Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
ENERGY UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT BUREAU
Training Manual
for
Micro-hydropower Technology
June 2009
This manual was developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) through the
technical assistance under the Project on Sustainability Improvement of
Renewable Energy Development for Village Electrification in the Philippines
which was provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
Table of Contents
1
General......................................................................................................1
Scope .........................................................................................................1
Objectives..................................................................................................1
4.1
4.2
Purpose......................................................................................................... 2
5.2
Trainer ......................................................................................................... 2
5.3
Trainee ......................................................................................................... 3
5.4
Preparation ...............................................................................................3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Preparation of Materials.............................................................................. 4
Implementation ........................................................................................4
7.1
7.2
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
ANNEX 3
1 General
Proponents of micro-hydropower projects for rural electrification should draft an
appropriate project plan based on site conditions in order to effectively make use of
the limited water resources and ensure project sustainability. From the same
perspective, administrative organizations are also required to adequately evaluate the
submitted plan and give proper instructions to the proponents. Accordingly, sufficient
understanding of planning technique for micro-hydropower project is essential for
both the proponents and the assessors.
This manual is intended to present the key points in organizing and implementing
the training on micro-hydropower technology. Some basic training materials have
been included to reduce the trainers burden for preparatory work.
2 Scope
This manual shall be used for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
micro-hydropower technology training.
3 Objectives
(1) Assist training organizers and trainers in planning, preparing, and
implementing the training on micro-hydropower technologies effectively, and
(2) Maximize the training effect by providing the key points to be noted during
conducting lectures.
4 Implementation structure
4.1 Implementation structure
The following figure shows the implementation structure of the training.
Organizer
Assignment of trainers
Trainer
Trainer
Training implementation
for specific technical field
Trainee
Trainer
Trainee nomination
Trainee
Trainee
Trainee
Dispatch of trainees
Organizations concerned to micro-hydropower
development for rural electrification
Invitation
Role
Organizer
Trainer
Assignment of trainers
Arrangement of venue, equipment
(accommodation for trainees if necessary)
Sending invitation letter calling for traiees
Preparation of training materials
Implementation of training for specific technical
field in charge
Evaluation of trainees
Trainee
Participation in training
Implementation of future training for specific
technical in their organizations
Organization
concerned
Nomination of trainees
5.3 Trainee
Trainees shall be invited from among the stakeholders, such as the DOE field
office, ANEC, LGU, etc., organizations which have promoted micro-hydropower
development for rural electrification. The organizer will determine the number of
trainees taking into account the training effects.
Further, basic knowledge of mathematics is required for all trainees to ensure
smooth progress. In the end, trainees will also be required to disseminate the
knowledge that they have acquired during training.
5.4 Attainment Target
Final targets to be attained for the proponents and the assessor are described
respectively as follows:
to develop the project plan on the basis of the site reconnaissance results and
handle the basic design of equipment in a proper manner, and
to properly evaluate the project plan that the proponents have drafted, and offer
constructive instructions and advice.
6 Preparation
6.1 Establishment of the Training Program
The following table shows an example of a 5-day training program which includes
the over-all contents concerning micro-hydropower development from a preliminary
study
used
for
site
selection
to
basic
designs
used
for civil and electro-mechanical equipment. The organizer can arrange the training
program to meet available time frames and stakeholders needs. For instance, the
trainings on civil structures design and electro-mechanical equipment design can be
organized separately for people possessing different academic backgrounds such as
civil, electric, and mechanical engineering.
Training item
Map study
Day
1
AM
PM
Planning
Day
2
AM
Site reconnaissance
PM
Day
3
AM
PM
Day
4
AM
PM
Day
5
AM
PM
Such methods will enable trainees to apply their acquired knowledge in planning
and actual development. Conducting examinations before and after the training is an
effective method in evaluating the level of capacity building and also reveals the
training effects.
8 Amendment of the manual
The DOE shall review this manual annually, and amend it, if necessary, according
to the surrounding circumstances in rural electrification of the country. The amended
manual shall be fully authorized among the DOE and approved by Director of Energy
Utilization Management Bureau of the DOE.
ANNEX1
Items
Contents
Outline of hydropower
Catchment area
Duration curve and identification of potential site
Functions of main structures for micro-hydropower plant
Planning
Layout of main structures
Selection of main structures location
Outline of site reconnaissance
Site reconnaissance
Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Intake weir
Intake and settling basin
Headrace
Design of civil structures Head tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head loss calculation
Basics of hydraulics
Turbine types
Turbine
Characteristics of turbine
Basic design of turbine
Basics of generator
Generator
Classification of generator
Basic design of generator
Basics of automatic control
Control system
Frequency control
Voltage control
Major factors
Transformer
Switch gear
Electrical equipment and
Arrester
protection system
Instrument transformer
Single line diagram
Protection system
Distribution method
Components
Distribution system
Route selection
Voltage drop estimation
Map study
ANNEX2
Learning points by training item for planning and civil structure design
Items
Contents
Outline of hydropower
Learning points
Catchment area
Map study
Duration curve and
identification of potential
site
Functions of main
structures for
micro-hydropower plant
Planning
Outline of site
reconnaissance
Site
reconnaissance Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Intake weir
Headrace
Head tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head loss calculation
Concept of hydropower
Concept of catchment area
Relationship between discharge and catchment
area
Catchment area estimation using topographical
map
Concept of duration curve
Maximum/firm discharge identification using
duration curve
Potential site identification using topographical
map
Functions of intake weir and intake
Functions of settling basin
Functions of headrace
Functions of head tank and penstock
Functions of turbine and generator
Concept of basic layout for main structures
Appropriate location of weir, intake, and settling
basin
Appropriate location of powerhouse
Appropriate location of headrace route
Objectives and survey items of site reconnaissance
Information gathering and planning for site
reconnaissance
On-site measuring method of river flow
On-site measuring method of head
Type and structure of intake weir
Design concept for intake weir
Calculation technique for intake weir
dimensioning
Structure of intake and settling basin
Design concept for intake and settling basin
Calculation technique for intake and settling basin
dimensioning
Type and structure of headrace
Design concept for headrace
Calculation technique for headrace dimensioning
Structure of head tank
Design concept for head tank
Calculation technique for head tank dimensioning
Design concept for penstock
Calculation technique for penstock dimensioning
Structure of powerhouse by turbine type
Calculation technique for head loss
Contents
Learning points
Basics of hydraulics
Turbine types
Turbine
Characteristics of turbine
Basic design of turbine
Basics of generator
Generator
Classification of generator
Basic design of generator
Basics of automatic control
Control system
Frequency control
Voltage control
Electrical
equipment and
protection
system
Major factors
Transformer
Switch gear
Arrester
Instrument transformer
Single line diagram
Protection system
Distribution method
Components
Distribution
system
Route selection
Voltage drop estimation
ii
Principle of continuity
Bernoullis theorem
Concept of potential, pressure, and velocity head
Structure, features, and applicable range by
turbine type
Concept of turbine selection chart
Concept of specific speed
Applicable range of specific speed by turbine type
Turbine efficiency by turbine type
Flow of turbine basic design
Calculation technique for turbine specifications
Principle of operation of AC generator
Relationship between voltage and rotational speed
Main structure of generator
Type of excitation system
Classification of AC generator
Flow of generator basic design
Calculation technique for generator specifications
Concept of feedback control
Reaction of P-control, I-control, and PI-control
Characteristics of frequency and active power
control
Concept of speed governor and dummy load
governor
Characteristics of voltage and reactive power
control
Concept of automatic voltage controller
Concept of major factors
Type and functions of transformer
Type and functions of switch gear
Functions of arrester
Type and functions of instrument transformer
Standard composition of single line diagram
Type and functions of protection relay
Standard arrangement of protection relay
Classification of distribution method
Design and installation concept of pole
Design and installation concept of guy wire
Concept of distribution line route selection
Calculation technique for resistance and
inductance of conductor
Calculation technique for voltage drop of
distribution lines
Training on
CONTENTS
AM
PM
AM
PM
Nov. 10
Micro Hydropower
Development
Nov.11
Nov.12
Nov.13
Nov.14
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
1-1
Training on
Outline of Hydropower
Catchment Area
Identification of Potential Sites
Duration Curve
Functions of Main Structures
Layout of Main Structures
Selection of Main Structures'
Location
Outline of Site Reconnaissance
Measurement of River Flow
Measurement of Head
Intake Weir
Intake and Settling Basin
Headrace
Head tank
Penstock and Spillway
Power House
Head Loss
1-2
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Map Study
Basic Course (1
ST
part)
OUTLINE OF HYDROPOWER
1-3
1-4
What is Hydropower?
