FORM 1

CHAPTER 1
Mass

Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

SI unit
: Kilogram (kg)

Lever balance

Animal :

Amoeba

Paramecium

Plasmodium

Weight

Weight is the pull of gravity on an object

SI unit
:
Newton (N)

Spring balance

Multicellular organisms:
Plant :

Spirogyra

Sea weed

Grass

Basic physical quantities & S.I.

Physical quantities
SI Unit
Length
Metre (m)
Mass
Kilogram (kg)
Time
Second (s)
Temperature
Kelvin (K)
Electric current
Ampere (A)
Measuring tools

Cell organisation
Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
System and function
Skeleton system:

Protects internal organs and gives support to

the body

Length :

Animal :

Eagle

Squirrel

Ant

Measuring tape
Metre rule
Calipers

Measure area of irregular shape:

Graph paper

Blood circulation system:

Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste

materials

Measure volume of liquid:

Measuring cylinder

Burette

Pipette

Nervous system:

Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to

stimuli

CHAPTER 2

Reproductive system:

Produces reproductive cells

Structure of cell and its function

Nucleus
Cell control centre

Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit
of materials from the
cell
Cytoplasm
Stores dissolved materials

Unicellular organism
Plant :

Chlamydomonas

Yeast

Euglena
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Chloroplast
Produces chlorophyll

Vacuole
Contains water and
solute

Cell wall
Maintains the shape
of the cell

Respiratory system:

Enables the exchange of gases with the

surroundings
Excretory system:

Removes wastes materials from the body

Digestive system:

Breaks up food into simples form to be

absorbed and used by the body
Muscular system:

Moves the parts of the body

CHAPTER 3
What is matter?

Matter is everything that has mass and

occupies space

Matter is made up of tiny particles

Matter exist in either:
Solid:
Liquid :

Particles vibrate
in their position

Particles move
gliding among
each other

Gas :

Particles move
fast and randomly

Density:

Density is the mass per unit volume of a

substance.

Unit : g/cm3
Density formula:
Density = ____mass of substance (g)___
Volume of substance (cm3)

CHAPTER 4
Basic resources of earth :

Water

Air

Soil

Living things

Minerals

Fossil fuels
Classification of matter:
Matter is classified into:
1.

Element

Metal

Separation method :
o Distillation
o Filtration

CHAPTER 5
Contents of air:

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Inert gases

Microorganisms

Water vapour

Dust

Substance which is made up of one type of

particle only

2.

Compound
Substance that is made up of two or more
types of elements.
Chemically combined
Separation method : electrolysis

3.

Mixture
Substance that consist of two or more
substance
Joined physically

Confirmation test for Oxygen:

Glowing wooden splinter:

Presence of oxygen causes the glowing

wooden splinter to ignites.
Properties of carbon dioxide:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

Slightly soluble in water

Very soluble in sodium hydroxide

Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue

to red
Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:
Limewater test:

Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy

Respiration
Oxygen

Carbon dioxide
Energy

Glucose
Glucose + oxygen

water

water + carbon dioxide + energy

Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:

Inhaled
Nitrogen 78%
Inert gases 0.9%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%

Exhaled
Nitrogen 78%
Inert gases 0.9%
Oxygen 16%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%

Combustion:
Carbon + oxygen
Hydrocarbon + oxygen

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78%
21%
0.03%
0.9%

Properties of oxygen:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

slightly on water

no effect on litmus paper

supports combustion and respiration

Non - Metal

:
:
:
:

Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide

Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

CHAPTER 6
FORMS of energy:

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

Heat energy

Light energy

Chemical energy

Sound energy

Electrical energy

Nuclear energy

Elastic Potential energy

Potential energy:

Energy stored in an object due to its position

or condition
Kinetic energy:

Energy stored in any moving object

Heat energy:

Is a type of energy that rises the temperature

of an object.
Light energy:

Energy that enables us to see

Chemical energy:

Energy stored in chemical substances

Eq: Food, battery, fuel

Sound energy:

Energy that is produced in vibrating object

Electrical energy:

Is produced by an electric charge or current

Renewable energy sources:

Solar

Water

Wind

Biomass

Geothermal

Wave/tidal
Non-renewable:

fossil fuels

radioactive substances

CHAPTER 7

heat is a form of energy

heat can be produced by the following ways:
o rubbing two objects together
o burning objects
o electricity that runs through a
coiled wire

heat causes solids, liquids and gases to

expand and contract

differences between heat and temperature

Heat
Temperature
A form of energy
The degree of hotness
or coldness of a
substance
Unit = Joule (J)
Unit = Kelvins (K)
Heat flows in three different ways:
1.

2.

Conduction
is the flow of heat through solid
Convection
is the flow of heat through fluids such as in
gases and in liquids

Nuclear energy:

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

3.

