Samenvatting:

Asessment of in sity concrete strength by R.Picinotti.

Different knowledge levels determine type and number of in-situ tests. The different
knowledge levels are:
KL1 Limited
KL2 Normal
KL3Full
Depending on geometry, details and material
Estimation of concrete strength in existing structures becomes
necessary when evaluating their seismic capacity and designing
seismic strengthening.
In this respect either European [1] and Italian
codes [2,3] are specifically devoted to this subject to provide
criteria for the evaluation of the seismic performance of existing
structures.
Among these,
mechanical properties of the constituent materials play a key role
in the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings.
In fact, the strength of concrete is a good index of most of the other
properties of practical significance.
To summarize, it appears that little research has been conducted
with reference to the assessments of characteristic concrete
strength in an existing structures. It is the topic covered by this paper
describing an alternative method for determining the in situ
characteristic concrete compressive strength.
The Italian code NTC08 [2] specifies that the average value of
the on-site strength (the so called structural resistance) is usually
lower than the average value of the strength obtained on cast
specimens that are prepared during the construction phases,
stored and cured in laboratory (the so called potential strength).
In this section, a new formulation able to estimate in situ characteristic
concrete compressive strength is presented. This formulation,
which uses a similar approach to that of the standard EN
13791, provides an estimate of the in situ characteristic strength
of the concrete, starting from the average of the compressive
strength measured by testing carried out on samples (cores) extracted
from structural elements. During the extraction of cores
the machine cause disturbance on structural parts depending on
the perforation direction, on the dimensions of the aggregates
and on the degree of maturation of the concrete. The formulation
differs from EN 13791 for the introduction of corrective
The average value of the in situ compressive strength is calculated
by the following equation:
In the Eq. (6) a2 is a parameter depending on the direction of the
perforation (a2 = 1.15 for drilling perpendicular to the direction of
casting concrete, a2 = 1.05 for perforations parallel to the direction

of casting concrete); Cdia represents the correction factor which

takes into account the diameter of the core [18]; it is the same as
of Fdia of FEMA 274 [19] (that is 1.06 for core diameter d = 50 mm,
1.00 for d = 100 mm and 0.98 for d = 150 mm); Cd is the correction
factor which takes into account the disturbance during drilling
operations. The ACI 214.4R-03 [22] suggests a constant value equal
to 1.06, in the technical literature also Cd = 1.10 has been proposed
when the extraction is carried out by experienced operators. However,
it is evident that drilling damage grows higher for poor quality
of concrete. Therefore as suggested in [20], it appears more suitable
to assume Cd = 1.20 for fcar,i < 20 MPa, and Cd = 1.10 for fcar,i > 20
MPa; fcar,i is the core strength of the i-th core to be expressed in
MPa; Cl/d is the correction factor that take into account of the ratio
height/diameter (l/d) of core. It is suggested to assume Cl/d from the
following equation:
Cl=d 0:045 l=d3 0:308 l=d2 0:766 l=d 0:340 7

Voorjezelf:
Experience shows that information from original design specifications
usually have a poor reliability when related to concrete
properties; thus, in the valuation of concrete strength of an existing

structure, complementary tests are almost always required.

For this reason,
Moreover, concrete casting, a job for skilled workmen, is often
carried out by inexperienced workmen; therefore, too much vibration
during this procedure or even the lack of vibration can cause a
lack of homogeneity. In all cases specimens should be taken (with
adequate accuracy) so as to be representative of the concrete
in situ. Moreover, as the variability of compressive strength of a
concrete is influenced also by the stress condition of a structural
element, in the points chosen for extraction, it is better to choose
the areas which are under less stress and those which are not
damaged.
The experimental tests were conducted on cores with ratio l/
d = 1 and on cores with ratio l/d = 2. Cores were cut and leveled
or capped with sulfur mortar [27]. Fig. 2 shows a core extracted
from a specimen (or a structural element) before cutting, while
Fig. 3 shows a core during dimensional checks.
Verschil met civiel is dat, bij civiel vaker goed verdicht wordt!
Is toch logisch dat tie een hogere waarde van ongeveer 15% geeft!!! 1/0,85= 1,17
Wie zegt dat En13791 te hoog is, miss is EN1990 wel gewoon te laag.

An experimental study on the within-member variability of in situ concrete strength

in RC building structures
A. Masi, L. Chiauzzi
Fcd is based on betha,safety principle. While assessment is based on confidence
factor. Can you combine these