What is Hydropower?
Energy of Falling
Stone:
Ouch!
Ouch!
Ouch!
1-5
1-6
What is Hydropower?
What is Hydropower?
Energy of Falling
Stone:
depends on
Height
Weight of the Stone
Height
Energy of Hydropower
Ouch!
Ouch!
1-7
Height
Head
Weight of
the Water
Discharge
1-8
Basic Course
Depends on
Catchment Area
Rainfall
Map Study
Sayang
Mottainai
CATCHMENT AREA
Catchment Area
For Generating Power
9
1-9
1-10
Scale:
1/50,000
1062
10
1062
1045
1045
On map : Accrual
1 cm : 500 m
Long Distance = Gentle
HeightDistance
Short
20 m x 5==100m
Steep
980
960
940
920
Catchment Area
900
880
860
840
820
800
780
760
1-11
11
1-12
12
1062
1045
h
A
b
A = ( b x h ) /2
1-13
13
1-14
14
1-15
15
1-16
16
Duration Curve
Basic Course
Art
Map Study
Art
Jimmy
140
Jimmy
100
60
100
200
300
1-17
Duration Curve
Gauging Station: ABC (CA=30km2) Latitude@@@
Longitude@@@
River Flow
1.5
Depends on Planning
Maximum Discharge/Design Discharge
0.5
(m3/s)
Period:1990.1 2000.1
1.0
18
1-18
1.5
1.0
25%(95day)
50%(183day)
75%(274day)
90%(328day) 100%(365day
95%(346day))
1-19
19
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
Percentage of Duration
0.5
1-20
20
365
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Rich Forest
Over 3000mm
Vegetation
Annual
Rainfall
Bare
Ground
Aprx.2000
mm
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average rain
90
100
110
fall line
Percentage of Firm/Maximum Discharge
(%)
1-21
Micro
2.2
Micro
2.0
Mini
Small
1.8
1.6
1.4
Firm Discharge = 1.0 m3/s/100km2
1.2
1.0
0.8
Max. Discharge = Firm Discharge
0.6
0.4
0.2
Large
0.0
(m 3/s/100km 2)
21
22
1-22
Portion A
It will be Trained
in Advance
Course
1-23
Profile of River
23
1-24
24
L6
500
400
100
L/H=25
90
80
L2
L3
L5
Small/Large L/H<50
L/H=10
70
Head (m) H
L4
E.L
520
500
60
50
40
480
30
460
20
L/H=50
Mini L/H<25
440
10
420
380
Micro L/H<25
400
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
200
400 600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
25
1-25
26
1-26
Assumed Head : 20 m
L1
L1
L6
500
400
500 m
Look for 1 interval of Contour Line is less than 1cm on the Map
L2
E.L
1000 m
L3
1cm
N.G
N.G
OK
480
460
1500 m
500m
N.G
520
500
Look for 2 interval of Contour Line is less than 2cm on the Map
L5
L4
OK
440
N.G
420
400
Look for 3 interval of Contour Line is less than 3cm on the Map
380
L1
L2
500m
500m
L3
500m
L4
500m
L5
500m
L6
500m
1-27
27
1-28
28
Assumed Head : 60 m
Assumed Head : 40 m
L1
L1
L1
L1
L6
500
400
L6
500
400
L2
L2
L3
L4
L3
L5
L4
L5
3 cm
N.G
520
500
N.G
N.G
OK
480
OK
480
N.G
460
OK
460
440
N.G
440
420
420
400
400
380
N.G
520
500
1500 m
E.L
1000m
2 cm
E.L
380
L1
L2
L3
1000m
1000m
L4
1000m
L5
1000m
L1
L2
L6
L3
1500 m 1500 m
L4
L5
1500 m
L6
1500 m
1000m
1-29
29
30
1-30
1062
1045
20 kW
Max. Discharge
= Firm
Discharge
Demand
; Based
on Social
Survey
Practical Hydropower Output
Required
P = 9.8
x Q x HCatchment
x
Area
= 20
km2
Where, P = Power
output
(kW)
Q = Discharge (m3/s)
C.A=
= Head (m)
10 km2
= Combined efficiency (0.5)
C.A=
7 km2
1-31
31
1-32
Q = P / (9.8 x H x )
= 20 / (9.8 x H x 0.5 )
P (kW)
H (m)
Q (m3/s)
20
20
0.20
20
40
0.10
20
60
0.07
32
A
B
A
B
Demand site
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0 km
Section A-A
1-33
Section B-B
33
34
1-34
Output 10 kW
Head 60 m
Examples
0
1-35
35
1.0
2.0
1-36
3.0
4.0
5.0 km
36
C.A
Q
12.5
km2
0.125 m3/s
40 m
25 kW
C.A
18.0 km2
0.180 m3/s
40 m
35 kW
C.A
18.5 km2
0.185 m3/s
60 m
55 kW
Contents
Ambabag Mini-Hydropower Project
Barangay Ambabag, Pindungan, Kiangan, Ifugao
Intake : N-164734.92, E-1210535.22
Coordinates
Powerhouse: : N-164737.32,E-1210620.28)
20.2 km2
Catchments Area
C.A
7.5 km2
0.075 m3/s
60 m
E.L. 403 m
Gross Head
22 kW
C.A
3.5 km2
C.A
3.5 km2
0.035 m3/s
0.035 m3/s
60 m
60 m
10 kW
10 kW
E.L. 494.2 m
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
C.A
4.0 km2
0.040 m3/s
60 m
12 kW
80 m
0.32 m3/s
200 kW
1,490 MWh
Approximate. 42 Million pesos
Plant Factor
85 %
5.0 km
1-37
37
1-39
91.2m
Effective Head
39
1-38
38
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Planning
Basic Course (2
nd
part)
2-1
2-2
Intake Weir
Settling Basin
Headrace
Head-tank
Fore bay
Headrace
Head-tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Spillway
Tailrace
Demand
2-3
2-4
Intake
Insufficient Inflow
If no Intake Weir
2-5
2-6
Control Gate
Weir Crest
Q
Q over
to Control Inflow
7
2-8
Settling Basin
Settling Basin-The settling basin is used to trap sand or
suspend the silt from the water before entering the
penstock.