SOURCES of Energy:

Fossil fuels

Biomass fuels

Wind

Water

Sun

Radioactive substances

Geothermal energy

Land breeze:

Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources

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Radiation
is the transfer of heat through vacuum
(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

At night
Sea is warmer than land
Cool air from land flows to the
sea as land breeze

Sea breeze:

During day
Land is warmer than the sea
Less dense hot air on land rises
Cool air from the sea flows towards
the land as sea breeze

1.

Physical process that involved in the change of

states of matter.

solid

2.

Liquid

Gas

Absorption of heat:

Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better

than shiny objects

long sighted
Can see far objects clearly
Image formed behind retina
Causes:
- eyeball too
small/short
- lens too thin
correction Use convex lens
short sighted
can see near objects clearly
image formed infront of retina
causes:
- eye ball too big/long
- Lens too thick
correction use concave lens

Gives out heat:

A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better

than white shiny surface.

Properties of sound:

is a form of energy

produced by vibrating objects

travels in the form of waves

can be reflected (echo)

can be absorbed

can only travel through medium

cannot travel through vacuum

FORM 2
CHAPTER 1

Stimuli and responses in plants:

Sensory organs:
Skin:

sense of touch

Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch

Nose:

sense of smell

Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air

Tongue:

Sense of taste

Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food

Ear:

sense of hearing
Stimuli: sound

Eye:

sense of sight

Stimuli: light
Properties of light:

light can be reflected and refracted

Defects of vision:
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Phototropism:

Stimuli Light

Response to obtain sunlight

Geotropism:

Stimuli gravity

Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to

obtain mineral salts and water
Hydrotropism:

stimuli water

Response to obtain water and mineral salts

Thigmotropism:

Stimuli touch

Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2
Classes of food:
Carbohydrate:

supply energy
Protein:

needed for growth

produce new cells

Fat

Fatty acid + glycerol

fats:

insulator of heat for the body

supply energy

water:

helps transport excretory products from cells

to excretory organs

helps the digestion of food

vitamins:

maintain good health

CHAPTER 3
Animal kingdom:
Inverertebrates:
No backbones

Vertebrates:
Have backbones

Minerals:

maintain good health

Mammals
Body covered with hair/fur
Breath through lungs
Give birth to young alive

Fibre:

helps in peristalsis

prevents constipation

Birds
Body covered with feathers
Breath through lungs
Lay eggs
Have wings

FOOD TESTS
Starch:

a few drops of iodine solution is added to

food sample

+ve result = It turns Dark Blue

Reptiles
Body covered with dry scales
Lay eggs

Glucose:

Benedicts Solution is added to the food

sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Amphibians
Live on both land and water
Breath through lungs & moist
skin
Have moist skin
Lay eggs

Protein:

Millons reagent is added to the food

sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Fish
Live in water
Breath through gills
Body covered with slimy scales
Have fins
Lay eggs

Fats:

A little food sample is placed on a piece of

filter paper

+ve result = A translucent spot is detected.

Warm
Blooded

Plant Kingdom
Flowering plant

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mouth
Rectum

Oesophagus

Stomach

Large intestine

END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION

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Small intestine

Monocotyledons
(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Leaves with parallel veins
Have fibrous roots
Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize

Non-Flowering plant
Ferns
Mosses
Fungi
Algae

Anus

Starch
Protein

Duodenum

Breath
Through
lungs

glucose
amino acids

Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon)
Have net veined leaves
Have tap roots
Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees

Conifer

CHAPTER 4
Species :

A group of the same kind of organisms

with common characteristics
Population :

a group of organisms of the same

species living and reproducing in a
defined area
Community :

is made up of different populations of

organisms living together in a habitat

is a control of pests by the introduction

of their natural enemy

Food web

Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan)

Primary consumer (Yang memakan

tumbuhan-Producer)

Secondary consumer(Yang memakan

Primary consumer)

Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan

Secondary consumer)

Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau

organisma yang sudah mati)
Photosynthesis

merupakan process membuat makanan

oleh tumbuhan hijau
Carbon
dioxide

Water

sunlight
chlorophyll

glucose

Oxygen

Ecosystem :

consists of plants, animals and the nonliving environment interacting with

each other for living

Conservation

means proper management on the use of

natural resources to maintain future
accessibility

Habitat :

a place where an organism lives

Preservation

Measures taken to maintain living

organisms and the natural environment
in their natural balance state

Interaction between living organism:

1.

Prey-predator

Predator : animal that hunts other

animals for food

Prey : The animal being hunted

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
2.

Symbiosis
a) Commensalism

satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak

yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan ve atau
+ve
b) Mutualism

Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah

c)

3.

