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CONTENTS..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................2
Chapter I Gerund as Non-Finite Forms of the verb....................................................4
1.1 Gerund as non-finite form of the verb.....................................................................6
1.1.1
History......................................................................................................9
1.1.2
INTRODUCTION
English grammar has been thoroughly studied by grammarians from different
countries: Crystal, D., Idem, Thomson, A.J., Fowel,W.S.,(The UK), Melenciuc D.,
(Moldova), Paidos M., Levichi, L., Nicolescu, A. (Romnia), D.Bloch,
Kaushanskaya, Ganshina M.A, Vasilevskaya, Gordon E.M., Krylova I.P.(Russia) etc.
In addition, their valuable contribution to this science is manifested through a
treatment of a particular part of it from the point of view of contrasting it with their
mother tongue counterpart. There have been revealed many disputable theories
regarding the Gerund. The non-finite forms of verb appear in the works of different
grammarians under diverse names. Thus, Bloch names them verbids,
Kaushanskaya, Gordon, Melenciuc etc. verbals. In this paper we will use the term
verbals.
The consideration of the English verbals in their mutual comparison, puts
forwards some points of structure and function worthy of special notice. The central
point of our analysis will be the very lexico-grammatical identification of Gerund and
its reference with functions, which it bears.
The ground for raising this problem is quite substantial due to Gerund duality.
Appeal is naturally made to the alternating use of the possessive and the commonobjective nounal element in the role of the subject of Gerund (mostly observed in
carious object positions of the sentence).
The purpose of the course paper is to analyze the syntactical functions of Gerund in
English. The objects for analysis are the examples with Gerund from the literary
works David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, The Moon and Sixpence by W.
Somerset Maugham, and The Myth of the Blue Train by Agatha Christie.
The element of investigating the respective problem consists in establishing and
explaining in a detailed and clear way the means and practical use of its functions in
English. The methods of research to be used in this paper are analysis, synthesis and
comparison.
This course paper consists of two chapters.
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Chapter I comprises two subchapters that deal with general characteristic of Gerund
as non-finite forms of the verb. They represent a theoretical approach to lexicogrammatical properties of Gerund.
Chapter II includes the functions and syntactical characteristics of Gerund.
Eg.: I can't stand his criticizing artistic works that are beyond his competence.
(T-verbal ->He is criticizing artistic works. T-nounal His criticism of artistic
works.)
Besides combining with the possessive noun-subject, the verbal ing-form can
also combine with the noun-subject in the common case or its objective
pronominal equivalent.
E.g.: I read in yesterday's paper about the hostages having been released.
This gerundial use as presenting very peculiar features of categorial
mediality will be discussed after the treatment of the participle.
The formal sign of the gerund is wholly homonymous with that of the present
participle: it is the suffix -ing added to its grammatically (categorially) leading
element.
Like the infinitive, the gerund is a categorially changeable (variable,
demutative) form; it distinguishes the two grammatical categories, sharing them
with the finite verb and the present participle, namely, the aspective category
of retrospective coordination (perfect in opposition), and the category of voice
(passive in opposition). Consequently, the categorial paradigm of the gerund of the
objective verb includes four forms: the simple active, the perfect active; the
simple passive, the perfect passive.
E.g.: taking having taken being taken having been taken.
The gerundial paradigm of the non-objective verb, correspondingly, includes
two forms.
E.g.: going having gone.
The perfect forms of the gerund are used, as a rule, only in semantically strong
positions, laying special emphasis on the meaningful categorial content of the
form.
1.1.1 History
The gerund is a descendant of the Old English verbal noun and the present
participle; hence its double nature and its noun and verb characteristics.
In the Old English period the verbal noun had the endings -ing, -ing; in
Middle English the ending was -ing(e). The present participle in Old English had the
ending -ende which in Middle English was replaced by -inge as the result of a
confusion of constructions with the verbal noun and the participle. .Thus the verbal
noun and the participle became merged into one form ing(e), the modern ing. As
the result of the blending of the two forms, the verbal noun in -ing began to develop
verbal characteristics under the influence of the participle. In constructions where in
Middle English and in Early Modern English the verbal noun, like any other noun,
was preceded by the definite article and followed by the preposition of (He thanked
him for the saving of his life. Compare: He thanked him for the preservation of his
life.), the article as well as the preposition of were gradually dropped, the ing-form
taking the noun following as its direct object (He thanked him for saving his life),
thus crystallizing into a new form, the gerund. The following example; show the
gradual transition from the verbal noun to the gerund; the ing-noun still retains the
article, but the preposition has already disappeared:
E.g.:
Later on the gerund, becoming more and more verbal, developed tense
distinctions and the passive voice, and preserving still its syntactical characteristics of
a noun assumed largely the dynamic force of a verb.