Headrace
Intake
High Velocity
Low Velocity
Spillway
Flush Gate
10
2-9
2-10
Function of Headrace
Settling Basin
Headrace
Slope =Gentle
Headtank
Head Loss
Headrace
Mini=1/200 to 1/1,000
Headtank
Head Loss
Settling Basin
Slope =Steep
2-11
Micro=1/100 to 1/300
12
2-12
Penstock
13
2-13
14
2-14
15
2-15
16
2-16
Training on
Training
Training
onon
Micro/Mini
Micro Hydropower
Hydropower
Development
Development
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Planning
Basic Course (3rd part)
3-1
Main Structures
3-2
3-4
Basic Layout
1. Short Penstock
Headrace
Headtank
3-3
Basic Layout
Basic Layout
2. Long Penstock
3. Middle-Length Penstock
3-5
3-6
Basic Course
CRITERIA
1. Narrow River Width
Planning
3-7
3-8
CRITERIA
Criteria
A,B,D,E
1.
2.
3.
4.
A,B,E
A,B
A
9
3-9
3-10
10
F
CRITERIA
1. Gentle Slope
3. Accessible
Criteria
B,C
1.
2.
3.
4.
3-11
B,C,F
C,D
C
11
3-12
12
MARAMING SALAMAT!!!
Thank You Very Much!!!!
Arigato!!!
3-13
13
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Advance Course
Development
Site Reconnaissance
Advance Course (1
st
part)
4-1
4-2
Information Gathering
Prepare 1/50,000 scale maps to check the location, catchment
area, villages, access road and topography of the project sites.
Gather available information on accessibility to the site, the
weather conditions, social stability, and so on.
Make copies of the 1/50,000 scale maps and route maps
enlarged by 200 to 400%.
Prepare checklists and interview sheets for site survey.
Planning of preliminary site survey
Make a plan and schedule for site survey considering
accessibility to the sites and the weather conditions.
Allow sufficient time in the schedule since most of sites are
located in remote and isolated areas
Objective
To roughly evaluate the feasibility of the project
To get necessary information for planning
Items to be investigated
Potential capacity of the project site
- Measurement of river flow
- Measurement of head
Topographical and geological condition of the sites for the
structure layout
Accessibility to the site
Power demand in the load center
Distance from the load center to the power house
Ability of the local people to pay for electricity
Willingness of the local people for electrification
3
4-3
4-4
Equipment
Route map
Topographic map
Reconnaissance schedule
Checklist
Interview sheet
Geological map
Aerial photographs
Related reports
Field notebook
Scale
Pencil
Eraser
Colored pencil
Section paper
Equipment
Altimeter
GPS (portable)
Camera, film
Current meter (Float,)
Distance meter, measure tape
Hand level (Hose)
Convex scale (2-3m)
Hammer
Clinometers
Knife
Scoop
Torch, flashlight
Sampling baggage
Label
Compass
Stopwatch
Batteries
4-5
4-6
XXX
YYY
ZZZ
WWW
Daily
Record
(Hd)
0.230
0.550
0.300
0.380
0.111
1.734
0.272
0.600
Discharge
Q
3
(m /s)
Calculation of Daily
Discharge
Micro-Hydro
G
Calculation of Duration
Curve
Calculation of Discharge
(Q=A x V)
4-7
Water Level
H
(m)
Date
Another day
at least 3 times
repeat
4-8
Actual Measurement
9
4-9
10
4-10
10
11
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
520
28.0
30.0
29.0
30.0
33.0
41.0
35.0
22.0
16.0
0.0
30cm
Remark
Water Depth:D c
14.0
Area of Segmantation:
Ac
2,500
2,950
3,425
1,510
3,325
0.2
5.60
12.00
5.80
28.00
6.60
47.0
7.00
17.0
3.20
13.0
0.4
11.20
10.00
11.60
20.00
13.20
47.0
14.00
13.0
6.40
6.0
0.8
22.40
10.00
23.20
8.00
26.40
26.0
28.00
9.0
12.80
2.0
Average Velocity:
Va c/
10.67
18.67
40.00
13.00
7.00
Discharge of
Segmantation:q (m3/s
26.667
55.067
137.000
43.225
10.570
Total
272.528
11
4-11
12
4-12
Measurement of Velocity
Measurement of Cross Sectional Area
W
L=10m
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L=2W
h1
h2
h3
h1
0.00
h2
0.45
h3
0.50
h4
0.57
h5
0.60
h6
0.62
h7
0.65
h8
0.60
h9
0.50
h10
h11
Total
Average
h4
h5
h6
h7
h8
h9
h 10
h11
0.35
0.00
4.84
4.84/11=
0.44 m
13
14
4-13
4-14
Vmean
Rating
Curve Curve
Calculation
of Rating
Vmean
0.50
2.0
Vm = 0.85Vmean
Water
(m) (m3 /s)
Square Root
of Level
Discharge
0.45
Vm = 0.65Vmean
Vmean
Vmean
0.5 m
1.8
0.40
1.6
1.4
0.35
y = 3.0993x - 0.3947
1.2
0.30
1.0
0.8
0.25
Q=9.579*H -2.428H+0.154
0.6
0.20
0.4
0.2
0.15
0.0
0.10
Vm = 0.45Vmean
Vm = 0.25Vmean
15
4-15
0.10
0.15
0.200.20 0.25
0.30
0.350.45 0.40
0.45
0.500.700.55
0.60
0.00 0.05
0.10 0.15
0.25 0.30
0.35 0.40
0.50 0.55
0.60 0.65
0.75 0.80
0.85 0.65
0.90 0.950.70
1.00
3
Water Level
Discharge
(m(m)
/s)
16
4-16
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5.0
4.8
4.6
5.0
4.4
4.8
4.2
4.6
4.0
4.4
4.2
3.8
4.0
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.0 0
5/19/06 6/18/06
7/13/07
10
5/19/06 6/18/06
15
17
4-17
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
85
90
95 100
7/13/07
Date
18
4-18
Head measurement
Location :
No.
H1
B1
H2
H3
H1
H1 = B1-A1
80
Percentage (%)
Date
A1
Daily
Discharge
DurationofCurve
at Intake
Siteat(C.A.=20.2km
) )
Discharge
Ambangal
Brook
Intake (20.2km
Discharge
Discharge
(m (m
/s)/s)
Discharge (m /s)
Daily Discharge
Discharge of Ambangal
Brook at Intake (20.2km )
Head
H4
H5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Date :
Ai
(meters)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.70
Total Height (meters)=
Bi
(meters)
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.99
1.75
1.30
1.90
1.70
1.74
2.50
1.36
Hi=Bi-Ai
(meters)
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.99
0.75
0.30
0.90
0.70
0.74
2.30
0.66
10.82
H6
19
4-19
20
4-20
H
H
Head=nxH
H
H
H
H
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
Using
7
8
9
10
11
12
Water
Date :
Ai
(meters)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Bottle1.00
: 1.56 m x
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.70
Total Height (meters)=
21
4-21
23
4-23
Hi=Bi-Ai
(meters)
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.99
11.070.75
m
0.30
0.90
0.70
0.74
2.30
0.66
10.82
22
4-22
Thanks !!!!
