TMC 421 PDF

Engineering Manual
Geotechnical
TRACK DRAINAGE
Version 1.2
Issued December 2009
Owner:
Principal Engineer Geotechnical
Approved by: John Stapleton

Group Leader Standards
Civil
Authorised by:
Jee Choudhury
Principal Engineer
Disclaimer
This document was prepared for use on the RailCorp Network only.
RailCorp makes no warranties, express or implied, that compliance with the contents of this document shall be
sufficient to ensure safe systems or work or operation. It is the document users sole responsibility to ensure that the
copy of the document it is viewing is the current version of the document as in use by RailCorp.
RailCorp accepts no liability whatsoever in relation to the use of this document by any party, and RailCorp excludes
any liability which arises in any manner by the use of this document.
Copyright
The information in this document is protected by Copyright and no part of this document may be reproduced, altered,
stored or transmitted by any person without the prior consent of RailCorp
UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED
Page 1 of 82
Engineering Manual
TMC 421
RailCorp Engineering Manual Geotechnical

Track Drainage
TMC 421
Document control
Revision
Date of Approval
Summary of change
1.2
December 2009
1.1
October 2007
C4.2.3.2: change to minimum pipe slope as per ESC 420; C4.6.1

Table 6: deleted details relating to drain slope of 1 in 300,
Flowcharts 2 and 3 updated for change in minimum slope, Form 2
section (f): minor changes to wording; inclusion of Duration
Interpolation Diagram 2.1.
1.0
October 2006
First issue as a RailCorp document. Replaces RTS 3432 and RTS

3433
Changes detailed in chapter revisions
Summary of changes from previous version

Chapter
Current Revision
Control
pages
1.1
Change of format for front page, change history and table of

contents
1.1
Format change only
1.1
Format change only
1.1
Format change only
1.1
Format change; changes to be consistent with ESC 420 V2.0
1.1
Format change only
1.1
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1.1
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App 1
1.1
Format change only
App 2
1.1
Format change only
App 3
1.1
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App 4
1.1
Format change only
App 5
1.1
Format change only
App 6
1.1
New
App 7
1.1
New
Rail Corporation
Summary of change
Page 2 of 82
Version 1.2
Track Drainage
TMC 421
Contents
Chapter 1
C1-1
C1-2
C1-3
C1-4
Chapter 2
C2-1
C2-2
Chapter 3
C3-1
C3-2
C3-3
Chapter 4
C4-1
C4-2
C4-3
C4-4
C4-5
C4-6
C4-7
Chapter 5
C5-1
C5-2
C5-3
C5-4
C5-5
C5-6
C5-7
Chapter 6
C6-1
C6-2
C6-3
C6-4
C6-5
Chapter 7
C7-1
C7-2
C7-3
C7-4
C7-5
Introduction to Manual ............................................................................................................. 4
Purpose....................................................................................................................................... 4
How to read the Manual.............................................................................................................. 4
References.................................................................................................................................. 4
Definitions, abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................................... 4
General Requirements.............................................................................................................. 5
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5
Competencies ............................................................................................................................. 5
Types of Track Drainage .......................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6
Surface Drainage ........................................................................................................................ 6
Subsurface Drainage .................................................................................................................. 8
Design of Track Drainage....................................................................................................... 17
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 17
Design Criteria .......................................................................................................................... 17
Design Investigation.................................................................................................................. 23
Estimation of the Required Drainage System Capacity............................................................ 25
Surface Drain Design................................................................................................................ 27
Subsurface Drain Design .......................................................................................................... 33
Other Design Considerations.................................................................................................... 37
Construction of Track Drainage ............................................................................................ 38
Line and Grade ......................................................................................................................... 38
Site Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 39
Excavation................................................................................................................................. 39
Surface Drain Construction....................................................................................................... 40
Subsurface Drain Construction ................................................................................................. 40
Other Types of Construction ..................................................................................................... 44
Inlets and Outlets ...................................................................................................................... 44
Maintenance of Track Drainage............................................................................................. 46
General ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Surface Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 47
Subsurface Drainage ................................................................................................................ 49
Typical problems and solutions.................................................................................................50
Preparation for Flooding ........................................................................................................... 55
Documentation Requirements............................................................................................... 57
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 57
Review Process ........................................................................................................................ 57
Drawing requirements............................................................................................................... 58
Hydrology/Hydraulic Report requirements................................................................................ 60
External party development discharging onto or through the rail corridor................................ 61
Appendix 1
Flow Charts.............................................................................................................................. 63
Appendix 2
Drainage Design Checklist..................................................................................................... 66
Appendix 3
Design Investigation Form..................................................................................................... 72
Appendix 4
Calculation of Capacity Required Form ............................................................................... 74
Appendix 5
Drawings: Typical Examples ................................................................................................. 78
Appendix 6
Approved Track Drainage Products ..................................................................................... 80
Appendix 7
R Loading Configuration........................................................................................................ 82
Rail Corporation
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Track Drainage
TMC 421
Chapter 1 Introduction to Manual

C1-1
Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to provide a comprehensive guide for the design, construction and
maintenance of effective track drainage.
Regular examination, inspection and routine maintenance of drainage systems is essential in
maintaining the integrity of the track formation, supporting embankments and cuttings.
Neglect of drainage problems will inevitably lead to track problems.
Inspection of track drainage is included in Track Engineering Manual TMC 203.
C1-2
How to read the Manual

When you read this manual, you will not need to refer to RailCorp Engineering Standards.
Any requirements from standards have been included in the sections of the manual and shown
shaded.
The shaded sections in this Manual are extracts from RailCorp Standard ESC 420 Track
Drainage.
Reference is however made to other Manuals.
C1-3
C1-4
References
TMC 203
Installation & Maintenance Manual Track Inspection
TMC 411
Earthworks Manual
AS 3706
Geotextiles Methods of test
AS 3725
Loads on buried concrete pipes
AS 5100
Bridge design
Institution of Engineers
Australia
Australian Rainfall & Runoff 2001
ED 0022P
RailCorp CAD & Drafting Manual All Design Areas
ED 0026P
RailCorp CAD & Drafting Manual Track
ED 0027P
RailCorp CAD & Drafting Manual Bridges & Structures
CV 0400998
Ballast Cage (Lobster Pot) with Removable Lid
CV 0497068
Pipe Culverts Headwalls to Suit Pipes 225-600mm Diameter
CV 0497069
Pipe Culverts Headwalls to Suit Pipes 675-1800mm Diameter
Definitions, abbreviations and acronyms

Cess drain:
located at formation level at the side of the track
Catch drain:
intercepts overland flow or run-off before it reaches the track and related
structures such as cuttings or embankments
Mitre drain:
connected to cess and catch drains to remove water or to provide an

escape for water from these drains
Multiple tracks:
more than 2 tracks
Track drainage:
drainage of the track formation including diversion of water away from

cuttings and embankments
Site supervisor:
a qualified civil engineer or a competent person with delegated engineering

authority for drainage construction.
Rail Corporation
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Track Drainage
TMC 421
Chapter 2 General Requirements

C2-1
Introduction
This manual specifies the design, construction and maintenance requirements for track drainage
systems. It covers drainage of the track formation, supporting embankments and cuttings.
This manual does not cover drainage from platforms, buildings, overbridges, footbridges, airspace
developments, external developments, access roads, roads outside the rail corridor, Council drains
or properties adjacent to the rail corridor.
Track drainage is to be designed to capture water flows calculated in accordance with this manual.
No other drainage is to be discharged into the track drainage system without the approval of the
Chief Engineer Civil.
C2-2
Competencies
The design of track drainage shall only be undertaken by a suitably qualified engineer with
competency in track drainage design and with delegated Engineering Authority for track drainage
design.
The construction of surface and subsurface drainage shall only be carried out under the
supervision of a Site Supervisor.
Rail Corporation
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Track Drainage
TMC 421
Chapter 3 Types of Track Drainage

C3-1
Introduction
Without adequate track drainage, track formation may become saturated leading to weakening and
subsequent failure. Formation failure may be indicated by any of the following; mud pumping up
through the ballast, repeated top and line problems, bog holes, or heaving of the formation.
If the permanent way or track structure is to be maintained at a suitable standard for the passage of
freight or high-speed passenger trains, adequate drainage must be installed in new or upgraded
track, and existing drainage must be maintained so that it works effectively.
Track drainage consists of two types:
C3-2
Surface drainage
Subsurface drainage.
Surface Drainage
Surface drainage removes surface runoff before it enters the track structure, as well as collecting
water percolating out of the track structure.
Basic grading of the ground on either side of the track is a form of surface drainage, and allows
water flowing out of the track structure to be removed.
Shoulder grading may be used in very flat areas where it is difficult to get sufficient fall for either
surface or subsurface drains.
Shoulders graded to fall
away from the track
formation
Figure 1 Typical Track Formation

There are three main types of surface drainage. These are:
Cess drains
Catch drains
Mitre drains.
Figure 2 Surface Drainage Types

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C3-2.1
TMC 421
Cess Drains
Cess drains are surface drains located at formation level at the side of tracks, to remove water that
has percolated through the ballast and is flowing along the capping layer towards the outside of the
track formation. Cess drains are primarily intended for the protection of the formation by keeping
the formation dry.
Cess drains are most frequently found in cuttings where water running off the formation cannot
freely drain away.
C
Cess drain
30
Figure 3 - Cess drain - Typical location

Surface drains can be constructed on fairly flat grades, as they are easily cleared of any sediment
that may collect in them.
C3-2.2
Catch Drains
The purpose of catch drains (also known as top drains) is to intercept overland flow or runoff before
it reaches the track. They reduce the possibility of causing damage to the track or related
structures, such as cuttings or embankments.
Catch drains are generally located on the uphill side of a cutting to catch water flowing down the hill
and remove it prior to reaching the cutting.
If this water was allowed to flow over the cutting face, it may cause excessive erosion and
subsequent silting up of cess drains.
Figure 4 Typical catch drains

Catch drains may be used alongside tracks that cut across a slight downhill grade.
C3-2.3
Mitre Drains
Mitre drains are connected to cess and catch drains to provide an escape for water from these
drains. Mitre drains should be provided at regular intervals to remove water before it slows down
and starts to deposit any sediment that it may be carrying.
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Figure 5 - Mitre drains
C3-3
Subsurface Drainage
Subsurface drainage is necessary for maintaining the integrity of the track formation and ensuring
the stability of earth slopes.
Subsurface drainage is used for:
drainage of the track structure
controlling of ground water
the draining of slopes.
Subsurface drainage shall be provided in locations where the water table is at or near earthworks
level.
Subsurface drainage shall be provided along the cess, between, across, or under tracks as
required.
Advice should be sought from the Principal Geotechnical Engineer before designing and installing
sub-surface drainage.
Subsurface drainage systems shall be designed to take surface runoff, ground water and seepage,
and water collected from other drainage systems to which the new system is being connected.
Most systems will only have to cater for surface runoff.
If a drainage system is required to remove ground water and seepage, a detailed hydrological and
geotechnical investigation is required to determine the volume of water for the sizing of drains.
The volume of water from other systems is determined from the outlet capacity of that system.
Subsurface drains are used where adequate surface drainage cannot be provided due to some
restriction or lack of available fall due to outlet restrictions. Locations where these circumstances
may occur are:
Platforms
Cuttings
Junctions
Multiple tracks
Bridges
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C3-3.1
TMC 421
Functions of Subsurface Drains

Subsurface drainage systems perform the following functions:

Collection of infiltration water that seeps into the formation (capping layer), as shown in
Figure 6.
Draw-down or lowering of the watertable, as illustrated in Figure 7.
Interception or cut-off of water seepage along an impervious boundary, as illustrated in

Figure 8.
Drainage of local seepage such as spring inflow, as shown in Figure 9.
Rainfall
30
Capping layer
Collector drains
Figure 6 - Collection of water seeping into the ballast structure.

