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other to produce more. The company had not improved the working
conditions for this experiment and
the company was not ready to analyse cause effect relationships. But, a
general observation was made
to know about an individual behaviour and the impact of group behaviour on
the individual behaviour.
Under this experiment, workers have decided their target by themselves. The
company target
was more than the target fixed by the workers. However, the workers have
failed to achieve the target
due to the following reasons.
Unemployment problem
Unduly high standard
Protection of slow workers
Satisfaction of management
This experiments helped to arrive at the following conclusion:
An informal relationship is responsible for deciding the human behaviour.
The counseling was helpful in resolving management employee
conflicts.
The existence of informal organization is quite common in all
organization.
The group had fixed standard output of their own only because of social
pressure.
1.10. 3. Modern approach to management
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Modern approach represents latest developments, which took place after
1950. This
approach can be studied in the following four phases namely,
Quantitative approach, System
approach, Contingent approach and Attributes of excellence.
1.10.3.1. Quantitative Approach
This approach also known as management science approach, has been
developed during 1950.
It is based on the approach of scientific management. It offers systematic
and scientific analysis and
solution to the problems faced by managers. The quantitative approach aims
at achieving high degree of
precision, perfection and objectivity by encouraging the use of mathematical
and statistical tools for
solving complex problems. These quantitative decision making tools are
known as Operations
Research like LPP, Simulation, queuing theory and game theory etc It also
implies use of computeraided
technology in various fields like production, finance, costing, transporting
and storage etc In
The system may be broadly classified into four categories. They are as
follows
Physical system
Mechanical system
Biological system
Social systems.
Physical systems are the part and parcel of the nature or sub-system, of it
totally governed and
regulated by the nature. For example, solar system, seasons and rivers, etc
Mechanical systems refer to those devices, which are based on technology.
These systems have
been innovated by human beings for their betterment but are totally closed
systems in nature, as they do
not interact with external environment such as machines, motorcars,
electronic appliances and consumer
durables etc
Biological systems are those systems, which regulate and control existence
and survival of all
living species, human and plants are good examples of biological systems.
Social systems may be defined as systems, which have been developed by
human being to
facilitate co-operative working to overcome the problem of isolation and
desolation. All kinds of small
and big formal and informal and economic and non economic organizations
are examples of social
systems.
1.10.3.3. Contingency Approach
Contingency approach, though related to system approach, represents
comparatively new line of
thinking among management scientists. This approach basically aims at
attempting to take a step away
from universal application of managerial principles a recommending that the
application of these
principles is subject to appropriateness of the situation. It is a systematic
attempt to determine package
of management technique, approaches and practices which are appropriate
in specific situation.
The contingency approach offers following guidelines for the managers.
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Contingency approach is situation oriented urging upon the managers to
study, analyse
and diagnose the situation. It is to be done in terms of components variables
of the situation and
external factors affecting the situation.
Subsequently, after the analysis of the situation, the managers are
expected to prepare
3 Scope
It is concerned with the
determination of major objectives
and policies
It is concerned with the
implementation of policies
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4 Level It is a mainly a top-level function It is largely a middle and
lower- level function
5
Influence Administrative decisions are
influenced mainly by public
opinion and other outside forces.
Managerial decisions are
influenced mainly by
objectives and policies of
the organization
6 Direction of human
efforts
It is not directly concerned with
the direction of human efforts
It is actively concerned
with the direction of human
efforts in the execution of
plans
7 Main function Planning and control are the main
functions involved in it
Directing and organizing
are the main functions
involved in it.
8 Skills required Conceptual & human skills Technical and human skills
9 Usage Used largely in government and
public sector
Used mainly in business
organizations
10 Examples
Minister, Commander,
Commissioner, Registrar, viceChancellor, Governor etc
Managing Director,
General Manager, Sales
Manager, Branch Manager
etc
1.12. Management as a Science or an art
1.12.1. Management as a Science
Science is not only using the test tube or the lab coat, but also they are
implicit in the method of
inquiry used by a discipline for gathering data. We can call it as a discipline,
as it is a scientific on the
following grounds:
1. Methods of inquiry are systematic and empirical;
2. Information can be gathered, recorded and analysed; and
3. Results are cumulative and communicable.
Systematic means the recorded and analyzed data or being ordered and
unbiased. All scientific
information collected as raw data and finally ordered and analysed with the
help of statistical tools. It
thus becomes communicable and intellectual. Communication of results also
permits repetition of the