Bi
(meters)
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.99
times1.75
0.15=
1.30
1.90
1.70
1.74
2.50
1.36
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Advance Course
Development
Advance Course (2
nd
Headrace
Head-Tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head Loss Calculation
1
5-1
Q: Discharge (m3/s)
Q=AxV
5-2
Type of Weir
Outline Drawing
Application Condition
V=Q/ A
Concrete
gravity
Foundations:
Bedrock
Floating
concrete
Foundations: Gravel
A=Q/ V
meters/
1 second
meters/
1 second
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
L
B
hi
hi
d1
ic
d1
ir
ic
d2
ir
d2
D1 = d1 + hi
D1 > D2
Weir Height = D1
D2 > D1
Weir Height = D2
5-8
D1 = d1 + hi
D2 = d2 + hi+ L (ic ir)
0.220
0.550
0.500
0.400
1.000
0.900
0.050
0.100
10.000
0.500
0.400
0.900
meters
meters
D1 = d1 + hi
(1/20)
(1/10)
meters
1,200
3,900
(1/20)
(1/100)
meters
0.6 1.0 m
6,900
1,000
1.300
meters
meters
10
5-10
Common Values
0.220
0.550
0.500
0.400
1.000
0.900
0.050
0.010
10.000
0.500
1.300
5-9
0.8 1.0
EL.497.200 m
1.0
1,200
Protect wall
Gabion
H x B x L =0.6 x 0.8 x 1.0m)
L1
L3
L2
L4
Intake weir
L6
5,100
500
400
400
Intake
1.0 1.5 m
1.0 1.5 m
Important
L7
L5
0.5 m
500
1,500
1,500
800
700
EL.496.000 m
H x 3.0 L1+ L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7
5-11
11
5-12
12
Protect wall
Intake
dh
Vi
hi
Q=AxV
V=Q/ A
Vi = Q / (b x hi)1.0 m/s
13
5-13
dh=0.1-0.15m
14
5-14
Settling Basin
Spill way
Flush gate
bi
sp
dh
hi
Ai
Water Level of Spillway
dh
hi
Ai= hi x bi
0.667
0.6
9.8
Q f1= Ai Cv Ca (2 g H ) 0.5
Q f2= Cs hsp1.5 Bsp
Q f1= Q f2
5-15
15
1.8
5-16
16
Un-known Values
Intake
b=bi
Flushing gate
2.0
Settling section
Widening section
h0
hs
Lw=B-b
ic=1/20 1/30
Sediment Pit
L= 2 x l
Vact =Q/(Bact*hs)
l=(Vact/U) x hs
Ls=2 x l
Length of basin= Ls
0.220
0.550
2.000
0.950
1.500
0.400
0.050
0.548
0.100
0.300
1.339
1.500
0.268
1.467
2.933
3.000
1/20
B
Bact
18
5-18
usually around 0.1 m/s for a target grain size of 0.5 1 mm.
V
Flushing gate
Where,
hs
hsp+15cm
hi
V
(2) Dimension
basin
Llof settling
x hs
L= 2 x l
hs=hi+(Lc+Lw)*ic
Stoplog
V
U x hs
Bsp
Intake
17
Headrace
1.0
bi
5-17
Conduit section
Depends on
site condition
Spillway
Stoplog
10 15
Decided Values
Settling Basin
Usually
hsp < 0.3m
Common Values
19
5-20
20
2-3 Headrace
2-3 Headrace
(2) Dimension of Headrace (Open Type)
Settling Basin
Headrace
Headtank
Head Loss
Lining type
Open Type
Slope =Gentle
Pipe type
Micro=1/100 to 1/300
Box type
Closed Type
21
5-21
Example
R : R=AP
Designers setting
(m)
Q= A R
2/3S 1/2
L
22
5-22
Q=0.220m3/s
SL=1/250=0.004
b= 0.550 m
h
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.335
0.400
0.500
bxh
b+2 x h
A/P
SL1/2
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.055
0.110
0.165
0.184
0.220
0.275
0.750
0.950
1.150
1.220
1.350
1.550
Length of red-line : P
5-23
Qi
Q= A R 2/3SL 1/2 n
0.073
0.116
0.143
0.151
0.163
0.177
0.175
0.237
0.274
0.283
0.298
0.316
0.041
0.110
0.191
0.220
0.277
0.366
Apr. 0.2
0.335
Slope =1/m: SL
R2/3
0.550
m
0.550
(m)
R : R=AP
23
5-24
24
2-3 Headrace
160
250
600
150
160
250
600
Screen
150
0.5
1.0
200
1,050
850
800
330
D8
150
150
250
470
850
250
470
800
250
Masonry Concrete
D9
1,380
Flush Gate
25
5-25
Headrace
Spillway
Q=0.220m3/s
Vsc > 10 x Q
As
26
5-26
h = 0.335m
Designers setting
Calculation
B= 2.000 m
As = B x L = 8.000 m2
L= 4.000 m
1.0
2.0
B-b
dsc < h
3050cm
Screen
Bspw
Ht
dsc
h0
0.5
SLe
hc
Check
h>1.0
1.0
Change B or L
No
dsch
3050cm
1.0
Yes
20.0
0.5
5-27
hc={(Q2)(gB2)}1/3
S=12
: 1.1 g : 9.8
27
5-28
28
2-5 Penstock
2-5 Penstock
Diameter of penstock
3.20
0.5
3.10
D=1.273(QVopt)
1.128
3.00
D:diameter of pipe(m)
2.90
3
2.80
Q: design discharge(m /s)
2.70
Vopt: optimum velocity(m/s)
2.60
Head
2.50 Tank
2.40
2.30
2.20
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
Hp1.60
1.50
1.40
Ap = Hp
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Example
Q : Discharge 0.220 m3/s
Lp: Total length of penstock
80.0m
Lp
Ap=Hp/Lp=0.25
Vopt= 2.3 m/s
Power
D=1.128 x (Q/Vopt)0.5Powerhouse
2-5 Penstock
29
Thickness of penstock
30
5-30
Pd
t0 =
+ t (cm)
2a
2
hc={ 1.1Qd
9.8
3050cm
}1/3
HL3
(see Ref.5-3)
3050cm
Tailrace cannel
Outlet
Section A-A
P=2.51.1=2.75 kgf/cm2.
bo
20cm
20cm
b
5-31
31
5-32
32
d3
Hsdepens on characteristic of turbine
2
hc={ 1.1Qd
9.8
1/3
20cm
Hs
3050cm
1.15d3
1.5d3
Pump
HL3
(see Ref.53)
23
Gate
Section A-A
HL3
1.5d3
33
5-33
Headrace
Settling Basin
Forebay
Penstock
He
Powerhouse
Tailrace
Intake
HL1
Headrace
Settling Basin
Forebay
HL2
Penstock
Hg
He
HL3
Powerhouse
34
5-34
- Effective Head
Hg
- Gross Head
HL1
HL2
- Loss at penstock
HL1= ELs-Ele
Hg
HL3
He
HL3
Tailrace
HL1
: ELs
5-35
35
5-36
36
Headrace
Settling Basin
Forebay
HL2
Penstock
He
Powerhouse
{
3050cm
9.8
Tailrace
HL1
Hg
2gp
Ap = 3.14Dp24.0
HL3
(see Ref.5-3)
Hf = f pp2
HL3
HL3
3050cm
g=9.8
Tailrace cannel
Outlet
5-37
37
5-38
38
He = f ep2
2g
Hv = f vp2
2g
5-39
39
5-40
40
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Optimum/Appropriate
Development
Installed Capacity of
Mini Hydropower Plant
Reference
6-1
6-2
Discharge (m3/s)
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
J
6-3
F M A
6-4
F M A
100
2.0
90
1.8
1.0
Maximum
Design
Discharge
= 0.8 m3/s
80
1.4
70
1.2
60
1.0
0.8
A
0.6
60 %
50 %
70 %
80 %
0.2
Percentage of Duration
0.5
40
30
0.4
40 %
50
1.5
Discharge (m /s)
Duration Curve
1.6
0.0
D
0
10
0
85
90
95
100
Percentage
Area
of (%)
(A-b-c-C-D)
= 76.69%
Area of (A-B-C-D)
6-5
96.56%
80
1.6
76.69 %
69.95 % 70
64.45 %
Discharge (m /s)
1.4
1.20m3/s
1.2
60
1.02m3/s
1.0
50
0.81m3/s
40
0.8
0.67m3/s
0.6
30
0.50m3/s
0.4
0.37m3/s
0.2
0.21m3/s
Total Efficiency = 76 %
100
91.27%
90
86.46%
81.24 %
1.8
20
10
0
0.0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
6-6
85
90
95
100
Percentage (%)
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
30
1.20
920
64.45
5,194
40
1.02
780
69.95
4,780
50
0.81
620
76.69
4,165
60
0.67
510
81.24
3,629
70
0.50
380
86.46
2,878
80
0.37
280
91.27
2,239
90
0.21
160
96.56
1,353
Duration
Percentage
(%)
6-8
Duration
Percentage
(%)
y = -24773Ln(x) + 314639
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
Plant Factor
(%)
Annual Generation
(MWh/year)
Unit
Construction
Cost
(Php/kW)
Total
Construction
Cost
(Php)
=
Unit Generation
Cost
(Php/kWh)
1.20
1.02
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.37
0.21
920
780
620
510
380
280
160
64.45
69.95
76.69
81.24
86.46
91.27
96.56
5,194
4,780
4,165
3,629
2,878
2,239
1,353
145,579
149,668
155,356
160,194
167,483
175,048
188,912
133,932,488
116,741,283
96,320,447
81,698,911
63,643,592
49,013,540
30,225,875
25.785
24.425
23.125
22.510
22.113
21.894
22.334
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
240,000
220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Other Index
a.