Original ground level
Cutting slope
Original
watertable
30
Draw-down drain
Watertable
Draw-down drain
Figure 7 - Lowering the watertable.
Rail Corporation
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TMC 421
Geotextile
Seepage Zone
Aggregate Filter
Slotted Pipe
Type 1: Aggregate, geotextile and slotted pipe drain
Trench backfilled
with excavated
material
Geotextile drain
Seepage Zone
Slotted Pipe
Type 2: Geotextile drain
Figure 8 - Interception and cutoff of seepage water.
Cutting face
Connecting to either
ditch or pipe drain
Plan showing location of seepage drains
Geotextile
Aggregate
Slotted pipe
Slotted pipe
Section A-A
A
C
20
Section A-A - Seepage drain
Figure 9 - Drainage of local seepage.
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C3-3.2
TMC 421
Types of Subsurface Drains

Subsurface drains normally used for track drainage can be classified into three types according to
their location and geometry:
Longitudinal drain (Figure 10).
Transverse drain (Figure 11).
Drainage blankets (Figure 12).
Sump
Cutting
Up track
Down track
Longitudinal drain
Catch Drain
Capping layer
Aggregate
Geotextile
Slotted pipe
Section A-A
Figure 10 - Typical longitudinal drain arrangement.

C
Geotextile if
required
Side of
excavation
Compacted fill
Rock protection for pipe

outlet
Free draining rockfill
Slotted pipe
Figure 11 - Typical transverse drain.
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TMC 421
Geotextile
Drainage blanket
Spall protection
Figure 12 - Typical drainage blanket.

Two other types of subsurface drainage are:
Horizontal drains (Figure 13).
Vertical drains (Figure 13).
Unstable soil
Excavation
Embankment
Watertable
Permeable blanket
Horizontal drain
Vertical well drains
Figure 13 - Typical horizontal and vertical drain arrangement.

Horizontal and vertical drains are more specialised and are seldom used for track drainage.
Horizontal drains are generally used to drain wet soils and speed consolidation of earth structures.
Vertical drains may also be used to speed consolidation. Another type of vertical drain is used to
drain water from behind retaining walls or bridge abutments.
C3-3.3
Subsurface Drain Material Types

Subsurface drains may also be classified according to the materials used in the drain. For example:
Aggregate drains
Pipe drains
Geotextile drains
A combination of the above.
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C3-3.3.1
TMC 421
Aggregate Drains
These drains consist of permeable granular material. The aggregate should be coarse enough to
be free draining, but not so coarse as to allow the migration of fines into or through the permeable
material. The graded aggregate is to be wrapped in a geotextile (Figure 14).
Graded aggregate
Subsoil
Geotextile filter
Figure 14 - Cross-section of an aggregate drain.
C3-3.3.2
Pipe Drains
These consist of perforated or slotted pipes, installed by trenching and backfilling. Some type of
filter material around the pipe or permeable backfill is normally required to minimise clogging of the
drain perforations or slots (see Figures 15, 16 & 17).
Graded aggregate
Impervious
Subsoil
Geotextile filter
Slotted pipe
Figure 15 - Cross-section of a typical subsoil drain used in impervious soil (eg clayey soils)
Geotextile overlap
Graded aggregate
Geotextile filter
Pervious
Subsoil
Slotted pipe
Figure 16 - Cross-section of a typical subsoil drain used in pervious soil (eg sandy soil).
Capping
Impervious Subsoil
Pervious fill
Geotextile filter
Slotted pipe
Figure 17 - Cross-section of a subsoil drain where the pipe is wrapped in geotextile. (Alternative
slotted pipe system)
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C3-3.3.3
TMC 421
Geotextile Drains
A geotextile drain may be a horizontal, vertical, or inclined blanket whose purpose is to collect
subsurface water and convey it along the plain of the fabric to an outlet. The drain must also act as
a filter to keep soil particles out of pores and prevent clogging. An example is shown in Figure 18.
Vertical geotextile drain
Retaining wall
Horizontal geotextile drain (optional)
Backfill
Collector pipe
Figure 18 - Geotextile drain behind a retaining wall. A similar arrangement may be used behind
bridge abutments.
C3-3.3.4
Other Types of Subsurface Drain

Where large volumes of water may need to be removed by subsurface drains, a carrier pipe may
be used in conjunction with a collector drain, as shown in Figure 19. With this arrangement the
collector drain does not need to carry all the water. The advantage of this arrangement is that
excess (large volumes) water is removed from the collector drain thus preventing it seeping into the
subgrade again at a point further down the drainage route.
Figure 19 shows a typical arrangement for a collector drain and carrier pipe located between two
tracks. The subsurface water is collected by the collector drain between the two sumps shown, it is
then conveys water to the down stream sump where it can enter the carrier pipe and be removed
without any risk of it re-entering the subgrade. See Figure 33 for an example of this system used in
yard drainage.
Sump cage
Subsoil drain
(collector)
Sump
Sump
Carrier pipe
Figure 19 - Subsoil collector drain plus a larger carrier pipe
Rail Corporation
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C3-3.4
TMC 421
Inlets and Outlets

There are various types of inlets and outlets in use for subsurface drains.
The main purpose of inlet and outlet protectors is to reduce erosion. Where outlet velocities are
expected to be high, some form of energy dissipater should be installed. Also, where the sediment
load of the water being discharged from a drainage system is high, a silt trap should be installed
(see Figure 20 below).
Rectangular Silt Trap collects
deposited silt and is easily
cleaned
Figure 20 - Typical silt trap installed in drains with high sediment loads.
Some typical examples of inlet and outlet protection are:
Precast concrete units
Grouted sand bags (Figure 21)
Concrete (Figure 22)
Reno mattresses and gabions (Figure 23)
Revetment mattress (Figure 24)
Spalls grouted or hand packed (Figure 25)
Pipe outlet
Grouted sand bags
Figure 21 -Grouted Sand Walls.
Pipe outlet
Concrete headwall
Figure 22 - Concrete Headwall.
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TMC 421
Cut-off wall
Figure 23 - Gabion Headwall.
Wire basket headwall and

mattress apron, Used mainly for
larger pipe outlets
Figure 24 - Revetment Mattress.
A typical arrangement of hand packed walls. Cut-off

wall should be provided at the bottom of the headwall
to prevent the wall being scoured out and washed
away, particularly on the down stream side.
Figure 25 - Spalls used as a Headwall.
NOTE: As mentioned in Figure 25, on the down stream side of the outlet, water getting under the
headwall structure and causing scouring and the eventual washaway of the headwall is a problem
that must not be overlooked. The best way to help prevent this occurring is to provide a cut-off wall
at the end of the headwall (see Figure 23 for an example).
Rail Corporation
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Track Drainage
TMC 421
Chapter 4 Design of Track Drainage

