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Chapter 2
Laws of Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law: Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless it is acted on by
an external force to change its state. This law
a.
explains inertia
b.
defines force
Newton's Second Law: The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
external force acting on it and change takes place in the direction of the force. This law
a.
b.
ur
ur
ur
ur
dp
For a body of mass M moving with velocity v we have r Ma Where a is instantaneous acceleration of
dt
centre of mass of body, where M is called inertial mass.
Points to Remember
ur
r
r r
Fdt I is called impulse. I d p, the change in momentum.
ur
r
In case M varies we cannot write F M a . At very high velocities, very near to the velocity of light, M
ur
r
ur
r
varies considerably with velocity. In such a case F dp / dt is valid but F Ma is not valid (only when u
is comparable with c)
The same force produces accelerations a1 and a2 when acted on two different bodies separately. If the
same force acts on the combined mass of those two bodies, it moves with acceleration a then a =
v1
a1a 2
a1 a 2
is
M
t
v2
A jet of water of density d from a tube of area of cross section, A comes out with a velocity v. Then
a.
b.
c.
If the water travelling horizontally strikes a vertical wall normally and then flows down along the
wall, the normal force exerted on the wall is dAv2.
d.
In the above case if water rebounds with the same speed, force exerted on the wall is 2dAv 2.
e.
In the above case if water strikes the surface at angle with the normal and reflects with the same
speed, force exerted on the wall in 2dAv2 cos .
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
(ii)
(iii) Time taken to reach the bottom will be t (2l / g sin ) 2 (2l 2 / gh) 2 (2h /g sin 2 )1/ 2
1 2h
sin g
1
2
t1 sin 2
.
t 2 sin 1
If angle of inclination is changed keeping the length constant then the ratio of times to reach the bottom in
sin 2
t
the two cases are related to each other as : 1
t 2 sin 1
1/ 2
acceleration a,
ur M M ur
uu
r 2M M ur
2
1 2
a 1
g and T
g
M1 M 2
M1 M 2
(ii)
r
f
f g , then
ur M M 2 ur ur
uu
r 2M1M 2 ur ur
a 1
( g f ) and T
(g f )
M1 M 2
M1 M 2
F
a
.
m1 m 2 m3
As is clear from figure.
Force on m1 is F1 = F, force on m2 is F2
Force on m3 is F3
-21-
m3 F
m1 m 2 m3
(m 2 m3 )F
(m1 m 2 m3 )
When three masses placed on a smooth horizontal table are connected with strings and mass m1 is pulled
with a force F1, common acceleration produced is
F1
(m1 m 2 m3 )
Force on m1 is F = F1
(m 2 m 3 )F1
Force on m2 due to m1 is F2
m1 m 2 m3
Force on m3 due to m2 is F3
m
F
m3 F1
m1 m 2 m3
R2
R1
m2 gsin
m1 sin
m2 gcos m1 cos
T
(v)
m1g
m1m 2 g
and T
m1 m 2
m1 m 2
and T =
m1 m 2 sin g
m2g
sin
mg
mg
2
2 cos
a
mg
1
m1 m 2
m1 m 2 1 sin g
m1 m 2
Friction
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
F o r c e o f f r ic tio n
f m ax
fk
S m o o th m o tio n
fs
F o r c e a p p lie d , F
The variation of force of friction with the applied force is shown in the graph when any block is moving over
another surface. When the block is at rest, the force of static friction is equal to the force applied. It then reaches
a maximum value at A. Once the motion starts, a smaller force is required for maintaining the motion. It is due
to surface irregularities at molecular scales with the result that even a highly polished surface has irregularities.
It results in producing interlocking of uneven surfaces. Once there is smooth motion of a body, the friction is
less than the maximum force of static friction or limiting friction.
Points to Remember
The direction of friction between two bodies always opposite to their relative velocities.
The angle between the normal reaction and the resultant of limiting friction and normal reaction is called
the angle of friction and is denoted by .
F
tan fr
N
Ffr
Ffr =
Frictional force
or = tan
()
If a body of mass m is placed on an inclined plane which is gradually moved upwards, then the body just
starts sliding down at a certain angle of inclination . called angle of repose. tan =
When < , the body is in equilibrium and does not slide. If > , the body starts sliding down with an
acceleration.
If R denotes the magnitude of resultant contact force N denotes the normal reaction and f denotes the
friction force then N f < R < N + f
If a body of mass M is static under the action of a force F applied horizontally parallel to the floor then Mg
F Mg
1 2 .
