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INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of this project is to use it as the multi storage device using the
microcontroller. This system provides ease in the opening and closing of the long
horizontal and heavy racks by interfacing microcontroller with DC motor and the
keypad (4X4). The old traditional type of racks use a manual pull and push for opening
and closing of the racks, but here in our project we open these racks using a latest idea
of interfacing microcontroller with motor driver and operated using keypad. The system
can be used for residential, industrial and other various purposes.
In this project the microcontroller is programmed depending on which using the
specific key on keypad the appropriate rack opens and closed after specific amount of
time automatically. The motor is arranged to a rack which helps in easy movement of
the rack. It is designed in such a way that if one rack is opened the other cannot be
opened using instruction commands. For instance, for opening a first rack among three
racks the key which is allocated for it is used and while operating this rack the other
racks cannot be opened. When a person selects a key on a keypad to open rack the
instruction is sent to the microcontroller by using instruction it checks the rack and
according to it instruction is passed to the motor driver to open that particular rack.
By this way we can use racks in different manner in different fields for storing
different particles securely. The application program for the microcontroller will be
written in Arduino IDE 1.0.6 will be dumped in the Arduino microcontroller. The
program can be changed according to our requirement.
The major features of this project are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The thesis explains the implementation of Automated multi storage device using
keypad using arduino microcontroller. The organization of the thesis is explained here:
Chapter 1: Presents introduction to the overall thesis and the overview of the project.
Chapter 2: Presents about Embedded systems in brief and its applications.
Chapter 3: Presents hardware description. It deals with block diagram and circuit
diagram of the project and explains the purpose of each block. In the same chapter the
explanation of microcontroller, power supply, motor driver, dc motor and keypad are
considered.
Chapter 4: Presents software description. It explains the implementation of the project
using aurdino 1.0.6 software open source.
Chapter 5: Presents the advantages and disadvantages including applications of the
system.
Chapter 6: Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In the above figures 2.1 & 2.2 we can feel the difficulty in opening and closing
the racks which involve human effort. It is not much difficulty in pulling and pushing the
drawers which are in light weight but if the weight in the drawer increases it requires
more strain for the people who are using it. Furthermore, In industrial applications
manual pulling is a big deal.
Seeing the difficulties like wooden expansion and contraction in various seasons
we really face lot of problems in opening and closing them, we have designed automation
in storage devices which involves less human efforts by interfacing the drawers to the
electronic and electrical components like Micro Controller, Keypad, Regulated power
supply and Motor driver as well as mechanical components like DC motors, sliders. The
below figure 2.3 illustrates the example of advanced storage racks
The system can be effective and low cost design, the usage of components in this
project are designed for low power consumption and less manual attention is required, no
extra training is required for the user and is user friendly and get the fast response with no
maintenance cost.
Using this, the racks are opened and closed according to the instruction provided
by the user by pressing the required rack number in the keypad.
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent
modules are considered. Block diagram is shown in fig: (i):
FIG 3.1: Block diagram of Automated multipurpose storage device using keypad
The main blocks of this project : The following are the main blocks used in this
project, they are
1. Regulated power supply (RPS)
2. Micro controller - Arduino
3. Keypad
4. DC motor driver
5. DC motor
6. Storage rack
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In addition to it, we assigned an heat sink to the IC to reduce the temperature and
also to protect from over heat and prevent the physical damage.
Features of L293D:
We are operating the dc motor to rotate based on the time rather than considering
the number of rotations. When the key is pressed the motor starts rotating for specific
duration and stops. similarly which closing the motor rotates for same duration but in
reverse direction.
The input of a DC motor is current/voltage and its output is torque (speed).The dc
motor we are using is of 300 rpm which is operated at 12v dc which is obtained from
regulated power supply containing step down transformers and few components for
rectification process.
3.5 KEYPAD
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear
digits, symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains
numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many
alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-button
telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly numeric
input. we are using matrix keypad of 4x4 size. It consists of 8 pins which are directly
connected to arduino and it has no external power supply specially.keypad is the only
means of input in this project for controlling.