C4-1
Introduction
The purpose of this section is to specify design criteria and the design process to enable track and
related structures to be drained effectively using either surface or subsurface drainage systems.
Proper drainage design, using the design process detailed in this section, may allow problems to
be discovered early and enable easier construction.
Only staff with the appropriate RailCorp Engineering Authority shall carry out the design of track
drainage.
This section discusses the design process from the initial concept through to the detailing of the
drain capacity and components required.
Flow charts of the design process are provided in Appendix 1.
A drainage design checklist is provided in Appendix 2.
C4-2
Design Criteria
C4-2.1
General
Drainage systems are to be designed for the peak capacity calculated by the Rational Method.
The Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) shall be 50 years.
Proposed variations to the design ARI due to site constraints or other factors shall be supported by
a risk assessment and shall be approved by the Chief Engineer Civil.
The minimum design life of all track drainage components shall be 50 years with consideration
given to site location and groundwater conditions.
The following configurations are not approved for track drainage on the RailCorp network:
plastic pipes: unplasticised polyvinylchloride (UPVC); polypropylene
inverted syphon systems.
Drainage cell systems shall only be used with the approval of the Principal Engineer Geotechnical.
C4-2.2
Surface Drainage
C4-2.2.1
Cess Drains
The flow capacity of the open channel cess drain shall be greater than the peak flow rate.
For ease of maintenance, over sized channels can be adopted to allow a certain degree of
sediment build up to occur and still work effectively.
Type 2 - Rectangular
Type 1 Trapezoidal
A
C
Figure 26 - Channel Types
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The minimum dimensions of an open channel shall be: A= 200, B= 200, C= 300.
The minimum slope for an open channel is to be 1:200.
The location of the open channel shall comply with the formation shoulder distance specified in
ESC 410 Earthworks and Formation. Where track drainage is incorporated within existing track
constraints (eg cuttings) and the shoulder distance cannot be achieved, open channels are to be
an adequate distance from the track to prevent ballast spill into the channel area. In this case, the
edge of the channel closest to the track shall be a minimum of 2800mm from the design track
centre. This minimum edge distance shall be increased as required based on track configuration
(rail size, sleeper type, ballast depth) and track curvature.
The material forming the open channel shall to be capable of withstanding the maximum
permissible design velocity. Table 4 in C4-5 nominates the maximum velocity values for varying
lining types.
If problems are encountered or an area is prone to erosion, then geotechnical advice should be
sought.
If fibre reinforced concrete is specified, synthetic fibres shall be used.
With multiple tracks, drainage is to be provided by sumps and pipes in the six-foot between each
alternate track.
All cess drainage systems must be designed to discharge to an approved watercourse or existing
drainage system, and the approval of the appropriate authority must be obtained.
C4-2.2.2
Catch Drains
Catch drains shall be provided on the uphill side of a cutting to divert water from the cutting face.
Drains shall be 1000mm minimum from the face of the cutting.
Catch drains shall be provided on the uphill side of embankments to divert water from the
embankment toe. Drains shall be 1000mm minimum from the toe of the embankment.
Catch drains may be either lined or unlined depending on the local soil conditions. Half round pipes
or dish drains may be used instead of lined channels.
The location of drains shall comply with the requirements of TMC 411 Earthworks Manual.
C4-2.2.3
Mitre Drains
Where mitre drains are required, they shall be provided at regular centres with a drain located
approximately every 100 metres maximum. They should be installed at the ends of cuttings.
The minimum slope of mitre drains shall be 1 in 200.
The ends of mitre drains shall be splayed to disperse water quickly and reduce scouring.
C4-2.3
Subsurface Drainage
C4-2.3.1
General
Subsurface drains are used where adequate surface drainage cannot be provided due to some
restriction or lack of available fall due to outlet restrictions.
Subsurface drainage shall be provided in locations where the water table is at or near earthworks
level.
Subsurface drainage shall be provided along the cess, between, across, or under tracks as
required.
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With double and multiple tracks, the requirement is that the water from one track shall not cross
another track to get away. Drainage shall be provided by sumps and pipes in the six-foot as
required.
Advice should be sought from the Principal Geotechnical Engineer before designing and installing
subsurface drainage.
Subsurface drainage systems shall be designed to take surface runoff, ground water and seepage,
and water collected from other drainage systems to which the new system is being connected.
Most systems will only have to cater for surface runoff.
If a drainage system is required to remove ground water and seepage, a detailed hydrological and
geotechnical investigation is required to determine the volume of water for the sizing of drains.
The volume of water from other systems is determined from the outlet capacity of that system.
Subsurface type drains generally consist of a combination of any one of the following:
C4-2.3.2
Pipes
Geotextile (or Geofabric)
Aggregate filter
Sumps, grates, and sump covers or cages.
Inlets and outlets
Pipes
The capacity of the proposed drainage system shall be determined using the peak flow rate
calculated by the Rational Method, with adjustment made for subsurface water and water collected
from other systems. The peak flow velocity within the pipe shall be less than the manufacturer
recommended maximum limits.
Pipes larger than the design size may be adopted to reduce the likelihood of the system becoming
blocked and also enable easier cleaning. The minimum pipe diameter shall be 225mm (for ease of
maintenance cleaning).
The slope of pipes shall be 1 in 100. Where this is not achievable, the pipe shall be laid at the
maximum achievable slope. Slopes flatter than 1 in 200 require the approval of the Chief Engineer
Civil.
Depth of pipes under the track shall be 1600mm minimum from top of rail to top of pipe or pipe
encasing.
Depth of pipes running parallel to the track shall be 600mm minimum from the design cess level to
top of pipe.
At specific sites where it is not feasible to comply with these pipe depth requirements and achieve
an effective drainage system design, the pipe depth may be reduced to:
1200mm minimum from top of rail to top of pipe or pipe encasing for under track pipes;
300mm minimum from the design cess level or 1000mm from top of adjacent rail (whichever
produces the lowest invert level) to top of pipe for pipes running parallel to the track.
Acceptable pipe materials are:
reinforced concrete
fibre reinforced concrete
steel
products listed in Appendix 6.
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TMC 421
Approved proprietary products shall be designed and installed in accordance with the
manufacturers specifications.
Steel pipes shall be designed to mitigate the effects of electrolysis and stray track currents.
Designs shall be in accordance with the requirements of RailCorps Chief Engineer Electrical
Systems.
Both slotted and unslotted pipes may be used depending on the system type and its means of
collecting and carrying water.
Slotted pipes are preferred, as these do not rely on surface flow between sumps to collect water.
Slotted pipes and perforated pipes are not suitable for under track pipe work.
Minimum strength requirements are detailed in Table 1. The strength of reinforced concrete and
fibre reinforced concrete pipes shall be determined in accordance with AS 3725.
Material
Type
Minimum strength
class
Reinforced concrete
Slotted and unslotted
Fibre reinforced concrete
Slotted and unslotted
Steel
Slotted, perforated and unslotted
N/A
Table 1 Acceptable pipe types and minimum strength requirements
If railway live loads are applicable, then the pipes must be designed for train loads as follows:
Passenger Main Lines and

Mixed Passenger Freight Main Lines
300-LA plus DLA
Light Passenger Main Lines
180-LA plus DLA
Heavy Freight Option
350-LA plus DLA
Sidings
300-LA plus 50% DLA

Table 2 Railway Live Loads
NB. The Reference Load is 300-LA. For the other loadings, all axles are to be proportioned by the
ratio of the nominated LA load divided by 300.
Operating Classes are defined in RailCorp standard ESC 200 Track System.
For loadings less than 300 LA, future loading requirements need to be considered. Final approval
of the design loads shall be obtained from the Chief Engineer, Civil.
The Bridge Design Code, AS 5100.2, does not provide guidance on a suitable impact factor for
railway loads distributed on fill. A dynamic load allowance (DLA) shall be adopted which varies
linearly from 1.5 at 0.3m depth to 1.0 at 3.5m depth or greater (where the depth is measured from
the top of rail).
Where slotted pipes are used, strength reductions for the slots shall be included in the design and
shall be based on manufacturers recommendations.
Pipes located under sections of the rail corridor used for road vehicle access along the rail corridor,
shall be designed for the R20 design load. See Appendix 7 for details of R loading configuration.
Once the layout and required capacity of the drain has been established, it is necessary to detail
the various items the will make up the system. This enables the correct components to be ordered
quickly in the construction phase.
C4-2.3.3
Trench Excavation
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The width of trenches should only be as wide as necessary to ensure proper installation and
compaction.
The minimum trench width shall be pipe diameter plus 150mm on each side.
For longitudinal drains located either within 2500mm of the track centre line or between tracks
where track centres are less than 6000mm, the minimum trench width shall be pipe diameter plus
100mm on each side.
Trenches shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted to not less than 95% Relative
Compaction as determined by AS.1289 Tests 5.1.1 and 5.3.1 (Standard Compaction).
C4-2.3.4
Pipe Bedding Type

When determining the class of pipe to be specified in a sub-surface drainage system the bedding
type assumed should be appropriate for what can be achieved during construction. Most under
track drainage is constructed during track possessions where the more stringent requirements for
placement and compaction of bedding material cannot always be achieved.
For under track crossings that are to be constructed during a limited track possession, type U
bedding in accordance with AS 3725 Loads on buried concrete pipes shall be used in design.
C4-2.3.5
Sumps, Ballast Cages and Covers

Sumps are required as access points for surface water as well as for maintenance of the drainage
system.
Sumps shall be spaced at 30 to 50 metre centres, except through platforms where spacing shall be
20 to 30 metre centres. Reduced centres may be applicable in the 6-foot between tracks to account
for track curvature.
The minimum internal plan dimensions of a sump shall be 600mm x 600mm for depths greater than
1m. Minimum internal plan dimensions of 450mm x 450mm are acceptable for depths less than
1m.
Precast sumps with risers used to accommodate varying depths are to be adopted in preference to
cast-in situ sumps.
All sumps are to be provided with a heavy-duty cast iron grate cover. In addition, all sumps within
2800mm of a track centre, or where site restraints dictate the possibility of ballast covering a pit,
then a ballast cage (lobster pot) shall be provided. Refer to drawing CV 0400998 for details.
Ballast cages shallbe of heavy-duty construction, capable of withstanding live loading from
construction machinery. The cage shall be positioned to the outside edges of the sump. When
installed the cages shall not extend above the top of sleeper level.
Where the internal sump height (including risers) exceeds 1200mm, the following must be
provided:
Step rungs are to be provided at 300mm vertical centres. The step runs shall be located on
the face looking at the oncoming train traffic (ie either Sydney face for the down track or
Country face for up track).
Sump riser heights are to be selected such that step rungs do not come within 50mm of the
top or bottom of the riser.
Where sumps are located in the 6-foot between tracks, the internal dimensions of the sump
shall be increased to a minimum of 600mm wide (perpendicular to the tracks) x 900 mm to
accommodate inspection access. The width shall be the maximum size available to enable
proper placement of the sump and ballast cage (lobster pot) without clashing with the
sleepers.
The internal dimensions of the sump in areas excluding the 6-foot, shall to be increased to a
minimum of 900mm x 900mm to accommodate inspection access.
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TMC 421
Flushing Points
Ground water and seepage drains shall have flushing points at appropriate intervals.
Flushing points shall consist of T or L connections in the sub-surface pipe, with pipe connections
extending to the surface for regular flushing with water to clear the sub-surface drain of fouling
material.
C4-2.3.7
Aggregate Drains
Aggregate drains are only suitable for use where small flow or seepage is expected. They are not
to be used for the collection of surface water.
The design of permeable drains may be carried out using Darcys equation.
The permeability of clean gravel can range from 0.01 to 1.0 m/s. The aggregates used in
aggregate drains are either 20mm nominal diameter or 53mm diameter (ballast), the permeability
of these aggregates is:
20 mm aggregate k = 0.15 m/s
If in doubt as to the type of aggregate or the size of aggregate to use refer to RailCorps
Geotechnical Engineer for advice.
Aggregate drains are to be lined with a geotextile.
A minimum 100mm layer of aggregate is to be placed on top of the geotextile to protect it from
damage.
C4-2.3.8
Geotextiles
The main purpose of a geotextile used in subsurface drainage is to act as a filter, which helps
prevent silting-up of the drain it is protecting. The selected geotextile is to achieve the following
characteristics:
good permeability through the fabric material
good filtering qualities
resistance to clogging by particle fines
ability to stretch and conform to the shape of an open trench.
The selected geotextile is to exhibit the following mechanical properties as a minimum when tested
in accordance with AS 3706:
Tear Strength 400N
G Rating 2000
Grab Strength 1100N.
Geotextiles used in subsurface drainage must fully line the trench and have a minimum lap of
300mm at the top. The wrapped trench is to be covered by a minimum of 100mm of aggregate.
C4-2.3.9
Inlets and outlets

There are various types of inlets and outlets in use.
Some typical examples of inlets and outlets are: rip-rap, grouted rip-rap, sand bags, wire baskets
(ie. gabions & reno matresses), revetment mattresses, precast concrete units and cast in place
concrete. Example diagrams can be found in C3-3.4.
To prevent soil erosion, all inlet/outlet points shall be provided with an appropriate size concrete
headwall to suit the ground profile. Refer to drawings CV 0497068 and CV 0497069 for standard
concrete headwalls.
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The ground covering at the pipe exit points shall be capable of withstanding the exit flow rates.
Scour protection or energy dissipating devices may be required if existing ground cover cannot
withstand the design rate.
Where the sediment load of the water being discharged from a drainage system is high, a silt trap
shall be included.
C4-3
Design Investigation
C4-3.1
Scope of investigation
The main objective of a design investigation is to establish the requirements of the drainage system
and any restrictions that may be imposed on the system.
Aspects to be covered in the design investigation include:
1. Identification of the problem and thus the drainage objective. (i.e. what area is to be drained
and for what reason).
2. Determination of the information required. (i.e. location, outside influences, fall available,
possible outlets, access, site safety requirements, etc.)
3. Collection and study of all available existing/historical information.
All available information from adjacent sites or the locality in general should be studied before
embarking on any fieldwork. This will often save unnecessary fieldwork or may point out
particular problems or aspects that should receive special attention.
Included in this stage should be a full service search. This involves the check of the location of
both RailCorp and public services. This may also involve site inspections with representatives
from various bodies to accurately locate services, the position of which should then be
marked, either on a plan or pegged.
Other types of information that may be of use are, aerial photographs, maps (topographic,
geological, soil, etc.), charts, meteorological and hydrological information).
4. Site inspection.
A checklist should be prepared prior to the actual investigation so that the maximum amount of
information may be extracted from the site in a minimum time (see Form 1 in Appendix 3).
Items that should be looked at during a site inspection include:
Access to and from the proposed site and any possible restrictions.
Type and location of any existing drainage systems and any possible reasons for its
failure.
The position and condition of any existing drainage outlets.
Any other likely drainage outlets. Determine the outlet conditions and any likely
restrictions because these may affect the design of the drainage system.
Adjacent structures that may impact on the drainage design, or where the drainage
design may cause instability to the structure.
5. Catchment area estimation:

The catchment area for the drainage system needs to be estimated during the site inspection.
This may be checked by comparison with maps of the area.
A further inspection may be required at a later stage so that the area may be surveyed in order to
establish the available fall and invert level for the inlet and outlet.
C4-3.2
Determination of the type of drainage system required

On completion of the design investigation, information gathered shall be compiled and a decision
made on the type of drainage system that is most suitable.
The type of system chosen for each location is dependent on the site restraints, water source, track
structure and long-term maintenance issues. The two types of drainage systems are surface and
subsurface.
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If possible surface drains should be used in preference to subsurface drains since they are easily
inspected and maintained.
Note: care must be taken to ensure that the right drainage system is designed for each location.
For example-using a slotted system to drain surface runoff that could have been collected by
sumps. This could lead to a quicker failure of the system by allowing an easier route for water to
pass (seep) into the formation.
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C4-4
Estimation of the Required Drainage System Capacity
C4-4.1
General
At this point, the site requirements and restrictions, the drainage type, and the layout of the
proposed drainage system should be known.
The next step is to estimate the quantity of water that the drain will need to carry, so that the size of
the drain and its various components may be determined.
The quantity of water (QPF) that the drain is required to carry generally consists of:
QPF = QR + QS + QC..(1)
Where;
QPF =
water quantity (m3/s or l/s)
QR =
runoff quantity collected (m3/s or l/s).
QS =
subsurface water quantity intercepted (m3/s or l/s)
QC =
collected water quantity from a drain of a connecting system (m3/s or l/s).
The calculated quantity (QPF) represents the peak flow that the drain will be required to carry, for a
short time only.
The quantity (QR) is calculated for the catchment size and critical rainfall duration by using the
Rational Method.
The value of intercepted subsurface water "QS" is difficult to determine. If a drainage system is
required to remove intercepted subsurface water, a detailed hydrological/geotechnical investigation
is usually required.
The volume of water conducted from other systems, "QC", is estimated from the outlet
capacity of the system to which the new system is being connected. Provided the
catchment area, drain size and slope are known (or can be measured), the maximum
value of "QC" can be determined using the Rational Method. This information may also be
available from the authority owning the asset (eg council).
If the connecting system is a complex network of drainage a detailed study may be
required.
Account shall be taken of all water flowing onto the rail corridor from adjoining properties and
streets.
C4-4.2
Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)

In order to use the Rational Method it is necessary to adopt a relevant average recurrence interval
(ARI). This is an approximate estimate of how often a particular event will occur on average. For
example, an ARI of 1 in 50 years means that a particular storm event is likely to occur on average
only once in every fifty years.
If any modification to the ARI is desired, then a risk assessment shall be carried out to consider all
impacts of such modification. Any modification to the ARI will need a waiver from RailCorps Chief
Engineer Civil.
Once the ARI is established the volume of water that the drain will carry can be calculated.
C4-4.3
The Rational Method

The Rational Method provides a method for calculating the peak rate of discharge of a storm event
for a specific ARI.
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If incorporating computer modelling in the design process, then a range of storm events
representing varying rainfall duration shall be investigated. The drainage design shall be carried out
adopting the critical rainfall event.
Hydrology and hydraulic computer packages can be utilised for the design of track drainage. The
following procedure deals with hand calculation methods only.
The Rational Method is detailed fully in Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R) published by the
Institution of Engineers, Australia.
The AR&R publication recommends the following steps for flow rate determination for sites in
eastern New South Wales.
Form 2 in Appendix 4 breaks down these steps and can be used as a calculation sheet.
1. Calculate the critical rainfall duration (tC) for the area under investigation
Two methods may be adopted to calculate the critical rainfall duration. These methods are:
i.
ii.
Equal area stream slope recommended for hilly or undulating sites as it gives a
more realistic flow response time (refer to AR&R for this procedure).
Basic formulae (for Eastern New South Wales)
tC=0.76 A
0.38
...(2)
Where;
tC = critical rainfall duration (in hours)
A = catchment area (km2)
The catchment areas required for peak flow rate calculations shall be determined using (in
order of preference) site survey, site measurements or suitably scaled topographic maps.
2. Calculate the critical 50 year design rainfall intensity (Icr,50).
This step comprises of looking up a series of basic rainfall intensities, skewness factors and
geographical factors from contour style maps found in Volume 2 of the AR&R guide.
These values can be plotted on a log-Pearson Type III diagram (LPIII) or incorporated in
interpolation formulas found in Book 2 of AR&R volume 1.
From either of these two methods the 50 year design rainfall intensity Icr,50 for the critical
duration tC can be determined.
3. Determine the 50 year runoff coefficient (C50) for the geographical area by determining the
following:
iii.
Read the 10 year runoff coefficient value (C10) from Figure 1.1 in Volume 2 of the
AR&R
iv.
Geographical zone B is adopted from Figure 1.2 (AR&R) for Sydney Metropolitan
Area.
v.
Interpolate or calculate the 50-year frequency factor FF50 from Table 1.1 (AR&R)
based on site elevation.
vi.
Calculate C50 = C10xFF50 (no units)
4. Calculate the 50 year peak flow rate (Q50).

Adopt the Rational Method formula.
Q50 = FC50Icr,50A...(3)
Where;
Q50 =
peak flow rate (m3/s) for ARI =50 years
F=
conversion factor to balance units used.

= 0.278 if A is in km2
= 0.000278 if A is in hectares (ha).
C50 =
Rail Corporation
runoff co-efficient for ARI =50 years
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I cr,50=
average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for the critical duration
A=
catchment area (km2 or ha).
The peak flow rate is utilised in determining how much water is likely to rain onto a catchment
and thus enabling the sizing of the drainage system under consideration.
C4-5
Surface Drain Design

The following steps can be used to correctly determine the required size of surface drainage:
Step A: Determine the required channel capacity
Prior to estimating the size of a surface drain the required capacity must either be known or
calculated using Equation 1.
QPF = QR + QS + QC..(1)
For surface drains " QS " and " QC " can usually be neglected. In this case, Equation 1 becomes
QPF = QR = Peak flow rate (m3/s).
Example 1:
A rainfall runoff quantity of 0.15m3/s was calculated to act on a catchment for the 50-year ARI
critical duration storm (from the Rational method). There is no subsurface water intercepted,
but a nearby stormwater pipeline enters the channel and adds 0.07 m3/s. What is the total
water quantity the channel will need to be designed for?
Solution 1:
The design flow capacity can be determined from Equation (1)
QPF = QR + QS + QC = 0.15 + 0 + 0.07 = 0.22 m3/s
The channel will need to be sized to take a 0.22m3/s flow rate or greater.
Step B: Select a Mannings roughness coefficient

A value of the roughness coefficient 'n" must then be selected from Table 3.
Channel Material
Roughness Coefficient
n
Closed Conduits
concrete pipe or box
0.012
corrugated steel pipe - helical
0.020
vitrified clay pipe
0.012
fibre cement pipe
0.010
P.V.C. pipe
0.009
steel pipe
0.009 - 0.011
Lined open channels

concrete lining
0.013 - 0.017
gravel bottom concrete sides
0.017 - 0.020
gravel bottom rip rap sides
0.023 - 0.033
asphalt rough
0.016
asphalt smooth
0.013
Unlined channels - Earth uniform section
Rail Corporation
clean channel
0.016 - 0.018
with short grass
0.022 - 0.027
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Channel Material
gravelly soil
Rail Corporation
n
0.022 - 0.025
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Channel Material
n
Unlined channels - Earth fairly uniform section

no vegetation
0.022 - 0.025
grass plus some weeds
0.030 - 0.035
dense weeds
0.030 - 0.035
clean sides gravel bottom
0.025 - 0.030
clean sides cobble bottom
0.030 - 0.040
Rock
smooth and uniform
0.035 - 0.040
jagged and irregular
0.040 - 0.045
Table 3: Value for Manning's roughness co-efficient "n" for different pipe & channel types.
Step C: Determine the slope of the drain
The minimum slope of a drain is 1 in 200 (i.e. 1 metre fall vertically for every 200 metres
horizontally), though a minimum slope of 1 in 100 is preferred for self-cleaning purposes. It should
be noted that as the slope of the drain becomes flatter, the tendency for a drain to become blocked
due to sediment build-up increases. Consequently the maintenance of the drain also increases.
Step D: Select a trial channel size
Using the value of slope "S" and the roughness coefficient "n" selected previously, the capacity of
the trial drain can be calculated using Equation 4 (Manning's equation) or a simplified version
(Equation 5).
Q=
1
A R0.67 S0.5
n
..(4)
Where;
Q=
flow rate or capacity (m3/s)
n=
roughness co-efficient. From Table 3
A=
channel cross-sectional area
R=
hydraulic radius - examples given in Table 4
R=
A/P where P = wetted perimeter (i.e. the surface in contact with the water)
S=
slope of the drain.
If X = A x R0.67 Equation 4 becomes:
Q=
1
X
S0.5
n
.. (5)
See Table 4 for values of "X" for various channels:
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Channel Types:
Type 1 - Trapezoidal
Type 2 - Rectangular
A
B
Channel Dimensions
(mm)
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
A
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
450
300
300
300
300
300
450
300
300
300
450
300
450
450
450
300
450
450
450
600
600
B
200
300
200
200
300
200
450
300
200
450
300
450
200
300
300
450
300
450
450
300
450
600
600
C
300
450
300
300
450
450
300
300
450
450
300
450
600
450
600
600
600
900
450
900
900
450
600
900
600
900
900
600
900
C
Area
(m2)
Wetted
perimeter
(m)
Hydraulic
radius
(m)
X
(Eqn 5)
0.060
0.090
0.100
0.120
0.130
0.135
0.150
0.180
0.203
0.195
0.225
0.225
0.240
0.270
0.270
0.270
0.315
0.330
0.338
0.360
0.405
0.405
0.405
0.405
0.473
0.540
0.608
0.720
0.900
0.700
0.850
0.860
1.021
1.016
1.050
1.021
1.149
1.350
1.171
1.382
1.299
1.321
1.532
1.500
1.449
1.682
1.621
1.532
1.749
1.800
1.723
1.682
1.441
1.873
1.982
2.173
2.297
2.597
0.086
0.106
0.115
0.118
0.128
0.129
0.147
0.157
0.150
0.167
0.163
0.173
0.182
0.176
0.180
0.186
0.187
0.204
0.220
0.206
0.225
0.235
0.241
0.281
0.252
0.272
0.280
0.313
0.347
0.012
0.020
0.024
0.029
0.033
0.034
0.042
0.052
0.057
0.059
0.067
0.070
0.077
0.085
0.086
0.088
0.103
0.114
0.123
0.125
0.150
0.154
0.157
0.174
0.188
0.227
0.260
0.332
0.440
Table 4: Calculation of X for various channel sizes.