When a body is allowed to slide down a rough inclined plane its acceleration is given by
a = g sin g cos ,
Frame of Reference
Any coordinate system with respect to which the motion of a body can be described. They are of two types
(i) Inertial frame (Non accelerating): In this type of frame the acceleration of a body is only caused by actual or
real forces hence while applies Newton's second law we consider only real forces i.e., Freal ma net
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(ii)
Non Inertial frame (Accelerating and Rotating frame): Those frame in which Newtons law can not be
applied as it is but required a little modification and hence the equation of acceleration can be written as
r
r
r
r
r
r
Fpseudo Freal ma net ,where a net = acceleration as observed by non inertial frame, where Fpseudo ma
r
where a is acceleration of non inertial frame.
Points to Remember
Inertial frames of reference move with uniform velocity relative to each other.
Observers in all inertial frames, measure the same acceleration for a given object but might measure
different velocities.
Earth by definition is a non-inertial frame, because of the rotation about its axis and revolution around the
sun. However in many applications it can be approximated to an inertial frame because acceleration of the
earth due to its rotation and revolution is negligible.
Pseudo Force: Force acting on an object relative to an observer in a non-inertial frame, without any
interaction with any other object of the universe. Pseudo force examples are Centrifugal force, deflection of
pendulum relative to accelerating car, gain or loss of weight experienced in an accelerating elevator etc.
Here a = g cot .
A pendulum is suspended from the roof a moving car.
(Accelerating Trolley)
(Retarding Trolly)
a) If the car is moving with uniform velocity, the position of the bob does not change
b) If the car moves with acceleration or retardation, the bob moves in opposite direction to that of
acceleration. For the equilibrium of bob, tan = a/g
A person of mass M climbs up a rope with acceleration a. The tension in the rope will be M(g+a)
If the person slips down along the rope with acceleration a, the tension in the rope will be M(ga)
Motion of two bodies, one resting on the other
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(A) When a body A of mass m is resting on a body B of mass M and a force F is applied on A as shown in
figure, three cases arise
(i)
F
, aB 0
m
m
A
F
B
(ii)
s (mg)
(iii) When F > friction force, the two bodies will move in the direction of applied force, but with different
accelerations. Force of dynamic friction, fk = k mg
This causes the motion of B.
f K Ma B a B
f k k mg
M
M
For motion of A, F fk = ma
F f k
aA
(B) When a force F is applied to the lower body, as shown in figure, three cases arise :
(i)
mF
(m M)
s mg.
F r ic tio n le s s
a A k g
F fk = MaB
aB
F f k (F k mg)
M
M
*****
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A
B
Exercise - I
Multiple choice questions with only ONE option correct
1.
A body of mass 5 kg is accelerated from rest to 60 m/s in 1 s. What force (in newton) acts on it
(a)
2.
5 60
(b)
(5/60) 981
(c)
602 52
A particle is acted upon by two mutually perpendicular forces of 3 N and 4 N. In order that the particle
remains stationary, the magnitude of the third force that should be applied is
(a)
3.
12 N
(b)
5N
(c)
8N
(d) 7 N
The pendulum hanging from the ceiling of a railway carriage makes an angle 30 with the vertical when it
is accelerating. The acceleration of the carriage is
3
g
2
(a)
4.
(b)
2
3
(c)
(d)
g
3
A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass m. If a force P is
applied at the free end of the rope, the force exerted by the rope on the block will be
(a)
5.
(b)
Pm
M m
(c)
PM
(M m)
(d)
Pm
(M m)
A man sitting on the top berth in a train compartment which is just going to stop on a railway station. The
mass drops an apple aiming at the open hand of his friend sitting vertically below his hand at a distance of
about 2 m. The apple will fall
(a)
(b)
Slightly away from the hand of this friend in the direction of motion of the train
(c)
Slightly away from the hand of his friend in the direction opposite to the direction of
motion of the train
not fall
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
/g
(d) Mg/m
g/
m1
m2
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
m2 g
m1 m2
(b)
m2 m1
g
m1 m2
(c)
(m2 m1 )
g
m1 m2
(d)
m2 m1
g
m1 m2
mg respectively.
2m
F1 = 2mg
m
F2 = mg
(A)
(B)
(C)
A block can slide on a smooth inclined plane of inclination kept on the floor of lift. When the lift is
descending with retardation a, the acceleration of the block relative to the incline is
(a)
10.