The gerund has both verb and noun characteristics.[4:268]
1.1.2
Word derived from a verb stern by the suffix ing may be used in variety of
meanings and functions, according to the context in which they occur. In the first
place, such words may be used as Verbal Nouns, i.e. as nouns with a verbal meaning.
Reading and writing are nowadays widespread acquirements;
Im fond of smoking.
In addition to its verbal meaning, such a form in -ing may have verbal function: it
may take an object or be qualified by an adverb.
I am fond of smoking a pipe.
Noun in ing with verbal meaning, or with verbal meaning and functions
combined, are called Gerund.
In group like:
A human being, the Chrysler Building, and the former being synonymous with house
or edifice such noun are not called Gerunds.[14]
Gerund has Verbal Characteristics:
A Grammar Category of Time and Voice.
Active voice
Gerund:
I enjoy learning English.
Perfect Gerund:
He denies having taken the books.
Passive Voice
Gerund:
He cant stand being interrupted.
Perfect Gerund:
The safe showed no signs of having touched.
Perfect Gerund is used more rarely than Gerund, it especially appears after verb
deny.
He denies having seen her.
With other verbs as: to remember, excuse, forgive, thank and after prepositions:
on, after, without, the report of priority can be expressed also by the Gerund.
I cant remember doing this exercise before.
Usage of Gerund
I. after prepositions, such as: after, before, by for, from, on, etc., which show relation
of tense, cause, mod, etc.
On waking up, he found himself in a hospital ward.
Read your paper again before handing it in.
Youll get ticket for parking here.
She keeps healthy by keeping a strict diet
II. after parts of speech, which are followed obligatorily by certain prepositions:
a) Noun with obligatorily preposition: - doubt + about;
Cause, reason +for;
Belief, confidence, delight, experience, faith, interest, luck, pride + in;
Charge, favor, habit, hope, intention, opportunity + of;
Contribution, objection, opposition + to; etc.
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IV. After transitive verbs: admit, avoid, consider, deny, detest, dislike, escape,
fancy, finish, fie up, cannot help, keep (on), don t mind, miss, postpone, practice, put
off reset, risk, cannot stand, stop, suggest, etc.
E.g.:
VI. After the verbs, which show a process: to plan, try, undertake; beginning: to
begin; duration: to continue; or the end of action: to cease, in alternation with
Infinitive.
E.g.:
started
They
The Long Infinitive and the Gerund has same nounal and verbal common
characteristics, because they can:
c)have
Subject: I want you to go first.
I cant stand Torn interrupting me all the time;
Direct Object: I intend to read this tomorrow.
I remember spending a holiday with them.
Adverbial: We want to go to the theatre. He had the benefit of studying at a
University.
d) be the same functions in sentence:
Subject, Predicative: To see her, is to like her.
Seeing is believing.
Direct Object: I have to swim in to the sea.
I love swimming.
Prepositional Attribute: He has no desire to go.
He has no intention of going.
Gerund versus Verbal Noun
The verbal noun
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It is known that the gerund has the same ending ing similar to the verbal noun. Let
us point out differences between the gerund and the verbal noun and give some
instances in order to make cited points comprehensive.[4:276]
The main points of difference are as follows:
Like all verbals the gerund has a double character nominal and verbal.
The verbal noun has only a nominal character.
The Gerund is not used with an article.
The verbal noun may be used with article.
The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of
bureaucrats.
I want you to give my hair a good brushing.
The Gerund has no plural form.
The verbal noun may be used in the plural.[4:276]
Our likings are regulated by our circumstance.
The Gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object.
He received more and more and more letters, so many that he had given
up reading them.
A verbal noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the
preposition of. [4:277]
Mean while Gwendolen was rallying her nerves to the reading to the
paper.
The gerund may be modified by an adverb.
Drinking, even temperately, was a sin.
The verbal noun may be modfied by an adjective. [4:277]
He took a good scolding about cladding Sid.
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In this construction the relation between the noun (or pronoun) and the gerund is that
of a secondary object and secondary predicate his arriving. Such a construction may
have the function of a complex subject, predicative, object, attribute, etc. [5:116]
E.g.: The boys (his) arriving so late was a surprise. (complex subject.)