Note: Smaller channels tend to become blocked with built up sediment very quickly.
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The following are typical examples of calculations to determine the capacity of an open channel.
Example 2:
For a trapezoidal channel (shown below) with a slope of 1 in 200 and a roughness coefficient
"n" of 0.030. Calculate the channel capacity using a) equation 4 and b) equation 5 and
Table 4:
300
450
600
450
Solution 2a) - using Equation 4

S = 1 in 200 = 0.005
n = 0.030
A = (600 300) + 2 (0.5 300 450)
A = 315,000 mm2
A = 0.315 m2
R = A/P
P = 2 (300) 2 + (450) 2 + 600

P = 1682 mm
P = 1.682 m
R = 0.315/1.682
R = 0.187 m
Q=
1
A R0.67 S0.5
n
Q=
0.315 (0.187)0.67 (0.005)0.5

0.03
Q = 0.243 (m3/s)
Solution 2b) - using Equation 5 and Table 4.

S = 0. 005
n = 0.030
From Table 4, X = 0.103
Equation 4
Q=
X S0.5
n
Q=
1
(0.103) (0.005)0.5
0.03
Q = 0.243 (m3/s)
Step E: Check channel capacities

Once the capacity of the trial drain is determined Q it must be compared with the required
capacity found using Equation 1 QPF. If the capacity of the trial drain QPF is considerably greater
or lesser than the required capacity Q, then a new trial drain should be selected and steps (c) and
(d) repeated until the trial capacity is approximately equal to or slightly greater than the required
capacity.
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Example 3:
Check that the channel in Example 2 has is sufficient capacity to cater for the design storm as
calculated in Example 1.
Solution 3:
The channel capacity Q of 0.243m3/s (Example 2) is greater than the design storm flow rate
QPFof 0.220m3/s (Example 1). Therefore it has sufficient capacity.
Step F: Calculate water velocities
Once the required capacity is obtained, the flow velocity of water within the channel may be
calculated.
The velocity is calculated using Equation 6 as shown below:
V=Q/A..(6)
Where:
V=
velocity (m/s)
Q=
flow rate (m3/s) calculated using Equation 1
A=
area of selected channel (m2)
Example 4:
Calculate the flow velocity of water within the channel in Example 2.
Solution 4:
Q=0.22m3/s
A=0.315 m2 (from example 1-assumed flowing full)
V = Q/A = 0.220/0.315 = 0.69 m/s
Step G: Check channel lining

In some cases it may only be possible to install a small drain and the flow through this drain may
have a velocity greater than the maximum permissible velocity and consequently the channel must
be lined.
Table 5 gives the maximum permissible velocity of varying ground coverings.
Channel Type
Fine sand
Silt loam
Fine gravel
Stiff clay
Coarse gravel
Shale, hardpan
Grass Covered
Stones
Asphalt
Boulders
Concrete
Velocity (m/s)
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.20
1.50
1.8
2.5
3.0
5.0
6.0
Table 5: Maximum permissible velocities for various types of channel lining.

Lining a channel changes the roughness coefficient "n"', and thus the capacity of the channel may
be altered either up or down (See Table 3).
A lining is selected such that the allowable velocity for the type of lining is greater than that
calculated in step F, this is used as a first trial value.
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Example 5:
The channel in example 4 is lined with grass covering. Is it sufficient to withstand the flow
velocity.
Solution 5:
Velocity of water in channel = 0.69m/s (solution 4)
The maximum permissible velocity of grass lining = 1.8m/s (Table 5).
Therefore, grass has the required resistance and the lining is sufficient.
Step H: Completion
If the capacity of the channel is inadequate or the ground cover velocity insufficient then modifying
the channel size, slope or lining type will need to be done until all aspects are satisfactory.
Complete Example
Example 6:
Calculate the required Channel size and lining type given that the required capacity of the
3
channel is 0.40 m /s. The existing soil is clay.
Solution 6:
Trial 1:
Step A: No subsurface water or connecting system. So QPF =0.40m3/s
Step B: n=0.016 (Table 3)
Step C: Adopt S=0.01 (desirable minimum slope)
Step D: Select Channel No. 14 from Table 4. A = 0.270 m2. X = 0.085
Q=
1
X S0.5
n
= (1/0.016)x(0.085)x(0.01)0.5 = 0.53m3/s (Eqn 5)
Step E: Channel capacity 0.53 m3/s> design capacity 0.40m3/s. ok

Step F: V = Q/A = 0.40/0.270= 1.48m/s (Equation 6)
Step G: Clay has permissible velocity capacity of 0.9m/s (Table 5) which is less than the
design flow of 1.48m/s. Could modify size or change lining. Opt for a change of lining type to
grass covered (capacity 1.8m/s).
Step H: Must redo calculations, as n will change
Trial 2: Try lining with higher permissible velocity say grass lining
Steps A, B & C: QPF =0.40m3/s. n=0.024 (Table 4). S=0.01
Step D: Same Channel No. 14 from Table 4. A = 0.270 m2. X = 0.085
Q= (1/0.024)x(0.085)x(0.01)0.5 = 0.35m3/s (Equation 5)
<0.4m3/s therefore no good. Could modify size or change lining.
Trial 3: Try smoother lining, with high permissible velocity - say asphalt
Steps A, B & C: QPF =0.40m3/s. n=0.013 (Table 4). S=0.01
Step D: Same Channel No. 14 from Table 4. A = 0.270 m2. X = 0.085
Q= (1/0.013)x(0.085)x(0.01)0.5 = 0.65m3/s (Equation 5)
Step E: Channel capacity 0.65 m3/s> design capacity 0.40m3/s. ok
Step F: V = Q/A = 0.40/0.270= 1.48m/s (Equation 6)
Step G: Asphalt has capacity of 3.0m/s (Table 5) which is greater than the design flow of
1.48m/s. Therefore it is satisfactory.
Step H: Channel No 14 laid in bitumen at a 1% slope is satisfactory.
C4-6
Subsurface Drain Design
C4-6.1
Pipe Drains
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The following steps can be used to correctly determine the required size of subsurface drainage
pipes:
Step A: Determine the required pipe capacity
Prior to estimating the size of a subsurface drain the required capacity must either be known or
calculated using Equation 1.
QPF = QR + QS + QC ..(1)
Refer to Section 4.5 for more detail.
Step B: Select the pipe type

The pipe type selected should be adopted based on the suitability of the system to the site.
Unslotted pipes must be used for undertrack pipes whereas either slotted or unslotted pipes can be
used elsewhere.
Acceptable pipe materials by type are detailed in Table 1.
Step C: Adopt a Mannings roughness coefficient
A value for pipe roughness n can be obtained from the manufacturer for the product being
adopted. Table 3 details typical values that are also acceptable.
Step D: Determine the slope of the pipe
The pipe slope may be determined from the geometry of the site to best suit site constraints.
However, the minimum pipe slope is 1 in 300, (although a slope of 1 in 100 is preferable for selfcleaning purposes). The steeper the slope the lesser the maintenance requirements).
Step E: Select a pipe size
A trial pipe size can be found using Table 6 by selecting a pipe where Q is greater than the peak
flow required QPF.
Alternatively, The capacity of the pipe can be found by using Mannings Equation (Equation 4).
Pipe
Dia.
Pipe
Material
225
F.C.
1 in 100
200
Max
Flow Q
(l/s)
58.3
41.2
225
Concrete
1 in 100
200
300
F.C.
300
450
F.C.
1 in 100
200
Max
Flow Q
(l/s)
370.3
261.8
53. 0
37.4
450
Steel
1 in 100
200
264.5
187.0
1 in 100
200
125.6
88.8
450
Concrete
1 in 100
200
336.6
238.0
Steel
1 in 100
200
104.6
74.0
525
F.C
1 in 100
200
558.7
395.0
300
Concrete
1 in 100
200
114.1
80.7
525
Concrete
1 in 100
200
507.9
359.1
375
F.C.
1 in 100
200
227.7
161.0
600
F.C.
1 in 100
200
797.7
564.0
375
Steel
1 in 100
200
175.1
123.8
600
Steel
1 in 100
200
498.5
352.5
375
Concrete
1 in 100
200
207.0
146.6
600
Concrete
1 in 100
200
725.1
512.7
Drain
Slope
Pipe
Dia.
Pipe
Material
Drain
Slope
Table 6 Capacities for various pipe types and sizes. L

Notes to Table 6
1.
FC = fibre cement pipe
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2.
3.
4.
TMC 421
Steel = corrugated steel pipe

Concrete = concrete or vitrified clay pipe
PVC pipes are not to be used for track drainage design. They are included in Table 6 for
assessment of existing pipe systems.
To convert m3/s to l/s multiply by 1000 (ie 1000 litres = 1 cubic metre)
The values of Mannings' roughness co-efficient used in the calculations for the values given
in table 5 are as follows:
5.
6.
Concrete
n = 0.011
Fibre Cement
n = 0.010
P.V.C.
n = 0.009
Steel
100 - 300 dia
n = 0.012
375 dia
n = 0.013
450 dia
n = 0.014
600 dia
n= 0.015
Step F: Check the flow rates within the pipe

Utilising Equation 5 (V=Q/A), the velocity of flow within the pipe can be determined. The flow
velocity within the pipe shall be at an acceptable level so as not to cause damage to the pipe
surface. The manufacturer has recommended maximum limits.
Step G: Determine the strength of the pipe (pipe class)
The pipe must be checked to see if it is suitable for the design and construction loads that are
imposed on it. The method of calculation of pipe strength is to follow the relevant Australian
Standard (eg AS 3725 Loads on buried concrete pipes).
If pipes are within a 45-degree projection of the outside of the sleeper (in any direction), then
railway loading must be included. Dynamic loads must also be applied Refer to section 4-2.3.
If pipes are situated within a 45-degree projection of the outside of an access road (in any
direction) then the loads applicable to the access vehicle must be included. Dynamic loads must
also be applied Refer to section 4-2.3.
Pipe strength is also highly dependent on the type of trench excavation, fill material and
compaction technique. When determining the class of pipe to be specified in a drainage system,
type U bedding should be assumed, even if better bedding is specified on the drawings. Most
track drainage is constructed during track possessions where the specified placement and
compaction of bedding material cannot always be achieved.
Where slotted pipes are used, strength reductions for the slots shall be included in the design and
shall be based on manufacturers recommendations.
Manufacturer supplied computer software is acceptable for this purpose of pipe strength design,
provided it is in accordance with AS 3725.
Minimum strength requirements are detailed in Table 1.
Complete Example:
Example 7:
3
A rainfall runoff quantity of 0.10m /s was calculated to act on a catchment for the 50-year ARI
critical duration storm (from the rational method). There is no subsurface water intercepted,
but a nearby stormwater pipeline enters the system and adds 0.02m3/s. What size reinforced
concrete pipe is required to satisfy flow requirements?
Solution 7:
Step A: The design flow capacity can be determined from Equation (1)
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QPF = QR + QS + QC = 0.10 + 0 + 0.02 = 0.12 m3/s

