and

fides

about the equal angles be placed

that they

may form one

ftraight

line.

4.

Since

and

M
=

1^^

f\\

--

^W

(hyp.).

+
and

and

.*.

form one

(B.

I. pr.

14)

complete

Since

flraight line

(B. 6. pr. i),

and

(B.6. pr.

has to

to

a ratio

..

compounded of the

and of
K K

^^

to

i).

of

ratios

n^

Q^E. D.

BOOK

250

FT.

THEOR.

PROP. XXIV.

-B

N any parallelogram ^7

/)

the parallelograms

and

r^i

'which are about

the diagonal are Jimilar to the whole,

and

to each other.

^
B-J

As

common

and
^^

have a

angle they are equiangular

but becaufe

and

are fimilar (B. 6. pr. 4),

and the remaining oppofite

It

and

fn

fides are

have the

equal to thofe,

about the equal

fides

angles proportional, and are therefore fimilar.

In the fame

manner

parallelograms

it

^7

can be demonftrated that the

and

are fimilar.

Since, therefore, each of the parallelograms

B ..^E

is

fimilar to
to

^.
^1

they are fimilar

each other.
Q. E. D.

BOOK

PROP. XXF. PROB.

VI.

defcribe

reSlilinear Jigure,

Jimilar to a given

ivhic/i /Jiall be

reBilinearJigure

equal to another

Upon
and upon

(^^

),

and

).

defcribe

_i_

and having

defcribe

^M ^
(B.

(B.

and

smm

251

I. pr.

will lie in the

I.

find a

(B. 6. pr. 13), and

defcribe

Jtt^

45), and then

fame flraight

line

prs. 29, 14),

and nuH..

Between

^^,

mean

proportional

upon _^_i

iimilar to

and fimilarly fituated

Then

For

fince

and

are fimilar, and

(confl.),

(B. 6. pr. 20)

BOOK

252

but

FI.

PROP. XXV. PROP.

(B.6.piM);

(B.5.pr.ii);
but

.^d^k

and ..

(B. 5. pr. 14);

and

(conft.)

which

(conft.),

is

limilar to

confequently.

is

alfo

=
Q. E. D.

BOOK VI. PROP.

F

fitnilai'

and

XXVI. THEOR.

253

Jimilarly

pojited parallelograms

have a common angle, they are about

the fame diagonal.

For, if poffible,

let

be the diagonal of

draw

Since

diagonal

(B.

P..

^^^^^^^^

I. pr.

31).

are about the fame

have
and nave
ana

jmm

common,

they are fimilar (B. 6. pr. 24)

but

(hyp.).

and

(B. 5. pr. 9.),

.*.

which

is

in the

is

abfurd.

not the diagonal of

fame manner

it

can be demonftrated that no other

line

is

except

Q. E. D.

BOOK

254

VI.

PROP. XXVII. THEOR.

al/ the

reBangles

contained

by

the

fegments of a given
Jlraight
greateji

is

line,

the

the fquare which

defer ibed on

ha

is

f the line.
be the

unequal fegments,
equal fegments

For

it

has been demonftrated already (B. 2. pr. 5), that

the fquare of half the line

is

equal to the redlangle con-

tained by any unequal fegments together with the fquare

of the part intermediate between the middle point and the

point of unequal fection.

The

fquare defcribed on half the

line exceeds therefore the redtangle contained

equal fegments of the

by any un-

line.

Q.E. D.

BOOK
O

PROP. XXFIII. PROP.

VI.

divide a

^SS

given

Jlraight line

that the rec-

fo
tcuigle cojitained

by

its

segments

may

be equal to a given area,

not

exceeding

half the

the fquare

of

line.

Let the given area be :=

Bifedl

or

make
and

if

ymmmm***

II

is

-4;-

folved.

IMHM

or
as radius defcribe a circle cutting the

given line

Then

then

(hyp.).

Draw

with ^-i

2
9

muft

make

;
.

if

the problem

But

****

draw

^ wiMMaBB.-a- ^
=

.2

(B. 2. pr. 5.)

But
(B.

I.

pr.

