Solar Radiation and Solar Electricity

Marco Hernandez Velasco

Dalarna University
mhv@du.se
Surabaya, March 2015

Marco Hernndez Velasco

mhv@du.se
BSc. Industrial Engineering (Mxico)
MSc. Solar Energy Engineering (Sweden)

currently doing PhD. at Dalarna University

PhD as part of Zephyr Project

Zero-impact innovative technology in forest
plant production 14 European institutions

 Very good potential with 4.8 [kWh/m2/day]

12.1 MW of solar power, which is mostly from roof-mounted solar
photovoltaic (PV) cells in urban areas.17
Many people without electricity in the rural areas
Additional development is stopped by the lack of personnel trained at
installing solar cells.

Market potential

Source: The "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY

Source: Brunner, ISTS Graz

The Solar Resource

25 m

Solar Radiation
The sun is a fusion reactor emitting 70-80 MW/m2 at 6000C from its corona.
The solar radiation intensity is almost constant outside earths atmosphere.
Currently used solar constant: 1367 W/m2 ( 3.3%)

Figure: Duffie&Beckman

The energy that reaches us depends on

the atmosphere

1367 W/m2

Source: Hankins, Mark (2009). Stand-Alone Solar Electric Systems.

~1000 W/m2 on the surface on a clear day

Solar Energy Potential

Blue squares could provide ALL the worlds energy

demands if covered with PV assuming 8% efficiency

http://www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/

The solar energy in one year for 1 m2

Germany
(~1100 kWh)

Indonesia
(~2000 kWh)

SUN

SUN

SUN

SUN

15

SUN

17
The best is to position
the surface normal (90)
to the irradiance

SUN

SUN
EARTH

SUN
EARTH

SUN
EARTH

?
SUN
EARTH

Latitude

SUN
EARTH

Horizontal Radiation

Radiation at optimal tilt Important!

Apparent motion of the Sun:

Daily Earths rotation

Seasonal Earths Orbit

152 000 000 km

147 000 000 km

Seasonal variations of solar height over horizon

is 23.45 at summer solstice
is 0 at spring and autumn
equinox
is -23.45 at winter solstice
is the declination angle

Berlin

St. Petesburg

Rome

Cairo

Singapore

Sydney

Daylength will change due to declination

Sunpath diagram helps to find shadding

problems

Source: Haberlin, Heinrich (2012). Photovoltaics System Design and Practice

n = day number

Source: Hankins, Mark (2009). Stand-Alone Solar Electric Systems.

Geometric angles in Solar radiation

Latitude
Declination
Solar altitude
Surface azimuth
(south 0; west positive,
east negative)

Source: Duffie & Beckman (2006)

Angle of incidence
Zenith angle of the Sun
Slope of surface
Hour angle (15/hour)
z + = 90

Wind and Water currents converge in the equatorial

regions, bringing more humidity and clouds

Atmospheric effects on solar radiation

reduction of power due to absorption,
scattering and reflection
change in the spectral content due to greater
absorption or scattering of some wavelengths
introduction of a diffuse component into solar
radiation
local variations; water vapor, clouds and
pollution, whic have additional effects on power,
spectrum and directionality

Source: Pveducation.org

Atmospheric effects

Air Mass (AM)

The Air Mass is the relative distance that the beam solar
radiation has to travel from entering the atmosphere until
reaching the ground.
1
=
cos

Air Mass Effect on the Solar Spectrum

0
48,2
Zenith Angle (z): 88
85
70
75
80
60
1
1,5
Air Mass: 20
10,3
2,9
3,8
5,6
2
=

1
cos

Total irradiance on a tilted plane

Total = Beam (direct) + Diffuse

Source: Lynn, Paul A. (2010). Electricity From Sunlight: An Introduction to Photovoltaics

Reflected

albedo

Energy

Power

Using Solar Energy

Electricity

Source: Antony, PV for Professionals, 2007

Heat (Thermal)

Solar Electricity Photovoltaics

Cells, Modules/ Panels, Arrays and

Systems

Photovoltaic Effect

Solar cell
The input from the Sun has
to be strong enough to
start the game. If it is too
soft it will not work, if it is
too much, the ball will
bounce a lot and generate
heat with the impacts
before it finally comes out.