Step B: Reinforced concrete (given)
Step C: Roughness n=0.011 (from Table 6 notes)
Step D: Pipe slope 1 in 200 (given)
Step E: From table 6, a 375mm diameter RC pipe has capacity of 146.6l/s (0.146m3/s) which
is greater than the design flow capacity. Also, the size is greater than the 225mm minimum.
Step F: Flow rate within the pipe V=Q/A = 0.12/(3.142x0.375x0.375/4) = 1.1m/s which is less
than the acceptable limit for concrete (6m/s). Therefore ok.
C4-6.2
Aggregate drains
Aggregate drains are only suitable for use where small flow or seepage is expected. If a larger flow
is expected a slotted pipe should be added to the system, and then the drain should be sized as
described previously. A typical example of an aggregate drain is a blanket drain. Another type of
aggregate drain is a French drain.
Aggregate drains are to be lined with a geotextile.
The capacity of an aggregate drain may be determined using Darcy's equation (Equation 7).
Q = k i A ...(7)
Where:
3
Q = flow (m /s)
k = permeability of the aggregate

i = hydraulic gradient or slope.
A = cross sectional area (m2)
The permeability of clean gravel can range from 0.01 to 1.0 m/s. The aggregates used in aggregate
drains are either 20 mm nominal diameter or 53 mm diameter (ballast), the permeability of these
aggregates is:
Equation 7 may be simplified if K = k i, and Equation 8 becomes:
Q = K A (8)
Table 7 below gives values for "K" for use in Equation 8 in order to determine the capacity of
aggregate drains:
Slope
K = k i (m/s)
20 mm
53 mm
1 in 100
0.00150
0.0040
1 in 200
0.00075
0.0020
1 in 300
0.00050
0.0013
1 in 400
0.00038
0.0010
1 in 500
0.00030
0.0008
Table 7 Values of K = k.i for various slopes.
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Example 8:
If Q = 0.01 m3/s or 10 l/s an aggregate drain using 20 mm aggregate at a slope of 1 in 200,
what size drain is required?
Solution 8:
Q=K A this may be rearranged to: A = Q/K
Therefore:
A = 0.01/ 0.00075
A = 13.3 m2
For the same flow using 53 mm aggregate at a slope of 1 in 200, the area required is:
A = 0.01 / 0.002
A = 5.0 m2
C4-7
Other Design Considerations

When selecting a pipe, the type of environment must also be considered (i.e. is the water abrasive,
acidic or alkaline). The manufacturers specifications should be consulted regarding the pipes
suitability to various environments.
Sizing of surface and subsurface drainage should consider maintenance implications. Using
oversized channels may reduce sediment build-up and reduce maintenance. Adopting larger pipes
may be beneficial fro access and cleaning requirements.
The possible effects of non standard ballast profiles shall be considered.
Geometry effects of laying longitudinal pipes adjacent track around curves shall be considered (eg
may require reduced sump centres).
The permanent effects of the drainage system located alongside existing structures (eg OHWS,
retaining walls, platforms, embankments etc) shall be taken into account. The possibility of causing
instability of an existing structure during the excavation stage must also be highlighted and
accounted for.
Conflict with existing services shall be included. Service searches shall be conducted and the
locations of these services indicated on the design documentation.
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Chapter 5 Construction of Track Drainage

This section deals briefly with the various forms of drainage construction.
One important consideration is that each and every site must be assessed on its own merits. No
two sites are ever exactly the same. This must be taken into account when selecting the site
protection, equipment, and personnel required for each particular site.
This section discusses the various steps involved in the construction of both surface and
subsurface drainage systems.
C5-1
Line and Grade

The line and grade of the drainage system, be it surface or subsurface, may be set out by one or a
combination of the following methods:
1. Stakes, spikes, shiners (small reflective metal discs), marks or crosses set at the surface on
an offset from the desired centre line.
2. Stakes set in the trench bottom on the pipeline as the rough grade for the pipe is completed.
3. Elevations given for the finished trench grade and pipe invert while laying the pipe or
excavating the trench is in progress.
Of these three methods, method (1) is the most commonly used for track drainage.
Method (1) involves stakes, spikes, shiners, or crosses being set on the opposite side of the trench
from where the excavated material is to be cast at a uniform offset, in so far as practicable, from
the drains centreline. A table known as a cut sheet is prepared. This is a tabulation of the
reference points giving the offset and vertical distance from the reference point to either: the trench
bottom, the pipe invert or both. When laying the pipe it may be more practical to give two vertical
distances, one to the trench bottom (excavation depth) and one to the top of the pipe, which is
generally easier to measure to than the pipe invert. The grade and line may be transferred to the
bottom of the trench by using batter boards, a tape and level, or patented bar tape and plumb bob
unit.
This method may be adapted to suit. For example it is common practice to have the proposed route
surveyed with the reference points marked on the datum rail (either the Down rail or the low rail on
a curve). The offset and vertical height may be easily transferred from the rail by use of a straight
edge, spirit level and tape (see Figure 27 below).
Spirit level
Straight edge
Measure depth from underside

of straight edge to bottom of
trench
Ballast
Sub soil
Trench
Figure 27 - Method of measuring the depth of a trench and offset to pipe centreline.
If the track is on a constant grade that is suitable for the pipeline and trench, this grade may be
adopted. This gives a constant vertical depth from the datum rail to the trench bottom and pipeline,
making construction and grade control much easier.
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Another method of controlling the line and grade is the use of lasers. A laser beam is passed
through the centre of the pipeline at the desired grade. It strikes opaque targets attached to the end
of the pipe, and the pipe may then be either lifted/packed or lowered until the laser passes through
the centre of the target.
C5-2
Site Preparation
The amount of preparation varies from site to site. Operations that should be classified as site
preparation are:
clearing;
removal of unsuitable soils;
preparation of access roads;
detours and bypasses;
improvements to and modification of existing drainage;
location, and protection or relocation of existing utilities.
The success of the construction phase depends to a great degree on the thoroughness of the
planning and the execution of the site preparation work.
C5-3
Excavation
With favourable ground conditions, excavation can be accomplished in one simple operation.
Under more adverse conditions it may require several steps, such as; clearing, rock breaking,
ripping or blasting and excavation. When excavating for a pipeline the trench at and below the top
of the pipe should be wide enough to ensure adequate compaction on the sides of the pipe can be
achieved. The minimum width on either side of the pipe shall be in accordance with C4.2.3.3.
The amount of excavation and the types of equipment required may vary, so each site must be
assessed on its merits to determine the type and quantity of equipment necessary.
Excavation in the vicinity of structures shall comply with the requirements of TMC 411 Earthworks
Manual.
Particular conditions that should be taken into account when selecting equipment are:
Site access
Size and amount of excavation necessary
Site conditions i.e. firm or boggy ground conditions
Location and availability of plant
Whether the plant item required has to be floated to the site. (If so the offloading conditions
and a suitable area should be checked).
Services in the area.
Typical items of plant (equipment) utilised are:
Gradall (normal or highrail)
Backhoe
Tiltable dozers
Graders
Front end loaders
Tracked excavators
Hydraulic excavators
Bogie tippers and 4wd dumpers, etc.
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C5-4
Surface Drain Construction
C5-4.1
Requirements
The main purpose of surface drains is to remove surface water from near the tracks and disperse it
as quickly as possible. To do this, the drainage trench or ditch should be constructed at a uniform
even grade, with no low sections where water may pond and seep into track formation, thus
defeating the purpose of the drainage system.
The grade of the drainage trench should be a minimum of 1 in 200 where practicable. Flatter
grades may be used but require more regular inspection and maintenance, since they tend to
become blocked with sediment more quickly than drains with steeper grades.
Where the velocity of the water is greater than that shown in Table 5 in C4-5, some form of scour
protection is required eg. lining the channel. Where doubts exist as to the erodability of a soil,
RailCorps Geotechnical Engineer should be consulted. Where any surfaces are cleared of
vegetation, these areas must be re-vegetated at the end of construction, to prevent unnecessary
build-up of silt in nearby drains.
C5-4.2
Construction Steps

Survey the proposed drainage route. This may be carried out during the preliminary
investigation.
Establish and mark out reference points for use during construction. Marking out may consist
of paint marks on the datum rail or star pickets. The interval used for the reference marks
depends on the length of the drainage system. For example, for a short drain the interval may
be 5.0 metres.
Clear the site. This should be part of any site preparation work carried out. This may involve
relocation of signal troughing, clearing vegetation, etc.
Excavate to required level. When excavating the trench, use a bucket width equal to the width
of the trench base, then add a batter to the sides of the trench formed. Monitor excavation with
the method described in Section 5.1. Once the trench has been constructed, level and
compact the trench base making sure that no low points exist.
Check for risk of erosion. If this is expected to be high the drain may require lining.
Clean up the site and revegetate any denuded slopes.
Note: It is good practice to work from the lowest to the highest point. That way if work is interrupted
for any reason at least part of the drainage system will function correctly in the event of any rainfall
occurring before completion.
C5-5
Subsurface Drain Construction

The following sections detail construction methods for the following subsurface drains:
C5-5.1
Longitudinal drains
Lateral drains
Blanket drains
Horizontal and vertical drains
Pipe drain using unslotted pipes
Sump installation
Longitudinal Drain Construction

This is the most commonly used form of subsurface drain used for track drainage. The basic
construction steps are as follows:

Survey the site.
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Establish the reference points. These may be paint marks on the rails or star pickets. The
purpose of these marks is to provide points from which the depth of the trench and pipe invert
level may be measured accurately. (See Section 5.1).
Excavate to the desired level. The type of equipment used to excavate the trench differs from
location to location, depending on such parameters as; access, material, volume to be
excavated and clearances for the safe operation of equipment.
The depth of the excavation depends on the pipe location, and outlet and inlet requirements.
For pipes running parallel to the track, the minimum pipe cover is to be 600mm below the
design cess level. Where this is not feasible, the minimum pipe cover is to be 300mm below
the design cess level or 1000 mm below the adjacent rail level (whichever produces the lowest
invert level). Note: the design track formation profile shall be as set out in TMC 411. The width
of trenches should only be as wide as necessary to ensure proper installation and side
compaction. The minimum width shall be pipe diameter plus 150mm on each side. For
longitudinal drains located either within 2500mm of the track centre line or between tracks
where track centres are less than 6000mm, the minimum trench width shall be pipe diameter
plus 100mm on each side.
150/100 Pipe
dia
150/100
Figure 28 - Trench width