47);

BOOK

256

PROP. XXVIII. PROB.

VI.

.\

'

+ ^
+
\

from both, take

and

i"

"" X ^^
But

and /.
that ""

"

'
'

=:

-""

^^

S3 MMB

is

^:

(conft.),
fo

divided

.-2^

Q^E. D.

BOOK

VI.

PROP. XXIX. PROB.

^S7

O produce agivenjlraight
line

),

fo

that the reBangle con-

tained by the fegments

between the extremities of the given

line

and

duced,
i.

e.

the point to which

may

it is

pro-

be equal to a given area,

equal to the fquare on

Make
draw

-,

-"-draw

with the radius

',

meeting

Then

and
defcribe a circle

produced.

-'
'

But

and

(B. 2. pr. 6.)

-^

=
(B.i.pr.47.)

and

:=

the given area.

Q^E. D.
L L

BOOK

258

cut a given finite Jlraight line

in

PROP. XXX. PROB.

VI.

On

defcribe the fquare

I
(B.

pr.

I.

46)

and produce

"

fo that
s

(B. 6. pr. 29);

take

and draw

meeting

^
^

aatB

X-

Then

U
and

.*.

is

and

will be

that

which

is

which

if

from both

common

be taken the

and

extreme and mean ratio.

;B. I. pr. 31;

taaBB

thefe equals

part

the fquare of

is

'-

is

is

divided in extreme and

mean

ratio.

(B. 6. def. 3).

CLE. D.

BOOK

PROP. XXXI. THEOR.

FI.

any

fimilar

2 59

reSlilinear

figures be fimilar ly defer ibed

on the fides of a right an-

gled triangle

^''^

),

the figure

defer ibed on the fide (....i

tending the right angle

is

equal

fuh-

to

the

futn of the figures on the other fides.

From

the right angle

to

then

MHB

draw

>

perpendicular

m.

^_

(B. 6. pr. 8).

(B. 6. pr, 20).

but

ammmmmm%mmm

(B. 6. pr. 20).

Hence

but

and /.

Q. E. D.

BOOK

26o

PROP. XXXII. THEOR

VI.

F two

triangles

/^\

\\ \
rallel, the

one right

..
i7^

..........

^ ^

^^

have two fides pro-

),

portional

..1.^.^^

and befo placed

....),

an angle that the homologous Jides are pa-

remaining Jides

and

form

line.

Since

and

(B.

alfo fince

-^^

= ^^
= ^^^

pr. 29);

I.

>

||

(B.

pr.

I-

29);

and fince

(hyp.).

the triangles are equiangular (B. 6. pr. 6)

M = /S
but

A+ +A
I

(B.

lie in

I.

pr. 32),

and /.

-*

the fame ftraight line (B.

i.

+ JI =

and

pr. 14).

Q,E.

BOOKVL PROP.

egua/ circles

THEOR.

XXXIII.

O-O

),

261

angles.

whether at the centre or circumference, are

in the

on which

fo

alfo

they Jland

ratio to one another as the arcs

i-J::-

"

circumference off

in the

&c. each

the circumference of

arcs

Then

fince the arcs

the angles

^V

#
is

the

is

of

each

Sec.

^m

^,

any number

****,

and

draw

is

the fame multiple o

is

of the arc

i..., &c. are

&c. are alfoequal (B.

and

in

the

arcs.

fame multiple of

^1^

alfo in

any number of

of the equal

take

radii to the extremities

.*.

)>

are fedlors.

Take
of arcs

fame

all

3.

which

the fame nianner

which the

arc

equal,

pr.27);

the

arc

^Bi^
.... >

V*

BOOK

262

Then

if"

^11^

PROP. XXXIII.

VI.

it is

(or if

evident (B. 3. pr. 27),

times

(or n times

then

^^fc_i,i^^

C> =>

'^)

C!>
)

(B.

5.

angles at the centre are as the arcs on

at

Mfg^

(or n times

....

^
I

(or ; times

.....^*

but the angles

THEOR.

def.

5),

which they

or the
fland

the circumference being halves of the

angles at the centre (B. 3. pr. 20) are in the fame ratio
(B. 5. pr. 15), and therefore are as the arcs on

which they

ftand.

