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y1
y1
yx
y1x1
x1
x
x
x1
x1y1
xy
x1
xy
y1x1
x1y1
yx
y1
x
x1
2
x
x1 y1
x
y
sin 2
cos 2
xy
xy sin 2
cos 2
If we vary from 0 to 360, we will get all possible values of x1 and x1y1
for a given stress state. It would be useful to represent x1 and x1y1 as
functions of in graphical form.
2
cos 2
x
x1 y1
xy sin 2
sin 2
xy cos 2
Define
2
x1 y1
2
avg
2
x
y
xy
and R
2
x
avg
xy
Substitue for
x1
avg
avg
and R to get
2
x1 y1
R2
avg,0)
and radius R.
y1
y1
x1
y1x1
avg
2
x1 y1
x1
x1y1
x1
x1
avg
x
x1
R2
y1x1
x1y1
y1
x1y1
appears on the
5
4.
5.
6.
y
yx
xy
y
y
x
x
B ( =90)
xy
xy
yx
x1
c
R
xy
A ( =0)
avg
x
x1y1
2.
3.
4.
y
yx
y1
xy
x
x
B ( =90)
xy
2 +180
E ( +90)
yx
x1y1
x1
x1y1
D( )
R
y1
y1x1
y1
A ( =0)
x1
x1y1
x1
x1
x1
y1x1
x1y1
y1
x1y1
Principal Stresses
y
yx
xy
y
x
x
B ( =90)
2
p2
xy
yx
x1
p1
2
A ( =0)
P2
1
p2
P1
x1y1
10
y
yx
xy
B ( =90)
x
x
xy
min
yx
x1
c
R
max
A ( =0)
max
max
max
s
s
max
x1y1
11
80 50
2
x
avg
50
15
65 2 25 2
25
15
54.6 MPa
84.6 MPa
A ( =0)
2
c
B
15 69.6
1, 2
1
69.6
c R
1, 2
50 MPa
B ( =90)
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
A
25 MPa
max
max
s
69.6 MPa
15 MPa
50 MPa
12
50 MPa
25
80 15
21.0
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
25 MPa
tan 2 2
0.3846
2 2
2 1 21.0 180
201
100.5
10.5
50 MPa
A ( =0)
2
54.6 MPa
2
o
100.5
84.6 MPa
B ( =90)
84.6 MPa
10.5o
54.6 MPa
13
50 MPa
2 2 21.0
2 s min
(90 21.0)
y
80 MPa
s min
80 MPa
min
25 MPa
69.0
34.5
50 MPa
A ( =0)
15 MPa
15 MPa
smin
B ( =90)
smax
55.5
-34.5o
x
15 MPa
15 MPa
69.6 MPa
max
2 2 21.0
2 s max 21.0 90
s max
111.0
55.5
14
= c R cos(2 2+60)
y1 = c + R cos(2 2+60)
x1y1= -R sin (2 2+60)
x1 = -26
y1 = -4
x1y1= -69
x1
C ( = -30)
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
-60
A ( =0)
25 MPa
50 MPa
y1
4.15 MPa
25.8 MPa
B ( =90)
D
-60+180
x
-30
25.8 MPa
4.15 MPa
D ( = -30+90)
x1
= -30
2 = -60
68.8 MPa
15
Principal Stresses
1=
54.6 MPa,
2=
-84.6 MPa
= 0),
1=
1 and
2 and
A ( =0)
B ( =90)
16
3
3
1
3
1
3
17
y
yx
xy
x
x
xy
yx
x1
max(1,2)
A
max( 2,3)
overall maximum
x1y1
max(1,3)
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
18
xx
zx
xz
zz
xx
xy
xz
yx
yy
yz
zx
zy
zz
z
yy
From our analyses so far, we know that for a given stress system,
it is possible to find a set of three principal stresses. We also know
that if the principal stresses are acting, the shear stresses must be
zero. In terms of the stress tensor,
xx
xy
xz
yx
yy
yz
zx
zy
zz
0
0
0
0
In mathematical terms, this is the process of matrix diagonalization in which the eigenvalues of the original matrix are just the
principal stresses.
20
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
xy
yx
80
25
25
50
25 MPa
50 MPa
det
80
25
( 80
2
25
50
)(50
30
) ( 25)( 25) 0
4625 0
84.6, 54.6
80
25
25
50
x
y
80 54.6
25
25
50 54.6
0
0
x
y
0
0
134.6
25
25
4.64
0.186 y
0.186
is one eigenvector.
1
22
80
25
25
x
y
50
80 ( 84.6)
25
4.6
25
25 134.6
0
0
25
50 ( 84.6)
x
y
0
0
x 5.388 y
5.388
is the other eigenvector.
1
Before finding the angles at which the principal stresses act, we can
check to see if the eigenvectors are correct.
54.6
0
D
D
0
84.6
0.186 5.388
1
1
80
25
25
50
C 1M C
1
AT
where A matrix of co - factors
det C
0.179 0.967
0.179 0.033
C 1
C 1
23
0.179 0.967
0.179 0.033
80
25
25
50
0.186 5.388
1
1
54.6
0
0
84.6
0.186
1
0.183
5.388
0.938
0.183
0.983
And then assemble them into a rotation matrix R so that det R = +1.
0.983
0.183
0.183
0.983
det R
R
So
cos
sin
sin
cos
RT M R
RT M R
0.983
0.183
80
0.183 0.983
25
25
50
0.983
0.183
0.183
0.983
84.6
0
0
54.6
y
54.6 MPa
o
100.5
84.6 MPa
84.6 MPa
10.5o
54.6 MPa
25
Finally, we can use the rotation matrix approach to find the stresses
on an inclined element with = -30.
R
M
M
cos( 30 )
sin( 30 )
sin( 30 )
cos( 30 )
0.866
0.5
0.5
0.866
RT M R
0.866
0.5
0.5 0.866
80
25
25
50
0.866 0.5
0.5 0.866
y1
25.8
68.8
x1
xy
68.8
4.15
yx
y1
25.8 MPa
4.15 MPa
-30
x
25.8 MPa
x1
4.15 MPa
68.8 MPa
26