Installing drainage system. The method of installing this type of subsoil drain depends on the type
of subsoil and other conditions encountered.
(a). Impervious soil - aggregate filled excavation (that is, most clays are relatively impervious).
Refer also to Figure 15.
i.
Lay the geotextile in the bottom of the trench. Where joints need to be made in the
geotextile a minimum overlap of 1 metre should be made.
ii.
Place a layer of aggregate in the bottom of the trench approximately 50mm thick. The
aggregate used for this should be 20mm nominal diameter aggregate.
iii.
Lay the pipe sections, one section at a time on top of the aggregate.
iv.
Place pits/sumps and remove knockouts
v.
Check and adjust the pipe level and grade if necessary by packing aggregate under the
pipe.
vi.
Place aggregate around and over the pipe, tamping the aggregate on the sides of the
pipe as the trench is filled. Once the pipe is covered, complete the filling of the trench
compacting the aggregate in layers no greater than 150 mm thick, using a vibrating plate
compactor or similar.
vii. Fold geotextile over the top of the trench, ensuring that the ends are overlapped a
minimum of 300mm.
viii. Place a minimum 100mm thick layer of aggregate over the geotextile and grade the
surface
ix.
Pack knockouts from the inside of the pits using sand/cement mortar (or geotextile if
detailed in this manner)
x.
Complete associated works (eg pit lids/pots, ballasting etc).
(b). Pervious soil aggregate filled excavation (for example sandy soils). Refer also to Figure 16.
When laying a drain in pervious soil it is necessary to place an impervious layer in the base of
the trench. Typical impervious layers are concrete, cement or lime stabilised fill or clayey fill.
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The impervious layer is to be 100mm thick at the edges of the trench and slope towards the
centre of the trench where it is to be 50mm thick. Once an impervious layer is installed, the
remaining construction steps are the same as steps "i" to "x" for drains in impervious soils
above.
(c). Geotextile wrapped pipes
Sometimes it is beneficial to wrap the pipe inside a geotextile rather than around the outside of
a trench. In this case repeat the procedure of (a) with the exception of: (i) the geotextile is
wrapped and lapped a minimum 300mm around the pipe and (vii) is not required.
(d). Earth Filled excavations - unslotted pipes
i.
Place bedding sand/roadbase in the trench and compact as per the design
ii. Lay the pipe sections, one section at a time on top of the bedding.
iii. Check and adjust the pipe level and grade if necessary. Adjust pipes by removal of base
material or ramming additional bedding under the pipe. Alternatively, slings may be used
around pipe ends.
iv. Place pits/sumps and remove knockouts
v. Place side zone material and compact to the required relative density as shown on the
drawing.
vi. Place a 150mm maximum layer of material over the pipe and use a vibrating plate
compactor or similar to compact the fill to the required relative density. Repeat backfilling
and compaction until fill is at final level
vii. Pack knockouts from the inside of the pits using sand/cement mortar (or geotextile if
detailed in this manner)
viii. Complete associated works (eg pit lids/pots, ballasting etc).
(e). Limited length due to outlet restrictions.
In some locations a subsoil drain cannot be located deep enough to prevent it being disturbed
by track maintenance machines. In this case the pipe may be wrapped in geotextile, then
placed in the trench on a bed of aggregate to allow any adjustments to the level and grade of
the pipe to be made, the trench may then be filled with a suitable pervious fill and compacted
in layers.
(f). Ash Pockets
Where isolated pockets of ash are encountered, an impervious membrane may be placed in
the trench before the fabric is laid. This membrane should cover the ash pocket and extend
approximately 2 metres either side of it. The rest of the drain is constructed as set out in (a)
above. This method is used only where the soil on either side of the ash pocket is impervious,
otherwise the drain is constructed as per (b) above. If an impervious membrane is not
available the section of the drain above the ash pocket may be constructed as for a drain in a
pervious soil. See Figure 29 for the treatment of ash pockets.
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Geotextile
Impermeable membrane
Soft material
(eg ash)
Impermeable membrane
Subsoil
drain
Ash pocket
2m
2m
Figure 29 - Construction of a drain over an ash pocket.
C5-5.2
Lateral Subsurface Drain Construction

This type of drain is commonly used to drain under turnouts and isolated water pockets in
embankments. For turnouts the construction of lateral drains is the same as that for longitudinal
drains, the main difference is the depth of the pipe below rail level which is a minimum of 1200 mm.
For embankment drainage, a lateral trench is excavated to the desired level, using a backhoe or
similar. Once the trench is excavated to the desired level, the base is graded to fall away from the
embankment centre. The construction methods are the same as for longitudinal drains (point (d)
above).
C5-5.3
Blanket Drain Construction

This type of drain is most commonly found at the base of embankments. Blanket drains are usually
constructed during embankment construction, embankment widening or repairs to a slip. The
construction steps are as follows:
C5-5.4
Excavate. For embankment widening or slip repair, steps should be cut into the existing
embankment (see RailCorp Manual TMC 411)
Level and compact the base with a fall away from the embankment centre.
Lay out the geotextile. Any joints should have a minimum 1 metre overlap.
Place aggregate, usually 20 - 53 mm aggregate up to 300mm thick. (This should be laid and
compacted in layers).
Fold sides of geotextile up over the top of the aggregate, then cover with a layer of Geofabric
over the top of the aggregate.
Place riprap (100 - 150 mm stone) over the exposed face of the drainage blanket as
protection.
Build up the embankment to the desired level and compact in layers.
Other Types
Included in this section is the construction of horizontal and vertical drains. These drains are not
often used for track drainage and consequently will not be dealt with at this stage, with the
exception of the following.
The most commonly used vertical drain is used to drain water from behind retaining walls and
bridge abutments. This drain consists of a geotextile layer placed at the back of the wall and
connected to a pipe at the base of the wall.
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Water reaching the geotextile can flow along the plain of the fabric that is down the back of the
wall, and is then removed by the pipe at the base. This may also be combined with horizontal
layers of geotextile to collect water seeping through the embankment or backfill behind the wall,
which is conducted towards the vertical drain and then to the carrier pipe and removed.
This type of drain may be placed during construction and backfilling, or an area behind the wall can
be excavated for their installation.
C5-5.5
Construction of an Unslotted Pipe Drain

Follow the procedure as per (d) above.
C5-5.6
Sump Installation
Sumps shall be spaced at 30 to 50 metre centres, except through platforms where spacing shall be
20 to 30 metre centres. Reduced centres may be applicable in the 6-foot between tracks to account
for track curvature.
At the location at which a sump is to be placed the trench is widened and deepened to
accommodate for the sump. The base of the trench is then levelled and covered with a layer of
compacted sand or road base, which is a minimum 150mm deep. This layer may be added to so
that the sump is positioned at the correct height.
Prior to placing the sump the wafer of concrete covering the inlet and outlet is knocked out to
approximately the desired size. Drains using slotted pipes and geotextile are connected to sumps
as shown in Figure 30 below. Once the pipe is in place any remaining gaps between the pipe and
the sump are grouted. The trench is then filled and compacted.
Sump cage
Grate
Sump
Geotextile
Aggregate
Slotted pipe
Fabric is wrapped and twisted to hold

back stone
Fiqure 30 - Method of joining longitudinal subsoil drain to sumps.
C5-6
Other Types of Construction

Other construction methods that may be used are:
Pipe jacking
Tunnelling
Augering
Cast in place
These are seldom used for track drainage, and therefore will not be dealt with.
C5-7
Inlets and Outlets

Some typical examples of inlet and outlet protection used are:
Precast concrete units
Grouted sand bags (Figure 21)
Concrete (Figure 22)
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Reno mattresses and gabions (Figure 23)
Revetment mattress (Figure 24)
Spalls grouted or hand packed (Figure 25).
Inlet and outlet protection is to be installed as shown on the Drawings and in accordance with
manufacturers instructions.
Typical details for a gabion headwall are:
500
min
100
min
100 min
500
min
500
min
2000
300
Figure 31 Gabion Headwall Typical details
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Chapter 6 Maintenance of Track Drainage

C6-1
General
Good track maintenance and effective track drainage are closely associated. The stability and
condition of the track and the formation is intimately related to the effectiveness of the drainage
systems.
The tracks drainage system must be carefully maintained.
The consequences of poor or blocked drains can range from small areas of foul ballast to large
washaways or embankment failures.
Water must be drained away from the track as quickly as possible, so that it does not affect the
track stability.
Where sub-drainage work has been carried out; the outlets must be kept clean to allow water to run
off.
The cesses in cuttings must be kept formed so that the water will run at the toe of the batter. On
banks the cesses must be graded away from the track.
Where bog holes exist, ample metal ballast should be kept on hand to replace the continued loss of
metal through fettling. The attention of the Team Manager must be drawn to this so that he may
have sub-drainage work carried out, when practicable.
Effective drainage is a major factor in minimising maintenance work necessary on welded track.
C6-1.1
Drainage Principles
The basic principles of drainage are that drains will:
Allow water to drain away: It is important that water is drained away from the track structure as
quickly as possible.
Keep water flowing: If there are low spots in the drainage path water will pond and will saturate the
sensitive track structure and weaken the material in that area.
Control the path of water: Water should not be permitted to flow from the drain into areas that will
be damaged by water e.g. flowing into sink holes or from the cess back into the track because of
debris in the cess.
Control the flow rate of water: Water should not flow too slowly as to cause saturation (ponding) or
too rapidly as to cause erosion.
Reduce erosion: certain materials are prone to erosion and require additional treatment otherwise
drains block rapidly or slopes become undercut and cause instability.
Keep water as far away as possible: Where the countryside is very flat and recommended grades
cannot be achieved, water should be drained away from areas that can be damaged by saturation
e.g. allow water to pond at the railway boundary rather than the toe of the embankment.
C6-1.2
Indications of ineffective drainage

The following are indications of ineffective drainage:
Foul or dirty ballast
Pumping sleepers
Rotting sleepers
Bad top and line
Silted drains
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Pumping joints and crossings
Pools of water
Broken or blocked pipes.
If drainage is ineffective,
Look for the cause, and
Fix the problem.
Pools of stagnant water lying near the track must be drained and the problem that caused them
rectified.
The proper action is:
C6-1.3
Locate the problem
Drain the pools
Check all drains have proper cross-fall and grading.
Possible causes of ineffective drainage