b.
Source : DOE-REMD
26.000
25.000
24.000
23.000
22.000
21.000
Cost/Benefit
IRR
20
30
y = -565.48Ln(x) + 5306.5
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6-9
10
6-10
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
Plant Factor
(%)
Annual Generation
(MWh/year)
1.20
1.02
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.37
0.21
920
780
620
510
380
280
160
64.45
69.95
76.69
81.24
86.46
91.27
96.56
5,194
4,780
4,165
3,629
2,878
2,239
1,353
1,800
Total
=
Construction Unit Generation
Cost
Cost
(JPY)
(JPY/kWh)
1,331,656,923
256.376
1,201,825,930
251.452
1,035,785,782
248.677
908,343,366
250.268
740,031,745
257.127
593,638,969
265.175
389,854,514
288.059
Unit
Construction
Cost
(JPY/kW)
1,447,453
1,540,802
1,670,622
1,781,065
1,947,452
2,120,139
2,436,591
1,600
300
1,400
290
260,000
1,200
1,000
800
600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
280
270
260
250
240
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Source : TEPSCO
6-11
11
6-12
12
1,100,000
10
1,000,000
900,000
1,200,000
Japan
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
Philippines
300,000
200,000
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
100,000
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
10
20
30
2000
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6-13
13
14
6-14
1.6
Discharge (m3/s)
Demand Area
1.2
30%
920kW
1.0
40%
780kW
0.8
50%
610kW
60%
520kW
70%
390kW
80%
270kW
90%
160kW
0.6
0.4
0.2
6-15
1.4
0.0
J
15
S O
F M A
6-16
S O
F M A
16
610kW
0.8
520kW
60%
390kW
0.4
270kW
80%
0.2
160kW
90%
0.6
70%
Fluctuation is
relatively Small
Most of Generated
Power can be Sold
High Load
Factor
Optimum Installed
Capacity depends on
Generation Side
Condition
17
6-17
Depends on
Installed Capacity
kW
Construction Cost
6-19
610kW
0.8
50%
520kW
60%
390kW
0.4
270kW
70%
0.6
0.2
160kW
Low Load
Factor
80%
90%
Fluctuation is
relatively Big
Some of
Generated Power
can not be Sold
Optimum Installed
Capacity depends on
Demand Side
Condition
6-18
18
MARAMING SALAMAT!!!
Depends on
Sold Annual Generation
kWh
Profit
Discha
19
6-20
20
Turbine
Contents
1. Basics of hydraulics
Water flow
Q1 = Q2 (Q=constant)
3. Characteristics of turbine
4. Basic design of turbine
1. Hydraulics
Pipe
2. Turbine types
Discharge:
Q1
Sectional area: A1
Velocity:
V1
Discharge:
Q2
Sectional area: A2
Velocity:
V2
A1 X V1 = A2 X V2
*Q (m3/s) = A (m2) X V (m/s)
In other words, if the section area
of the pipe is reduced, the velocity
will be increased.
1. Hydraulics
Pressure energy:
p (kg/m2)= w (kg/m3) X z (m)
w: unit weight of water
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Velocity head:
v2 / 2g (m)
Total head
Total head
Open
No flow
Reference level
Kinetic energy:
(1/2) X (w/g) X v2 = w X z
g: gravity acceleration 9.8 (m/s2)
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Close
Reference level
1. Hydraulics
1. Hydraulics
1.2.3 Bernoulli
Bernoullis theorem
1. Hydraulics
Velocity head:
v2 / 2g (m)
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Total head
Ref.
Head loss consists of friction loss hf,
inlet loss he, valve loss hv, etc.
Open
Reference level
1. Hydraulics
1. Hydraulics
measured by tape
Discharge Q (m3/s):
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge
Penstock
Turbine
Center
Head loss Hloss (m) = (Gross head Hg) (Net head He)
1. Hydraulics
2.Turbine types
The runner rotates by impulsive force of water jet with the velocity head,
which has been converted from the pressure head at the time of jetting
from the nozzle
Exercise
1.266 kgf/cm2 (under suspension)
0.956 kgf/cm2 (in operation)
0.25 m
0.0533 m3/s (53.3 L/s)
0.2 m
Pelton turbine
Crossflow turbine*
Turgo-impulse
Reaction turbine:
Please calculate gross head Hg, net head He, and head loss Hloss.
Gross head Hg (m) =
Penstock sectional area A (m2) =
Flow velocity v (m/s) =
Velocity head Hv (m) =
Net head He (m) =
Head loss Hloss (m) =
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
10
Impulse turbine:
The runner rotates by reactive force of water with the pressure head
11
Francis turbine
12
2.Turbine types
reasonable price
Applicable range
Output:
100 5,000 kW
Discharge: 0.2 3 m3/s
Head:
75 400 m
Applicable range
Output:
50 1,000 kW
Discharge: 0.1 10 m3/s
Head:
5 100 m
13
2.Turbine types
14
2.Turbine types
Timing Belt
Generator
Draft Tube
casing
and discharge
and discharge
Guide Vane
(Wicket Gate)
Applicable range
Output:
200 5,000 kW
Discharge: 0.4 20 m3/s
Head:
15 300 m
2.Turbine types
Propeller Runner
Guide vane
Applicable range
Output:
50 5,000 kW
Discharge: 1.5 40 m3/s
Head:
3 18 m
Spiral casing
15
16
2.Turbine types
3.Characteristics
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4)
diagonal flow
Axial flow
where,
Ns:
Nt:
Pt:
H:
17
3.Characteristics
Ns:
Nt:
Pt:
H:
Small
Large
Turbine type
Pelton turbine
Ns
(bo/D)
Crossflow turbine
3.Characteristics
Francis turbine
50350
Propeller turbine
200900
Tubular turbine
500
NOTE:
As for Crossflow turbine, Pt for Ns calculation is defined as follow;
Large
Pt = Pr / (bo / D)
18
Inlet
width: bo
Diameter:
D
Ns
where,
Small
Discharge (m3/s)
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4)
19
20
3.Characteristics
At the stage of basic design, the following figures can be used as turbine
efficiency by turbine type in order to estimate the turbine output.
t:
Turbine efficienby (%)
Pt:
Turbine output (kW)
9.8QH: Theoretical power (kW) (i.e. Turbine input)
Q:
Discharge (m3/s)
H:
Net head (m)
21
4.Basic design
Calculation of applicable
maximum specific speed
Calculation of maximum
rotational speed
82
77
Francis turbine
84
Propeller turbine
82
Tubular turbine
84
22
4.Basic design
Estimation of
turbine output
Pelton turbine
Crossflow turbine
NOTE:
As for Crossflow turbine manufactured locally, 40-50% of efficiency can
be applied in consideration of fabrication quality of the work shop.