"I have no objection to your nursing him." (complex direct object.)
She wondered at his caring for things like that... (complex prepositional object)
There was little likelihood of his meeting anybody at that tune. (complex
attribute.)
How did you get our without his seeing you? (complex Adverbial modifier.)
A gerundial complex used as subject is often introduced by an anticipatory it:
E.g.:
It was quite unexpected his coming back so soon. It is not worth while your
I remember my brother-in-law oing for a short sea trip once for the benefit
oi his health.
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On Mr. Brown calling to him to come in, he found himself in a little room...
You must forgive me coming at such an hour... The umbrella strained and
pulled and I felt us driving along with it.
The ing-form when preceded by a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the
objective case has a function intermediate between that of participle I and the gerund.
E.g.:
On the one hand this construction is closely connected in meaning with the
gerundial construction I rely on Johns (his) doing it in time: on the other hand it
reminds is of the participle construction (Accusative with the Participle): [5:117]
E.g.:
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It ends in ing as well all gerunds do. Here, it functions as the subject of the
sentence, and when the subject of the sentence is a gerundial phrase, it is the
sometimes placed after the predicate. Then the sentence begins with the anticipatory
it.
E.g.:
Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a
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of Don Manuel...
b) Direct Object
E.g.:
E.g.:
I cannot blame him for taking step, which was forced upon him by
circumstances
I never ceased to be fascinated by their persistence in eating buttered
He put forward the ridiculous argument that there was nothing more
disgraceful in baking bead than in plugging a barren field or pressing olives.
3.3 Predicative functions of Gerund
Basically, the rest of the sentences or clauses other than the subject; it usually has
a verb, and thus indicates some action, but may have other functions such as
modifying the subjects.
E.g.:
E.g.:
On the other hand, Don Manuel had never communicated with them
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E.g.:
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute
but relative.
3.4 Gerund functions as an Adverbial Modifier
Without modifiers, sentences would be no fun to read. Carefully chosen, well
placed modifiers allow your writing to express your unique slang on the situation you
are capturing with words.
The Gerund that syntactically appears as Adverbial Modifier of Manner
As an adverbial modifier of manner the Gerund is used with the prepositions by or in
E.g.:
.. . without thinking she slithered down the stair on her backside, helping
herself....
He seldom comes without bringing them anything, and soon they were
able to eat meat every day that the Church allowed it.
As adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for.
E.g.:
E.g.:
He has no right to come bothering you and father without being invited.
As an adverbial modifier of cause, the Gerund is used with the prepositions for, for
fear of owing to.
E.g.:
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself
E.g.:
Participle
In addition, it may be met as Participle and Noun with function of Adverbial
ModfIer of Manner and Direct Object.
E.g.:
E.g.:
. .. she knew no other may to amuse the sick girl than by telling her the
E.g.:
E.g.:
E.g.:
E.g.:
The above examples show that the Gerund preceded by one and the same
preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may
perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of
condition; with the preposition in, it may perform the function of an adverbial
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modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may perform the
function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause.
Strove protruded his pale round eyes with the effort of hearing
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CONCLUSIONS
The consideration of the English overbids in their mutual comparison,
supported and supplemented by comparing them with their non-verbal counterparts,
puts forward some points of structure and function worth of special notice.
Of special significance for the differential overbid identification purposes the two
different types of conversion: the compared forms are subject to, namely, the nounal
conversion of the Gerund.
After analyzing about 100 examples with Gerund from literary works we have come
to a conclusion that there are:
- Gerund with the syntactical functions of attribute, direct object, indirect
object, predicate.
- Gerund functioning as adverbial modifier of manner
Gerunds, which syntactically are direct objects, are rendered as:
- Noun with the function of direct object
- Verbs with the function of predicate
- Gerunds functioning as adverbial modifiers of manner
Gerunds, which appear as adverbial modifier of manner, are rendered as:
Adverbial modifier of manner
Predicates
Participles
Gerund that syntactically are indirect objects, predicates preserve their function.
It should be mentioned that in the process of using the nounal and verbal
characteristics of the Gerund are subject to changes for example: the semi dynamic
character of the Gerund is transformed into a static character, in most of the cases
when the gerund is rendered by means of a noun.
The consideration also had revealed Participle I with the function of:
Predicate is rendered by means of:
Verb functioning as predicate, direct object, attribute.
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Participle;
Verb;
25
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