I-V curve basic parameters

Source: Lynn, Paul A. (2010). Electricity From Sunlight: An Introduction to Photovoltaics

PV technologies
1.Generation Silicon based
(mono- and multi-crystalline)

Efficiency ~12-20%
Thickness 140-300 m

Production of Si cells

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr

Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and
Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A
Guide for Installers, Architects and
Engineers (Planning and Installing
Series)

PV technologies
2.Generation - Thinfilm

(Several different technologies)

Thinfilmmodul ngstrm laboratories

Efficiency ~5-14%
Thickness ~1 m

PV technologies

Spectral Response
Different PV-tecnologies respond differently to diverse
wavelengths and different wavelenghts have different energy.

Source: Fraunhofer ISE (2008), Spectrum modeled according to IEC 60904-3 (2008)
using SMARTS v.2.9.5

Irradiance Effect on Power Output

Current vs. Voltage

9,0

1000

[W/m2];

Power vs. Voltage

250

25C

7,0

Current [A]

6,0

5,0
4,0

800 [W/m2]; 25C

200

600 [W/m2]; 25C

150

400 [W/m2]; 25C

100

3,0
200 [W/m2]; 25C

2,0

50

1,0
0,0

10

20

Voltage [V]

30

40

Power [W]

8,0

Optical Loses
PV-modules are prone to optical loses when the
light is reflected instead of being transmitted.
The amount of light that
is reflected depends
mainly on:
the angle in which the light
approaches it () and
the texture of the surface and
materials.

Air
Glass
EVA
ARC
Si cell

Capturing the light

Source: Lynn, Paul A. (2010). Electricity From Sunlight: An Introduction to Photovoltaics

Temperatures Influence
Current increases slightly with temperature
Voltage decreases with temperature (~10x)

I-V characteristics for different temperatures of mc-Si 1 module

Efficiency
() V
=
=
()

Source: Lynn, Paul A. (2010). Electricity From Sunlight: An Introduction to Photovoltaics

Lower Efficiency needs more area for

producing the same energy

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr

Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and
Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide
for Installers, Architects and Engineers
(Planning and Installing Series)

Standard Test Conditions (STC)

25C
1,5 AM
1000 W

7 peak
hours

250 Wp
http://www.pveducation.org

1750 Wh/day
638.75 kWh/year

For planning a PV-system in a specific location

you need to know at least one to start:

How much money?

How much area?

How much electricity?

Exercise:
Make a preliminary
sizing for a PV-system
for this person.

 Irradiation:
1800 kW/m2year 1800 peak sun hours from map
1800/ 365 = 4,9 peak sun hours per day
4,9 * 30 = 147 peak sun hours per month

Monthly consumption
385 kWh from electric bill

PV size=

385
147

= 2,62

Area
Polycrystalline
(10m2

/ kWp)

26,2 m2

CIGS

(11m2

/ kWp)

28,82 m2

CdTe

Amorphous Si

44,54 m2

52,4 m2

(17m2

/ kWp)

(20m2 / kWp)

Cost
(European) Price 2014 1700 / kWp installed everything included
1700

2,62 = 4.454 aprox. Rp. 63.000.000

Payback (for European price!)

Rp. 63.000.000 / Rp. 327.440 = 192 months = 16 years EU price, no
subside or financing!!

Types of PV systems

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and
Engineers (Planning and Installing Series)

Types of systems: Stand-alone (storage)

PV-generator

Charge controller

Batteries

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing

Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers (Planning
and Installing Series)

Loads

Rural Electrification

Individual Solar home systems

A PV-operated mini-grid supplies a village

community with
electricity.

Other applications
Systems for Cooling
Vaccine refrigerators

Cooling for food production

Vaccine refrigerators
are available as DC
or AC versions

Solar street lights

Kerosene lamp vs solar lanterns

A night-time women's literacy course in rural Mali [Source: World Education Organization]

Kerosene lamps: Low illumination, costly kerosene, harmful fumes

Estimated 50 Mio lamps are in use in Africa

Marine navigation - Solar powered buoys

Frisian Solar Challenge 2008

Solbtstvling 2008

Results

Types of systems: Stand-alone (no storage)

Types of systems: Grid connected

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing

Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers (Planning
and Installing Series)

Source: juwi Group AG (2012)

Source: juwi Group AG (2012)

Types of systems: Grid connected with storage

Source: Deutsche Gesellshaft Fr Sonnenenergie (2010). Planning and Installing

Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers (Planning
and Installing Series)

Thank you for your attention!

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