Features
Ultra-thin design
Adhesive backing
Example programs provided for the BASIC Stamp 2 and Propeller P8X32A
microcontrollers
Key Specifications
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Application Ideas
Security systems
Menu selection
Rectifiers:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made
of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.
A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is
known as an inverter.
When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is
merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert
AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement
for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the
development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide
or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
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voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is
connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through R L in the same direction
as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional
wave.
Input
Output
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The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led connected
as load is shown in fig: 3.6
Connection:
The components mainly used in above figure are
230v ac mains
Transformer
Bridge rectifier(diodes)
Capacitor
Resistor
follows:
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Transformers:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. This field is made up from IR obstacles of force and
has the same shape as a bar magnet.
If the current is increased, the IR obstacles of force move outwards from the coil.
If the current is reduced, the IR obstacles of force move inwards.
If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in,
the moving IR obstacles of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a
voltage is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen
50 times a second. This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the
transformer.
The input coil is called the primary winding; the output coil is the secondary
winding. Fig: 3.7 shows step-down transformer.
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Here we are using Primary voltage as 240V AC and obtaining Secondary voltage
as 12V AC. The ratio of primary to secondary turns would be 20:1.
For example if the Primary turns is 5000, Secondary turns would be 250. Which
results in 230V to 12V AC.
To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on
a metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into
this core, the core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up from metal sheets
insulated from each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron dust
core or no core at all.
Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing
current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there
would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary.
This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the
mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for
IMPEDANCE MATCHING.
We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
Step Up transformer:
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to
secondary winding.
Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy, and it
releases more voltage at the output side.
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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform
application written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming
language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and
other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with
features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is
also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. A
program or code written for Arduino is called a sketch.
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a
software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many
common input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to
make a runnable cyclic executive program:
setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
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3. Type the program code in the editor and save the program from the file menu.
4. Click on tool menu and select the arduino board type as arduino duemilanove
atmega328.
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7. Now after compilation is done, a status at the bottom of the editor is shown as done
compiling.
8. After compilation click on the symbol shown in yellow color by interfacing arduino
board with personal computer using USB cable, as a result uploading is shown at the
bottom of the editor. Unplug the board after successful uploading of the code.
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CHAPTER 5
RESULT
5.1 RESULT
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The project Automated multi storage device using keypad is designed such that
the person who operates the heavy storage cupboards should feel comfortable while
performing transactions with them. By using keypad appropriate input is given to the
microcontroller according to it corresponding rack opens without any difficulty.
When we press the button number A in the keypad the corresponding rack no 2
is opened which is shown in fig 5.1. Here when we press the button the active high signal
is sent to Microcontroller which activates the enable pin of motor driver second port
which results in rotation of DC motor 2 in clock wise direction, till 40 seconds which is
pre calculated according to the length of the rack.
When we press the button number B in the keypad the corresponding rack no 2
is closed which is shown in fig 5.2. Here when we press the button the active high signal
is sent to Microcontroller which activates the enable pin of motor driver second port
which results in rotation of DC motor 2 in counter-clock wise direction and closed with
the help of sliding channels, till 40 seconds which is pre calculated according to the
length of the rack.
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For the flexible movement of the racks we are using sliding channels for all the
racks which gives a free movement for the rack opening and closing.
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES& APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES:
1. Manual attention is not required
2. Efficient and low cost design.
3. Low power consumption.
4. No need for training.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Slow response
APPLICATIONS:
This system can be practically implemented in real time by adding keypad and dc
motors for reducing the human efforts to pull and push the racks. It mainly used in the
industrial applications like lifting the shutters, opening the heavy racks containing heavy
loads and be easily maintained with proper motors for the respective loads.
6.2 CONCLUSION:
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in
it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. The observations clearly shows that the each
and minute movement of the objects can be precisely followed with the help of present
system. The accuracy level can be extended to the public level using this system. Thus,
the project has been successfully designed and tested.
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controller and DC motor for automatic control of racks of specific size and weight by
using keys on keypad. By using the DC motor of the higher torque we can control
movement of more heavy racks. The system is designed with three racks if we want to
store more we can increase the number of racks according to its application. By using
more technology we can create the password for operation of the cupboards.