Input
Selection of
applicable turbine type
Turbine efficiency
t (%)
Turbine type
3.Characteristics
where,
refer to Turbine
selection chart
(see Clause 2.2)
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
Selection of turbine
rotational speed
4.1.4
Recalculation of
specific speed
4.1.5
Pt = 9.8 X Q X H X t (kW)
Turbine efficiency t listed in Clause 3.2.2 can be applied to the above
calculation at the stage of basic design.
Output
Turbine type:
Design net head H (m):
Design discharge Q (m3/s):
Frequency F:
Rotational speed Nt:
Specific speed Ns:
Turbine efficiency t (%):
Example
Turbine type: H-shaft Francis
Net head H: 45 m
Discharge Q: 2.5 m3/s
Frequency F: 50 Hz
23
24
4.Basic design
Turbine type
85.49 X H-0.213
650 X H-0.5
Crossflow turbine
Francis turbine
{(2,000/(H+20))+30}
3,200 X
H-2/3
Propeller turbine
{(2,000/(H+20))+50}
Tubular turbine
2,000/(H+16)
Example
Turbine type: H-shaft Francis
Net head H: 45 m
Discharge Q: 2.5 m3/s
Frequency F: 50 Hz
4.Basic design
Example
Turbine type: H-shaft Francis
Net head H: 45 m
Discharge Q: 2.5 m3/s
Frequency F: 50 Hz
25
4.Basic design
26
4.Basic design
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300
Example
Turbine type: H-shaft Francis
Net head H: 45 m
Discharge Q: 2.5 m3/s
Frequency F: 50 Hz
H-shaft Francis
45 m
2.5 m3/s
50 Hz
28
Generator
Contents
1. Basics
1. Basics of generator
2. Classification of generator
3. Basic design of generator
The field consists of coils of conductors within the generator that receive a voltage
from a source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.
The armature is the part of an AC generator in which output voltage is produced.
The rotor of an AC generator is the part that is driven by the prime mover and that rotates.
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.
Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power
to and from the rotor.
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
1. Basics
1. Basics
e = B X L X v X sin (V)
where,
e:
B:
L:
v:
:
v
v
B
1. Basics
v sin
Coil
1. Basics
e = 4.44 X f X w X (V)
=0 e = 0 (sin(0)=0)
e = B X L X v X sin
where,
e:
f:
w:
:
ef
/2
Overload leads to lower frequency and voltage than their rated value
7
1. Basics
1.4 Structure
1. Basics
Field windings
Rotor pole
DC current to
field windings
Brush holder
Stator
Slip ring
Main shaft
1.5 Excitation
1. Basics
Slip ring
1.5 Excitation
10
1. Basics
Self-excitation type:
Field windings of rotor carry DC current obtained by rectifying a portion
of the generators AC output. Therefore, the exciter is not necessary.
Terminal voltage fluctuates in response to load variation.
Separate excitation type:
DC field current is supplied from outside sources, such as the exciter
directly coupled with the main shaft. Terminal voltage can be kept
constant because an Automatic Voltage Controller (AVR) is equipped.
Self-excitation
Separate-excitation
DC exciter type
AC exciter type
Static exciter type
11
12
1.5 Excitation
1. Basics
PT
AVR
1.5 Excitation
1.5.4 Example of separateseparate-excitation type (2)
Brushless excitation system
Excitation circuit consists of an
AC exciter directly coupled with
the generator, a rotary rectifier,
and tyristers controlled by AVR.
Pulse
Generator
Ex. Tr
PT
Pulse
Generator
AVR
Ex. Tr
Rotating section
Slip ring
13
2. Classification
Synchronous generator
Induction generator
Features of each type are shown in the next Clause 1.2
Synchronous
generator
by number of phase
Simple structure and easy maintenance
Three-phase
AC
Ex
DC100V
Single-phase
Rotating section
by generator type
Induction
generator
by shaft arrangement
Vertical-shaft
1. Basics
Structure
Excitation system is
necessary
Complex structure
(salient-pole
machine)
Maintenance for
excitation system is
necessary
Need no excitation
system (Excitation
current is supplied
from grid)
Simple structure and
high maintainability
(squirrel-cage rotor)
High mechanical
strength
14
2. Classification
Operation
Parallel-in operation
Independent operation
is possible
Voltage, frequency,
and power factor
regulation is possible
Need synchronizer
Less electromechanical impact at
parallel-in operation
Need no synchronizer
Inrush current at
parallel-in operation
16
Standard frequency: Fo
Turbine output: Pt
3.Basic design
Selection of
rated power factor pf
3.4
Calculation of
generator output Pg
3.5
Calculation of
rated capacity Pgu
3.6
Calculation of
rated current Ig
3.6
refer to Clause
2.1 and 2.2
Selection of
generator type
Selection of
rated frequency F
3.2
Selection of
rated rotational speed Nt
3.2
Selection of
rated voltage Vg
3.3
Estimation of
load power factor
3.4
Generator type:
Capacity S (kVA):
Voltage Vg (V):
Current Ig (A):
Power factor pf:
Frequency F (Hz):
Rotational speed Ng (min-1):
Efficiency g (%):
17
3.Basic design
18
3.Basic design
Ng = (120 X F) / p
Ng:
F:
p:
3.Basic design
Output
where,
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300
200V system
400V system
19
20
3.Basic design
P:
Q:
S:
:
S(kVA)
P(kW)
Active power
consumption (W)
Power
factor
Fluorescent lamp
80 (40 X 2)
0.60
TV
100
0.95
20
0.95
Total
Reactive power
consumption (Var)
3.Basic design
Exercise
Appliance
Generator with low power factor (pf = 0.8) can supply more reactive
power to the loads for voltage stability. On the other hand, physical size
of generator became large as the power factor is reduced. This means
that low power factor may push up the the price of generator.
Q(kVar)
3.5 Output
Total Power
capacity factor
incandescent lamp
40 W
10 400 W
1.0
fluorescent lamp
20 W
15 300 W
0.6
3-phase induction motor 500 W
1 500 W
0.8
Learn
to calculate
1-phasehow
induction
motor 200the
W apparent
3 600 Wpower0.6
Above table shows
is
Total the total power
1800factor
W
capacity Nos.
Pg = Pt X g X d (kW)
kVA
Remark
where,
400 kVA
500 kVA 300/0.6
625 kVA 500/0.8
1000 kVA 600/0.6
2525 kVA
Pg:
Pt:
g:
d:
1,800
2,525
3.Basic design
22
= 0.71
23
24
3.Basic design
Pgu = Pg / pf (kVA)
where,
Ig:
Vg:
25
Control system
Contents
2. Frequency control
3. Voltage control
1. Basics
Manual Control
Automatic Control
1. Basics
1. Basics
Detection
Comparison
Comparison
Loop
Operation
Judgment
Operation
Judgment
1. Basics
Set Point
fo
Input
Disturbance
ELC
Operating
Part
Controlled
System
Controlled
Variable
SCR
Turbine /
Generator
f = fo - f
ELC
Controller
Output
Trigger signal to SCR
Detecting
Part
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
1. Basics
f
Controller
load fluctuation
trigger signal
1. Basics
time
Advantage:
Kp x Input
0
Output
Input
Input
time
time
time
11
offset
0
Change in Load
time
time
Advantage:
1. Basics
step response
Output
step response
10
time
time
12
1. Basics
step response
time
time
Response
improvement
0
time
Integral time: T1
Response by I Control
time
Response by PI Control
13
2. Freq. Control
Output
Load
Frequency comes up
Output
Load
Load
Supply side
14
2. Freq. Control
where,
P: Active power imbalance in power system
F: Frequency fluctuation caused by P
K: Coefficient
F = - K X P
Output
Stable frequency
2. Freq. Control
Demand side
Output
Input
15
Conditions
Pg > Pd (P > 0)
Pg = Pd (P = 0)
Pg < Pd (P < 0)
Frequency change
Higher
Even
Lower
P: Pd - Pg
P
Droop characteristic of frequency
16
2. Freq. Control
2. Freq. Control
Speed governor:
actual loads and dummy loads to the generator output (Pg = Pactual +
Pdummy) . Power consumption of dummy loads is controlled by Electronic
Load Controller (ELC).