It is evident, that fedlors in

arcs are equal (B. i. pr.

Hence,

if the fedors

4; B.

equal circles, and on equal

3. prs.

24, 27, and def. 9).

be fubftituted for the angles in the

above demonftration, the fecond part of the propofition will

be eftablifhed, that

fame

ratio to

is,

in equal circles the fedlors have the

one another

as the arcs

on which they

ftand.

Q^E.

D.

BOOK

PROP. A.

VI.

THEOR.

263

Y the right line {'mmm^um,),

an

bifeSling

^H

angle

external

of the

tri-

yf
angle

Jide

meet the oppojite ^

z.

(-^^

produced, that whole producedfide

(--)

and its external fegment

fides

(-^

..

and

"),

will be proportional to the

which contain the angle

),

adjacent to the external bifeSled angle.

For

if

then

^^

=
=
and

be drawn

r........

-.---

||

(B.

i.

pr. 29)

^,(hyp-).
(B.

^P,
zz.

III.

I. pr.

29);

(B. I. pr. 6),

and
(B. 5. pr. 7)

But

alfo.

(B. 6. pr. 2);

and therefore

(B. 5. pr. I,).

Q. E. D.

BOOK

264

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

B.

an angle of a triangle be

Je5ied by a Jlraight

line,

likewife cuts the bafe

bi-

which

the rec-

tangle contained by the Jides of

the triangle

is

equal

to the rectangle con-

tained by the Jegments of the bafe, together

with the fquare of the Jlraight

line

which

bifedls the angle.

Let

be

^=
X
About

^r

produce

and

C*ill

ind

meet the

circle,

= ^^

^^ =

then fhall

+
I (B. 4. pr. 5),
J

defcribe

to

Since

^;
X

making

drawn,

and draw

>

(hyp-)'

(B.

3. pr.

21),

are equiangular (B. i. pr. 32)

(B. 6. pr. 4)

ROOK

PROP.

FI.

B.

THEOR.

265

(B. 6. pr. 16.)

*.-

'

(B. 2. pr. 3);

but

(B- 3- pr. 35)'

X
Q.E. D.

MM

BOOK

266

PROP.

VI.

THEOR.

C.

Y from

any angle of a triangle a

Jlraight line be

drawn perpendi-

cular to the bafe

the rectangle

contained by the fdes of the triangle

is

equal to the reSlangle contained by

the perpendicular

and

the diameter of the

circle defcribed about the triangle.

..-

From
draw
fhall

>iiafa

..

O
^

and

(B. 4. pr. 5),

and draw

,Xl =

then

Xthe

diameter of the defcribed

Defcribe

^y

of

>

/>

draw

^-im

(conft.

(B.

circle.

diameter

then becaufe

and B.

3. pr.

its

3. pr.

31)

21);

.%*<
is

equiangular to

(B. 6. pr. 4);

l/^

and

MHHaHMMHM
,*.

.- .

X
(B. 6. pr. 16).

Q^E. D.

BOOK

IHE
'

its

VI.

PROP. D.

THEOR.

267

contained by the

reStangle

diagonals ofa quadrilateralfigure

infcribed in a circle,

is

equal to

both the reBangles contained by

oppoftte Jides.

/be

any quadrilateral

/
fieure infcribed

in

and draw

and

then

Make

X-

X
^k =
=

^ ^

W
;

(B.i.pr. 23),

and

(B. 3. pr. 21);

!
(B. 6. pr. 4);

and

,*.

(B. 6. pr. 16)

becaufe

^^ ^

again,

^F

(conft.),

BOOK FL PROP.

268

and\/

= \^

THEOR.

D.

(B. 3. pr. 21);

*>
(B. 6. pr. 4);

and

,'.

'"-

^ .^__^ ^

(B. 6. pr. 16)

a^^^MB

but, from above,

X
(B. 2. pr.

Q^E. D.

THE END.

cHiswirK: PRiNirn by

c.

" iirxTiNoinM.

fuciJ
O.,'

\'yj