(g +a) sin
(b)
(g a)
(c)
a1 + a2 + 2a3 = 0
(b)
a1 + a2 = 2a3
(c)
a1 + a2 + a3
g sin
(d) (g a) sin
a1
a2
m1
m2
(d) a1 + a2 + a3 = 0
a3
11.
12.
When a force of constant magnitude always acts perpendicular to the motion of a particle then
(a)
velocity is constant
(b)
(c)
speed is constant
15
4
(2)
1
15
(3)
16
15
(4)
15
16
A smooth right-angled wedge of mass M is placed on a perfectly smooth horizontal surface. The wedge is
given an acceleration a to the right horizontally such that a cart of mass m with smooth wheels placed on
its sloping face (of slope angle ) does not roll up or down. The value of a is given by
(1)
-27-
acceleration is constant
A body of mass m takes 4 times as much time to slide down a 45 rough incline as it takes to slide down a
perfectly smooth 45 incline, then the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and incline will be
(1)
13.
m3
mgsin
M
(2)
mg sin
(M m)
(3)
g tan
(4)
g sin
14.
Two blocks of masses 3 kg and 2 kg are attached to the ends of a string passing over a smooth pulley fixed
to the ceiling of the elevator. A man inside the elevator finds the acceleration of the system to be
16.
17.
downward (2)
upward
(3)
20
downward
(4)
20
. The
upward
T
M
45
3/4
(4)
1/4
For a car taking a turn on a horizontal surface, let N 1 and N2 be the normal reactions of the road on the
inner and outer wheels respectively.
(1)
N1 is always greater than N2
(2)
N2 is always greater than N1
(3)
N1 is always equal to N2
(4)
Either (1) or (2) depending on the speed of the car and the radius of curvature of the road
A car of mass 500 kg accelerates at 1 m/s 2 when the force due to the engine is
600 N. The average frictional force on the car is
(a)
18.
600 N
(b)
500 N
(c)
200 N
(d) 100 N
A small mass of 0.2 kg is whirled round in horizontal circle at the end of a string of length
0.5 m at a constant angular speed of 4 rad/s. The tension in the string is
(a)
19.
0.2 N
(b)
1.6 N
(c)
0.8 N
(d) 1.0 N
(b)
(c)
the force on the car is towards the centre and its magnitude mv2/r
(d) the force on the car is outwards from the centre and its magnitude is mv2/r
20.
21.
(a)
(b)
g cos
(c)
g tan
(d) g cot
A 30 kg block rests on a rough horizontal surface. A force of 200 N is applied on it. The block acquires a
speed of 6 m/s in 2 second, starting from rest. What is the value of coefficient of friction
(a)
22.
3
10
(b)
3
10
(c)
11
30
(d)
7
30
A certain moment of time velocity of A is 2m/sec upwards and velocity of B is 2m/sec. upwards then
the velocity of C (masses of pulleys & strings are negligible).
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
A
B
C
23.
(1)
2m/sec downwards
(3)
6 m/sec downwards
A block of mass m is placed at the top of a
24.
g sin
sec (2)
l
g
cos
l
(3)
g
cot
l cos
(4)
g
sin
l
Two identical frictionless and massless pulleys are arranged separately as shown in figure (i) and (ii).
Assuming that the string has negligible mass, the acceleration of mass m, in the two cases will be
3m
3 /2 m
3 /2 m
m
m
(i)
(1)
(3)
25.
26.
(ii)
(2) More in case (i) than in case (ii)
(4) The same in the two cases and equal to g
-29-
mv02
R
(2)
mv02 cos 2
R
30
(4) 8 m/s2
v0
(3)
27.
30.
0.25
(2)
0.40
4m
m
(3)
0.50
(4)
none of these
A flexible chain of weight w hangs between two fixed points A & B at the same level. The inclination of
the chain with the horizontal at the two points of support is . Then the tension of the chain at the end
point will be
(1)
29.
(4) mg
28.
mv02 sin 2
R
w
sec
2
(2)
w cos
(3)
w
sin
3
M
10 N
(2)
(3)
15 3 / 2 N
(4) 15 N
5 3N
The system shown in figure is released from rest. The spring gets
elongated
(1)
if M > m
(2)
if M > 2m
(3)
if M > m/2
(4)
for any value of M
w
cos ec
2
(4)
B
O
******
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
Exercise - II
More than one Correct
1. A body is kept on a smooth inclined plane having an inclination of 1 in x. Then
(a) slope of inclined plane is
(b) slope of inclined plane is
1
x
1
x - 1
2
(c) for the body of mass m to remain stationary relative to the incline, the incline must offer a normal
reaction mg
x - 1
2
(d) for the body to remain stationary relative to the incline, the incline must be given a horizontal
acceleration of
x - 1
2
2. Two masses of 10 kg and 20 kg are connected by a light spring as shown in the figure. A force of 200N acts
on a 20 kg mass as shown in the figure. At a certain instant the acceleration of 10 kg mass is 12 ms2
F - fy - Mg
fs
2s
F - Mg when it has been raised through a distance S.