ELC adjust current to the dummy loads by phase-shift control to keep
the condition of Pg = Pactual + Pdummy continuously.
Runner
Guide vane
Deflector
Runner
(a) Pelton turbine
17
2. Freq. Control
Detecting Frequency F
Comparison
Operation
Speed governor
Advantage
Disadvantage
18
Detection
Judgment
2. Freq. Control
Applicability
Sensitive control
Not waste generating power
Complicated structure
Less maintainability
Need for driving device
(hydraulic, electrical)
Costly
Micro-hydro
Dummy load governor is suitable for rural electrification project by microhydropower plant which is necessary for economy and high maintainability.
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
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Village Electrification
19
20
2. Freq. Control
Transmission Line
is continuously transferred to
the controller as a signal from
the speed detector.
IL
Detection
Speed
setter
Speed detector
Generator
Judgment
ELC
Coil
Detection
Judgment
Flow regulator
operation mechanism
Ig
Controller
Comparison
Id
Comparison
Fo
2. Freq. Control
Operation
Turbine
SCR
Operation
Flow regulator
open/close
WT
SG
21
Dummy
Load 2
Pd = Pg x pf x SF
12
where,
Pd:
Pg:
pf:
SF:
10
8
200
Current, A
Voltage, V
250
150
0
2/22/08
6:00 PM
2/22/08
9:00 PM
2/23/08
12:00 AM
2/23/08
3:00 AM
2/23/08
6:00 AM
2
100
2/22/08
3:00 PM
2. Freq. Control
300
22
2/23/08
9:00 AM
Time
Voltage PH
Voltage HH
Current DL
Current HH
23
24
2. Volt. Control
100
Current
Voltage (%)
where,
P:
Q:
VP:
VQ:
KP, KQ:
Flux
Current
Efficiency
Longevity
Shortened longevity
at high-voltage
100
AVR
Detection
Operation
Rotating section
Excitation
current
Slip ring
27
Judgment
Operation
Field windings
2. Volt. Control
Comparison
SCR
Vg
G
26
Ex. Tr
2. Volt. Control
PT
P
Large Impact of Q to V
Detection
Voltage (%)
VQ = KQ X Q
VP
VP = KP X P
(%)
Low efficiency
at low-voltage
Low illumination
at low-voltage
100
Small Impact of P to V
Shortened longevity at
low & high-voltage
100
Flux
(%)
Longevity
2. Volt. Control
VQ
28
Electrical equipment
and
Protection system
Contents
1. Main circuit
Line voltage:
1. 1 Major factors
1.2 Transformer
1.3 Switch gear
1.4 Arrester
1.5 Instrument transformer
1.6 Single line diagram
Load current:
MTr
ILO= Ig
2. Protection system
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
Pgu (KVA)
Vg (V)
Ig (A)
Short-circuit
failure
GS
Is (> ILO)
GS
1. Main circuit
Rated voltage:
Rated generator voltage Vg is applied to the primary voltage. The
secondary voltage is determined based on the transmission voltage VL.
Types:
by number of phase
Single-phase
Three-phase
Tr
Electrical symbol
3-phase transformer
1. Main circuit
Switch gears installed in the main circuit are classified by the function as
shown in the following table.
Type
Disconnecting
Switch (DS)
Load Break
Switch (LBS)
Electrical
symbol Normal
load
Short
circuit
Short-time
withstand
current
Operation
1. Main circuit
Current breaking
Magnetic Contactor
(Mg Ctt)
Electrical ability
symbol Normal
load
Short
circuit
Manual operation
by hook bar
ditto
Circuit Breaker
X: Impossible to cut off
Short-time
withstand
current
Operation
Appearance
Short-circuit
Manual operation
fault current is by hook bar
cut off by
Automatic trip by
power fuse
power fuse
meltdown
Solenoid operation
Low shortcircuit fault
current
Suitable for
high frequency
switching
Withstanding
Short-circuit
fault current
thermally and
mechanically
Appearance
3-phase transformer
1. Main circuit
Ratings:
by insulation method
Oil-immersed transformer
Molded dry-type transformer
Manual operation
Solenoid operation
1. Main circuit
Transmission line
Installation location:
Arrester should be installed at connection point to
the transmission line to prevent the surges from
reaching to the inside of the powerhouse.
Rated voltage:
Rated voltage listed in the following table is selected
according to the nominal voltage of the target circuit.
Nominal voltage (kV)
3.3
6.6
11
22
33
66
4.2
8.4
14
28
84
84
PF-LBS
LA
Step-up Tr
LA
GS
1. Main circuit
Ratings:
Ratings:
Electrical symbol
1. Main circuit
Lightning arrester
10
1. Main circuit
Electrical symbol
Electrical symbol
Electrical symbol
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
11
12
1. Main circuit
PF-LBS
LA
Step-up Transformer
MCCB
Mg Ctt
LA
normal sections
SC
ELC
AVR
Coil
TRIAC
Ex Tr
WT
GS
SCR
Dummy
Load 1
Dummy
Load 2
13
2. Protection
Breaking order
CB
Protection
relay
CT
GS
2. Protection
Transmission line
15
Electrical
symbol
14
2. Protection
Features
Acting when detecting current more than the setting
value
I>
U>
U<
16
Electrical
symbol
>
2. Protection
Features
Acting when detecting zero phase voltage more
than the setting value by GPT
Transmission line
PF-LBS
Step-up Transformer
f>
110V
3
Mg Ctt
U>
f<
110V
3
U<
V
VS
2 X VT
440V/110V
2 X CT
500/5A
15VA
f>
440V
3
MCCB
f<
Under frequency
relay (UFR)
>
VS
2. Protection
WT
F
AS
I>
Wh
GS
250kVA 440V 328A
60Hz pf=0.8
17
18
Distribution system
Contents
1.1 Classification
1. Distribution method
System
1. Distribution method
Connection
Nos. of line
2. Components
1-phase 2-wire
3. Route selection
1-phase 3-wire
3-phase 3-wire
3-phase 4-wire
2.1 Pole
2. Components
2. Components
Application
Generally applied
Wooden pole
Applied to areas where access of heavy machines
(including Bamboo pole) is difficult
Applied to areas where access of heavy machines
Steel pole
is difficult
Recommended
pole length
20kV
9m
Low voltage
7m
Guy anchor
Wooden pole
Steel pole
2. Components
Span:
Low voltage
Road crossing
6.5 m
4.0 m
Along road
6.0 m
4.0 m
Other place
6.0 m
4.0 m
0.8 m
0.8 m
1.0 m
0.2 m
2. Components
Clearance of conductor:
20kV
Guy wires should be installed to balance a pole against the following loads.