Parasitism
Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah
dan satu pihak rugi

Competition

interaksi antara organisma untuk

keperluan yang sama

Biological control
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CHAPTER 5
Physical characteristics of water

water can exist in 3 states : Solid,

liquid, gas

Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room

temperature

Freezing point of pure water : 0oC

Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC

Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3

Test for presence of water:

Cobalt chloride paper changes from

blue to pink
Composition of water

Water is a compound, made up of 2

atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of
oxygen

H 2O

Evaporation

is a process by which liquid changes

into water vapour at any temperature

Factors affecting evaporation:

o Surface area
o Humidity
o Movement of air
o Temperature of surroundings
Solution & Solubility
a) Solution

a mixture of solute and solvent

b) Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substance

c)

1.
2.
3.

Solute
A substance that is dissolved)

Dilute solution

a solution that contains very little solute

Concentrated solution

Solution that contain a lot of solute

Saturated solution

Solution that contains the maximum

amount of solute and cannot dissolve
any more solute

Factors affecting solubility

Nature of the solute

Nature of the solvent

Temperature of the solvent

ACID

Taste sour

Corrosive

pH less than 7

Change wet blue litmus paper to red

ALKALIS

Taste bitter and soapy

Corrosive

pH more than 7

Change wet blue litmus paper to red

PURIFICATION
1. Filtration

strength Remove large insoluble solids

Cant remove dissolve substance &

microorganism
2.

Boiling
Strengh kills microorganisms

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Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve

substance

3.

Distillation
Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve
substance/ removes microorganisms
Tasteless

4.

Chlorination
Strengh kills microorganism
Cant remove insoluble particles &
dissolved substance

CHAPTER 6
Kinetic theory of gas

gas particles move freely in all direction

Gas particles collide with the wall of the

container and bounce back

A force is exerted by the particles onto the

wall

This force produces a pressure on the walls

of the container
Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)
Volume
Temperature
Volume = AP
Temperature = AP
Volume = AP
Temperature = AP

CHAPTER 7
FORCE

Is an act of push and pull

Cannot be seen

EFFECT can be seen or felt

Has magnitude and direction

TYPE OF FORCE

Frictional force
o Occurs when two surface in contact
o Always opposes the motion of the
object
o Acts in the opposite direction to
movement
o Can slow down or stop moving object

Gravitational force
o Force that pull objects to the earth
o Causes all objects to have weight

Electrostatic force

o Force of attraction or repulsion

between charged substance
o Enables charge substance to attract
neutral substance such as small pieces
of paper
o Same charges repel each other
o Different charges attract each other

Magnetic force
o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic
substances like iron, nickel and cobalt
WORK

Work is said to be done when a force moves

an object over a distance in the direction of
the force

Equation for calculating work done:

Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
POWER

Power is the rate of doing work, which

means the amount of work done per unit
time.

Power can be calculated using the equation:

Power (watts) =

Work done (joules)

Time taken (seconds)

CHAPTER 8
Vertebrates have
1. Endoskeleton

also known as internal skeleton

Made up of bones and cartilage

Invertebrates have
1. Exoskeleton

Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate

Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab

2. Hydrostatic skeleton

Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a

body cavity that is filled with fluid

This body fluid pressure gives support and

shape to the animal

Examples animals: earthworm, leech,

jellyfish
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Buttress Root

thick and wide roots that grow from the stem

above the ground

e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree

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Prop roots

Roots which grow from the stem or

branches

E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant

Prickles

An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be

easily removed from the stem.

E.q: Rose
Tendrils

Curly string-like structures modified from

stems and leaves

Curl and twine round parts of other plants or

objects to help the plant to climb

E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin

Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the main stem and

grow into the ground for support.

E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)

Clasping roots

Roots that grip onto other plants or structure

to get support

E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid

Thorns (duri)

Sharp modified branches that cannot be

easily removed

Act as hooks to hold on to supports.

E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)

CHAPTER 9
The point of equilibrium

is the point where the whole weight of an

object appears to act on.

It is also the point which an object can be

balanced on and it is present in all objects.

It is also known as the centre of gravity of

the object
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF
AN OBJECT
1.

2.

The position of the centre of gravity.

the lower the centre of gravity, the more
stable the object
The base area
The wider the base area, the more stable the
object

CHAPTER 10
LEVER

is a simple machine

makes work easier

have 3 parts :
o F = Fulcrum
o E = Effort
o L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVER
Notice the middle part of the lever
L F E

1st class

L E

2nd class

3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE

The SI unit for moment of force

= Newton-metre (Nm)

Formula for moment of force:

Moment of force
Force
= (N) X
(Nm)

Perpendicular distance from the

pivot to the force
(m)

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM

when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of

the anticlockwise moments is equal to the
sum of the clockwise moments.

The principle of moments can be

represented by the following formula:
Distance of effort
Distance of load
Effort
Load
X from the fulcrum
X from the fulcrum =
(E)
(L)

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