Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

PROPERTIES OF
FLUID

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

#
#

&
& '(

Properties
?????

#
%
&
%
&

$
%
&

MEHB334

&

#
'
&()&
' ()
'
"( %

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

*
&
- +
*&
!

MEHB334

) +,
+&
&,.
+ /,.
+

) +,

&
+
- +5&,.
*&
+ /,3!,3
!
+
'
032
18(

&

'
0111()
& 4

'
6701()

'
02
3.(

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

9
:
!
&
&
*&
!

) +,
&
&

+ 4
+ &
+

& ) +,

&
+
&
- +&.
*&
+/. ,0

&

'
0()
40

'
12
6(

+ 4 :!

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

MEHB334

!
<
"

)" +,
#

&
#
&
#
&
# 0
- + =' >(
" %
" %
&

&

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

MEHB334

!
) +,
#

&

#
&

+=

) +,
&#

+ ?
4

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

MEHB334

"
~ Consider fluid moving close to a flat wall
~ Fluid can be envisage as consisting of multiple layers of filaments
~ At the wall velocity is zero ~ no slip conditions
~ Far from wall, finite velocity exist ~ thus exist velocity gradient

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

MEHB334

# $

~ NEWTON observed experimentally : Shear stress Rate of change of shear strain

~ Rate of change of shear strain = dV/dy
NEWTONs
~ Thus :
V
V
Law of Viscosity

or =
y
y (NLV)
~ is the DYNAMIC VISCOSITY ~ the measure of fluid
resistance to shear when there is relative motion within the fluid
~ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY : Dynamics Viscosity / Density

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

MEHB334

# $

~ 2 Mechanisms are responsible for shear stress : Intermolecular bonding ~ small for fluid especially gas
Momentum transfer between the layers

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

MEHB334

# $

~ Fluids that obey the NLV is called NEWTONIAN fluids

~ Fluids that dont obey the NLV is called NON-NEWTONIAN fluids
~ E.g. blood, slurries (mixture of liquid and solid) etc
~ Rheology - study of NON-NEWTONIAN fluids

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

MEHB334

%&' (

A1m x 1m board that weigh 25 N slides down an inclined

ramp (slope = 20o) with a velocity of 2.0 cm/s. The board is
separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil of 0.05 Ns/m2.
Neglecting edge effects, calculates the spacing between the
board and the ramp

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

MEHB334

%&' (

The device shown consists of a disk that is rotated by a shaft.

The disk is positioned very close to a solid boundary.
Between the disk and boundary is viscous oil. The oil
viscosity is 0.01 Ns/m2 and the spacing is 2 mm. If the rate of
rotation is 5 rad/s and D = 10 cm, calculates the torque
required to rotate the disk.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

MEHB334

%&' (

Some instruments having angular motion are damped by

means of a disk connected to the shaft. The disk in turn is
immersed in a container of oil as shown. Derive a formula
for the damping torque as a function of the disk diameter D,
spacing S , rate of rotation and oil viscosity .

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

A special damping device consists of a

sphere. The sphere is enclosed in a
spherical cavity with the distance between
the sphere surface and the interior wall of
the cavity being 1 mm. The space between
the sphere and the wall is filled with oil
(SAE 10W at 38 oC). The diameter of the
sphere is 100 mm. The sphere is turned by
a shaft that has a diameter much less than
the diameter of the sphere. Neglect the
effects on the shaft. Determine the torque
on the shaft for a rotation of 10 rpm.

MEHB334

%&'"(

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

"

# $

MEHB334

%&')(

Suppose that glycerin is flowing (T=20oC) and that the pressure

gradient dp/dx is 1.6 kN/m3. What are the velocity and shear
stress at a distance of 12mm from the wall if the space B between
the wall is 5cm? What are the shear stress and velocity at the
wall? The velocity distribution for viscous flow between
stationary plates is

1 dP
By y 2
u=
2 dx

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

)&
@
$

#
%

*
&

MEHB334

+
#
A

&
$

&
!

&
#
-/> B*-/- ) 2
P+dP

Bulk Modulus, E =

Change in Pressure
Volumetric Strain

-dV

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

)&

MEHB334

E = - V dP = dP
dV
d
- + 5&,3
*&
+ /,0!,3
&
;
!
5&,3(

&
+

&
#

&

'
32
3 $016 5&,3()

#
&
'
02
C3 $016

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

,
@ ;
;

MEHB334

$ &

%!

Unbalance force
causing surface to
be in tension
Balance force
inside the liquid

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

$ -

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

MEHB334

$ )) &
2@
&

*&
+ !,3
- +5 &

+
;

, :

&

& &%

#
$

# ##
"

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

MEHB334

$ &

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

MEHB334

$ Excess Pressure

2
Pjet =
r
r
4
Pbubble =
r

Pdroplet =

Capillary Effect

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

$ -

A water bug is suspended on the

surface of a pond by surface
tension (water does not wet the
legs). The bugs has six legs, and
each leg is in contact with the
water over a length of 5mm. What
is the maximum mass (in g) of the
bug is it is to avoid sinking?

%&' (

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluid

$ -

Mercury does not adhere to a

glass surface, so when a glass
tube is immersed in a pool of
mercury, the meniscus is
depressed. The surface tension of
mercury is 0.514 N/m. Find the
depression distance in a 1
- mm
glass tube.

%&' (

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

MEHB334

.#
*

%
;

# &
&
&

"

&
#
&

!
B

&

"@ !@! B5
&

&

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

MEHB334

.#
Cavitation damage
in fluid machinery

Formation of cavitation
bubbles in low pressure
regions

Damage due to cavitation

- Hydro Dam Spillway

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 2: Properties of Fluids

End of Chapter 2

MEHB334