The system as many advantages as it consume less power and usage is efficient. It
can be used in kitchen to store grocery, in library for books, laboratories to store
instruments and for other applications. By implementing this project with other
technologies the fast movement of the cupboards can be obtained.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE SITES WHICH WERE USED WHILE DOING THIS PROJECT:
1. http://playground.arduino.cc/code/keypad
2.http://www.kjit.bme.hu/images/stories/targyak/jelfeldolgozas_a_kozlekedesben/keypap
_manual_v100.pdf
3. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293.pdf
4. http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardDuemilanove
5. http://electrical4u.com/dc-motor-or-direct-current-motor/
BOOKS REFERRED:
1. Arduino programming notebook
written and compiled by BRIAN W. EVANS,
Published in august 2007
2. Electricity ac/dc motors,controls and maintenance
10th edition,written by JEFF KELJIK,
Published year 2013
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REFERENCES
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APPENDIX-A
MICRO CONTROLLER ARDUINO
HARDWARE
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with
complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets users
connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields.
Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many
shields are individually addressable via an IC serial busso many shields can be stacked
and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the mega AVR series of chips,
specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A
handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include
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a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some
variants), although some designs such as the Lily Pad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the
onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's
microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need
an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing
the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.
OFFICIAL BOARDS
The original Arduino hardware is manufactured by the Italian company Smart
Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American company
Spark Fun Electronics. Sixteen versions of the Arduino hardware have been
commercially produced to date.
Example Arduino boards
Arduino Diecimila in Stoicheia
Arduino Duemilanove (rev 2009b)
Arduino UNO
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Mega
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3 (front side)
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3 (back side)
Arduino Nano
Arduino Due (ARM-based)
LilyPad Arduino (rev 2007)
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable
or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
"Duemilanove" means 2009 in Italian and is named after the year of its release.
The Duemilanove is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards; for a comparison with
previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
Input
Voltage
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits)
Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
ATmega168
5V
7-12V
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
40 Ma
50 Ma
16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2
KB used by bootloader
1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
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EEPROM
Clock Speed
POWER
The Arduino Duemilanove can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can
come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads
from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components
on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by
USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
MEMORY
The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB is
used for the bootloader); the ATmega328has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the
bootloader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (which can
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be read and written with the EEPROM library); the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and
1 KB of EEPROM.
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The maximum length and width of the Duemilanove PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note
that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of
the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
APPENDIX-B
Program Code:
The program code which is dumped in the microcontroller of our project is
shown below.
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#include <Keypad.h>
//header file
// no.of rows
//no. of columns
//define the symbols on the buttons of
the keypads
char Keys[ROWS][COLS] =
{
{'1','2','3','A'},
{'4','5','6','B'},
{'7','8','9','C'},
{'*','0','#','D'}
};
NewKeypad
Keypad key1 = Keypad(makeKeymap(Keys),rowPins,colPins,ROWS,COLS);
//assigning 10th pin of arduino to motor
int motorPin1=10;
pin 1
int motorPin2=11;
pin 2
int motorPin3=12;
pin 3
int motorPin4=13;
pin 4
int count1=0;
int count2=0;
int enablePin=13;
void setup()
// setup block
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{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Please press the keyboard:");
pinMode(motorPin1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(enablePin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
execution
{
char key = key1.getKey();
if(key!=NO_KEY)
{
Serial.print("Key Value : ");
Serial.println(key);
if((key == '3') && (count1 == 0))
{
digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,LOW);
delay(3000);
count1=1;
goto motorstop1;
}
if((key=='A')&&(count2==0))
count
{
digitalWrite(motorPin3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin4,LOW);
delay(3000);
count2=1;
goto motorstop2;
}
if((key == '6')&&(count1==1))
count
{
digitalWrite(motorPin1,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,HIGH);
delay(3000);
count1=0;
goto motorstop1;
}
if((key=='B')&&(count2==1))
count
{
digitalWrite(motorPin3,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin4,HIGH);
delay(3000);
count2=0;
goto motorstop2;
}
motorstop1:
digitalWrite(motorPin1,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin4,LOW);
delay(300);
}
}
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