Recommended span is 50 m
Max 80 m for areas outside settlements, rice fields, and open spaces
Max 50 m for areas within population settlement
Top view
(b)
(c)
(a)
2. Components
3. Basic concept
3. Route selection
Guy wire
Tension
Guy wire
Land slide
Guy wire
Guy wire
Route change
4. Voltage drop
where,
L:
D:
r:
Resistivity
(X10-2 /mmm2)
Cupper
1.72
Alminium
2.75
D = Dab
Dab
Dab
R = (4 X X Lc) / ( X D2 ) ()
a
4. Voltage drop
(Reference)
Type of
conductor
10
R = X (Lc X A) ()
where,
R: Resistance of conductor ()
: Resistivity (A)
Lc: Length of conductor (m)
A: Sectional area of conductor (m2)
Dca
b
1-phase 2-wire
11
b
Dbc
c
3-phase 3-wire
12
4. Voltage drop
13
III
II
Pole No.
from
to
16
15
14
13
12
11
15
14
13
12
11
6
10
9
8
7
9
8
7
6
6
5
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
1
Span
between
poles
(a) [m]
Effective
cable
length
(b) [m]
(a) x 1.1
50
50
50
50
50
50
300
50
50
50
50
200
50
50
50
50
50
250
55
55
55
55
55
55
330
55
55
55
55
220
55
55
55
55
55
275
4. Voltage drop
Section
Section
active
Nos. of Current
current
HH
Constant:
Ia [A]
C
C x I1
10
10
5
5
15
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
5
5
5
5
4.348
4.348
4.348
4.348
3.261
3.261
3.261
3.261
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
15
15
15
15
15
13.043
13.043
13.043
13.043
13.043
9.783
9.783
9.783
9.783
9.783
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
15
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
6.8424
0.5702
0.5702
0.5702
0.5702
2.2808
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
8.5530
15
200W X 10 HH = 2,000W
16
200W X 5 HH
= 1,000W
15
10
14
9
cos
sin=(1-cos2)
Estimated value
I=(P/pf)/V
I1=I cos
I2=I sin
13
12
11
6
5
4
3
Manufactures catalog
Manufactures catalog
Manufactures catalog
2
1
Power
house
r=D/2
by formula
X=2f(L/1000)
: Pole
Section
Section
Section
Section
reactive resistance reactance voltage
dorp [v]
X1 [A]
current
R1 [A]
Ib [A] Rx(b)/100 Xx(b)/100 K(IaxR1+
IbxX1)
0
C x I2
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
4. Voltage drop
4. Voltage drop
200W X 10 HH = 2,000W
Vd at pole 10
Vd10= Vd6+2.28V
= 10.83V
16
200W X 5 HH
= 1,000W
15
10
Vd at pole 16
Vd16=Vd6+6.84V
=15.39V
14
Section II
14
13
12
Section III
11
Section I
5
4
3
Vd at pole6
Vd6=8.55V
2
1
Power
house
: Pole
16
Contents
1. Turbine Sizing
2. Generator Sizing
3. Governor
4. Belt Selection
Turbine Type
Design head H:
Design discharge Q:
Theoretical Output
Design point
Theoretical Output
The turbine output Pt for each selected turbine types is calculated as
follows:
Horizontal shaft Francis turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.84 = 9 (kW)
Cross flow turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.65 = 7 (kW)
Vertical shaft propeller turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.82 = 9 (kW)
Horizontal shaft propeller turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.82 = 9 (kW)
where,
Pt: Turbine Output (kW)
Po:
Theoretical output (kW)
t:
Turbine efficiency.
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
Design point
Propeller turbine:
Ns-max (20000/(H+20))+50
= (20000/(12+20))+50
= 675 m-kW
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
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Village Electrification
10
Generator
Where,
N;
P;
H;
Q;
;
11
12
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300
Belt type: Turbine shaft and generator shaft is coupled with pulleys
(flywheels) and belt according to the ratio of speed between turbine
and generator. The cost is relatively low but lifetime is short.
(Efficiency: 98 95% subject to the type of belt)
In case of micro hydro-power plant, V-belt or flat belt type coupling is
adopted usually to save the cost because gear type transmitter is
very expensive.
The size and cost of high speed generator is smaller and cheaper
than low speed generator.
13
Output of Generator
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x ) / pf
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x t x tr x g ) / pf
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x 12 x 0.1 x .65 x 0.95 x 0.90 ) / 0.80
Pg (kVA) = 8.17 kVA (say 10 kVA)
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x ) / pf
pf;
14
Output of Generator
Where;Pg;
H;
Q;
;
15
16
Governor
Where
Pd:
Pg:
pf:
SF:
heater
Note:
Maximum output of turbine (kW) may be applied instead of Pg
(kVA) x pf (decimal) because maximum generator output is limited by turbine
output even if the generator with larger capacity is adopted.
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
17
18
19
20
Power
Transmission
Device
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for
Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification
where,
NL:
Ns:
21
22
Diameter of pulley
Minimum diameter of the small pulley for generator, 150 mm, is automatically
derived from section B line in Table 2-2. Then, diameter of other pulley for
turbine is calculated as follows:
V-belt is adopted because of its higher transmission efficiency of driving power. Belt type
is selected on the basis of the transferred power and rotation speed of small pulley as
shown in Fig. 2-3. Therefore, section B V-belt is adopted in consideration of calculated
design power of 9 kW and generator rotation speed of 1,800 min-1.
DL
where,
DS:
= DS x (Speed ratio)
= 150 x 1.14 = 171 (mm)
DL: Diameter of large pulley for turbine (mm)
Diameter of small pulley for generator (mm)
Type
Section size
W(mm) x H(mm) x Angle
(o)
Pulley minimum
diameter
(mm)
Maximum speed
(m/sec)
30
12.5 x 9.0 x 40
95
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
150
30
22.0 x 14.0 x 40
224
30
30
31.5 x 19.0 x 40
355
38.5 x 25.5 x 40
560
30
Source: Catalog of MITSUBOSHI Belt
23
24
Length of Belt
25
26
27
28
29
30
Arc of Contact
31
32
Specification of Turbine
Specification of Generator
Item
Item
Specification
Type
Specification
Horizontal shaft single-phase
synchronous
Type
Cross flow
12
0.1
220
45.5
1.00
1,800
1,578
0.65
Specific speed ns
187
Frequency [Hz]
60
10.0
33
4
Static excitation system
Specification of Governor
Item
Item
Type
ELC
Governor
Specification
Type
Dummy load
Type
Section type
Single-phase
Speed detection
method
Frequency
Connection
2 parallel
34
Belt
V-belt
B
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
2,515 (99)
Nos. of belt
12 (6 x 2)
Specification
150
171
Speed ratio
1.14
1,005
Pulley
Water or Air
35
36
EXERCISE
Item
Specification
Type
Cross flow
14 m
0.22 m/s
14
Turbine
0.22
19.5
1,060
0.65
Specific speed ns
173
Type
Dummy load
Type
ELC
Single-phase
Governor
Connection
2 parallel
37
Type
TBA
38
Generator Specification
Item
Specification
21.3
240
71
0.80
1,800
Frequency [Hz]
60
Insulation level
F class
Temperature rise
B class
Excitation system
21 (10.5 x 2)
Generator Specification
Item
Frequency
Type
Section type
Belt
B
Angle[o]
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
2,667 (105)
5
150
254
Pulley
V-belt
39
Speed ratio
1.698
1,015
40
Department of Energy
Energy Complex
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Metro Manila
TEL: 479-2900
FAX: 840-1817
Department of Energy
Energy Complex
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Metro Manila
TEL: 479-2900
FAX: 840-1817