M
2
Matrix Match
1.
In the diagram shown in the figure, all pulleys are smooth and massless and strings are light match the
following
Column I
Column II
(A)
1 kg block
(B)
2 kg block
(C) 3 kg block
(D) 4 kg block
(s) 5 m/sec2
(t) 10 m/sec2
2.
A block of mass m is thrown upwards with some initial velocity as shown on the block :
Column I
Column II
(A)
(p)
zero
(B)
(q)
m (g sin + g cos )
(r)
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(s)
Numerical Grading
1.
The elevator shown in the figure is descending with an acceleration of 2 m/sec. The mass of the block A is
0.5 kg. What force is exerted by the block A on the block B?
2.
Calculate the tension in the string shown in the figure. The pulley and the string are light and all surfaces
are frictionless. Take g = 10 m/s2
If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b)
If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
(c)
1.
Smooth walls can not hold the block by pressing the block against the wall, however high the force is
exerted.
2.
A : The third law of motion concludes that the forces occur in pairs of action and reaction
R:
3.
4.
A : The driver in a vehicle moving with constant speed on a straight road is in a non-inertial frame of
reference.
R:
5.
2.
The frames in which Newtons law can be applied is called the ______.
3.
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4.
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
Passage 2
In the systems shown in figure (A), (B), (C) and (D) the scales of the springs are calibrated in newton.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Assume that Pulleys are massless and frictionless, String are massless and Surface in figure (D) is frictionless
(g = 10m/s2)
1.
2.
45 N
(c)
60 N
(d) 22.5 N
90 N
(b)
62.5 N
(c)
55 N
(d) 75 N
(c)
15 N
(d) 22.5 N
(c)
15 N
(d) 22. 5 N
4.
(b)
3.
30 N
30 N
(b)
45 N
30 N
(b)
45 N
Passage 3
(A)
(B)
(C)
Four system of pulley string constraints are shown in figure (A), (B), (C) and (D) respectively.
-35-
(D)
1.
In figure (A), if a1, a2 and a3 are the accelerations of masses m1, m2 and m3 respectively, then the correct
constraint relation is given by
(a)
2.
4.
5.
a1 a2 a3 0 (c)
T1 = T2 + (m + m2) g
(b)
T1 = 2T2
a1 a2 2a3 0
(d)
2a1 a2 a3 0
(c)
(d) T1 = T2
(c)
m1 g
4 m1 + m2
(d)
m1 g
m1 + m2
(c)
m1 g
4 m1 + m2
(d)
2m1 g
m1 + 4m2
400 N
(d) 300 N
6.
(b)
3.
a1 a2 a3 0
600 N
(b)
500 N
(c)
(a)
5.6 m/s2
(b)
5.0 m/s2
(c)
3.3 m/s2
*****
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
Answers
Exercise - I
Only One Option is correct
1.
(a)
2.
(b)
6.
(b)
7.
(d)
11. (c)
12.
()
16. (b)
17.
(d)
21. (c)
22.
(c)
26. (b)
27.
(c)
3.
8.
13.
18.
23.
28.
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(d)
4.
9.
14.
19.
24.
29.
(c)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
30.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(d)
Exercise - II
More than one correct
1.
(b, c, d)
2.
(b, c, d)
3.
(a, c, d)
4.
(a, c)
5.
(a, d)
3.
(a)
4.
(d)
5.
(d)
2.
4.
Inertial frame
Newtons second law.
5.
(a)
Matrix Match
1.
(A r, t), (B p), (C q), (D q, s)
2.
Numerical Grading
1.
4N
2.
(b)
2.
5N
(c)
Passage-1
1.
3.
Law of inertia
Inertial frame; non-inertial frame.
Passage-2
1.
(c)
Passage-3
1.
(c)
6.
(d)
-37-
2.
(d)
3.
(a)
4.
(c)
2.
(b)
3.
(a)
4.
(d)