Possible cause of ineffective drainage are:
Broken pipes
Street gutters
Septic Tanks
Unlawful diversion of water by Property Owners.
To maintain good drainage the Team Leader must:
know where the drains are
know which way they flow
know where they discharge
clear any blockages immediately
repair any weak spots.
If Team Leaders cannot do the necessary work, they should:
report it to their Team Manager
request extra staff, material, or equipment.
Backhoes , bobcats, small bulldozers and dumpers are some equipment which can be used to
clear drains.
C6-2
Surface Drainage
C6-2.1
Maintenance Considerations
Maintenance operations carried out on surface drains usually fall into one, or a combination of the
following:
Weed control.
Removal of debris from other track maintenance activities.
Removal of sediment.
Regrading.
A build-up of weeds within the surface drain tends to slow the passage of water through the drain,
which, in turn, allows sediment to settle leading to a blockage of the drain. Such a blockage can
render a drain useless and lead to a decline in the effectiveness of other drains in the system. For
example, if a cut-off drain at the top of a cutting becomes blocked water may overflow the drain,
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run down the cutting face increasing erosion of the face and the cess drain will eventually block up
due to the additional sediment load.
Weeds may be removed using normal weed control practices.
Sleepers and rails, for example, left in the cess drains after maintenance work, tend to act as dams
allowing water to pond alongside the track and seep into the formation. This will also allow
sediment to settle. Thus old sleepers and rails should be removed to a suitable dump at the
completion of any track work.
When a drain fills with sediment, whether it is due to a blockage or a flat grade, this sediment
should be removed and the drain regraded if necessary. The type of equipment used to remove the
sediment depends on the extent of the blockage and the accessibility (equipment used may range
from a shovel to a gradall). Regrading is sometimes necessary due to scouring or to increase the
grade of the drain slightly to reduce the amount of sediment that can settle in the ditch (channel).
See Table 8 for a summary of Surface Drain Maintenance.
Where cutting faces are exposed, thus undergoing unnecessary cutting face erosion leading to an
acceleration of sediment build-up in cesses, these should be protected. Forms of protection
commonly used are spray grasses, or seeding, sodding and shotcrete.
Type of
drain
CESS
DRAIN
Problems encountered
Possible remedies
Blockages
- Weeds
Poison
- Old sleepers and railetc
Should be removed and cess regraded.

Old sleepers and rails should be removed
when replaced and not left lying in the cess
drain, if not removed from site sleepers
should be gathered up and disposed of.
- Other discipline infrastructure
Approach other disciplines about

equipment relocation.
Spillages and Spent ballast.
Remove and regrade cess.
Blockages may lead to

- Silt build up
- Water ponding
Clean out cess drain and regrade if

necessary.
- Overflow
Uneven grades
Regrade cess.
Scour
May be possible to widen cess or regrade

cess to decrease water velocity, if not the
cess should be regraded and/or lined.
- Due to high water velocities

Often found on down stream side
of blockages
CATCH
DRAIN
Rail Corporation
As above
Animal (rabbit) burrows are
also a problem in some areas
Eradicate or remove animals and fill in

burrows.
Poorly graded
Regrade the drain.
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Problems encountered
Scour
- Especially at outlets for catch
drains above cuttings, where
drains tend to be steep producing
high velocities
Possible remedies
Use more regular outlets. Therefore,
producing less water at lower velocities at
each outlet. Or regrade and/or line the
drain.
MITRE
DRAIN
As above for cess drains.

Greatest problem is Scour
Regrade or line the drain. If necessary

provide some means of retarding the flow
out of these drains
GRADED
SHOULDER
Water ponding
Regrade the shoulders so that they fall

away from the track.
Table 8 - Summary of maintenance of surface drains.
C6-3
Subsurface Drainage
C6-3.1
Outlets
Outlets are the most critical element of a subsurface drainage system because they are susceptible
to events that can impede the free flow of water. The main concerns are blockages due to weed
growth, siltation of the adjacent ditch or stream, debris from the track or slope and the activities of
animals or man. A system of marking outlets of subsurface drains should be implemented to
enable easy location of outlets.
It is recommended that outlets and outlet markers be inspected and repaired, if necessary, as part
of routine maintenance at least once a year. As with the inspection of other drainage system
components this should preferably be carried out in the period of least rainfall.
C6-3.2
Pipes and Sumps

Pipes and sumps are susceptible to blockages due to ballast and rubbish from the track, tree roots
in search of water, siltation and pipe breakages or crushing.
Sumps may be cleaned by either digging the sediment, ballast and rubbish out of the silt traps or
by using a vacuum device (mainly used for deep sumps). Sumps filled with ballast are most
effectively cleaned using post-hole shovels, but these are ineffective for the removal of fine noncohesive silt. Square nose shovels of varying widths are suitable only where sediment fills the silt
trap. Where a sump is deeper than two metres it becomes too difficult to clean using shovels. In
this case a vacuum device may be used.
Once the sumps have been cleaned the adjoining pipes may be cleaned if necessary, by either
rodding, hydroblasting or similar.
Rodding of the pipes involves the pushing of a circular plug, of slightly less diameter than the inside
of the pipe, through the pipe using flexible rods. Rodding is done working from sump to sump
starting at the downstream end. Any sediment or other debris pushed out of the pipe is then
cleaned out of the sumps.
Hydroblasting involves the removal of sediment by using a low pressure, high volume water jet,
since high-pressure low volume water jets tend to damage pipes. Hydroblasting is most effectively
carried out using experienced Contractors. The process involved is as follows:
Sections of the pipe network are cleaned from sump to sump working from the outlet pipe.
Various nozzles are used to break up any encrustations and remove debris by either jetting it out
into the sump or by relying on the volume of water and the grade of the pipe to create a self
cleaning effect and remove any sediment.
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Once this operation is completed the sumps are cleaned either by the methods previously
mentioned or by sludge pumps.
This process is then repeated in the next pair of sumps and so on.
Care must be taken to replace any displaced sump grates or covers removed during the cleaning
and inspection of the drainage system.
See Table 9 for a summary of Subsurface Drainage Maintenance.
Problems
Encountered
Type Of Drain
Pipe,
Aggregate
Geotextile Filter
and Sump Type
Drain
(Longitudinal
Drains)
Sump Grates
and Covers
Blockages:
Possible Remedies
Clean out rubbish and ballast.
- Rubbish & Ballast

- Silt
Hydroblast or rod pipe. Remove sludge with

sludge pump or shovel.
Scour outlet
Provide scour protection and/or decrease water

velocity.
Blocked by
Remove cover and or grate, clean sump if

necessary. Clean and replace grates and cover.
Remove rubbish etc. from site.
Rubbish and
Silt
Aggregate &
Geotextile
Drains
e.g. Blankets
Blocked Outlets
Outlets
Scour
Provide scour protection and or decrease water

velocity.
Blockages
Clear away vegetation from outlet. Clear any

other debris away from outlet e.g. spent ballast
etc.
Remove vegetation.
Clean outlets ensure no water ponds at outlets.
Table 9 - Summary of Maintenance of Subsurface Drains
C6-4
Typical problems and solutions

This section looks at typical drainage problems, suggests possible reasons for their occurrence and
practical maintenance solutions which range from simple cleaning to upgrading drainage.
C6-4.1
Cuttings
Drainage problems are exhibited by:
Water ponding
Poor track alignment and level through the cutting
Pumping of mud up through the ballast
Rock pumping.
The main causes of these problems are:
Poorly graded cess drains.
Blocked cess drains i.e. drains silted up due to cutting face erosion or debris (e.g. sleepers
and spent ballast etc.).
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Foul ballast i.e. spillages from coal and wheat trains or mud causing the water to be trapped in
the ballast. Another possible cause is the damming of water caused by the dumping of spoil by
ballast cleaners at the ballast toe.
Another problem associated with cuttings is where cut off drains have been provided but not
maintained. Thus water can pond within these drains resulting in the saturation of the cutting face
which would lead to slipping, slumping or piping of the cutting face. This may also allow water to
overflow the drains and run down the cutting face causing excessive cutting face erosion, which in
turn causes the cess drain to silt up quicker.
There are a number of solutions to these problems depending on the size of the cutting and the
number of tracks. These are:
C6-4.2
Narrow or Steep Cuttings

Depending on the severity of the problem it may only be necessary to clean, regrade the cess and
ballast clean the problem section.
The other alternative is to install subsoil drains. The cess is deepened and a subsoil drain installed,
the ballast is then allowed to fall over the drain. Thus if the surface (cess) drain becomes blocked
(i.e. silted up) the subsurface water is still being drained away from the formation. This system can
also be used on multiple track, provided the formation is in good condition and graded towards the
cess drains. Otherwise the formation may need to be reconstructed.
C6-4.3
Wide Cuttings
In wider cuttings or if widening of the cutting is possible, the cess drains need only be deepened
and widened so that water is drained out of and away from the track and does not prevent water
flowing away from the track.
This method should be used where easy access is available allowing regular maintenance to be
carried out.
Note: Cutting faces should be stabilised to reduce erosion and subsequent silting up of cess drains.
For example spray grassing.
C6-4.4
Embankments
The main drainage problems associated with embankments are; water being trapped in the ballast
due to fouling of the ballast (either from spillages or mud) and the build up of spoils from previous
ballast cleaning operations.
Another problem is that of water ponding at the embankment base, which may lead to slips. This
water may cause saturation of the embankment base consequently causing further consolidation
and settlement of the embankment.
To prevent water being trapped in the ballast, leading to formation failures, the shoulders of the
embankment must be kept clean and graded away from the track. Thus windrows of spent ballast
must not be allowed to build up on embankment shoulders. Depositing ballast cleaning spoil over
the side of the embankment stops water being trapped in the ballast but can cause water to be
trapped in the embankment itself. The spent ballast tends to from an impermeable layer over the
outside of the embankment.
Catch drains must be installed and maintained such that water is prevented from ponding at the
embankment base. An alternative to catch drains in flat areas is to grade surrounding ground away
from the embankment such that if water does pond in the area, it is away from the embankment
base.
At areas of heavy seepage through embankments, a transverse subsoil drain should be installed to
drain the water from the embankment, thus reducing the possibility of embankment saturation and
any resulting problems.
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On multiple tracks where drainage problems have been encountered it may be necessary to install
a transverse drain with suitable outlets to effectively drain water from the ballast.
Note: Embankment faces should be stabilised to reduce erosion problems (e.g. spray grassing or
sodding or geotextile, etc.).
C6-4.5
Soft Spots or Bog Holes

Because this condition is often the result of water collecting in depressions in the formation caused
by inadequate or poorly maintained drains the first consideration should be to upgrade or clear
existing drainage.
The provision of suitable drainage to preserve the stability of the formation is of prime importance.
The disposal of the impounded water from these depressions is achieved by excavating to the
lowest level and providing suitable permanent outlet drains.
Before deciding the actual method of treatment, the local conditions must be investigated. The
objective of the investigation is to try and determine the source of the water and to obtain the depth
of the water pocket or depression.
To investigate a soft spot, trial holes are sunk at about 2m intervals. This will determine the depth
of ballast and soft formation. This enables selection of the best type of drainage system or solution
to the problem.
The procedure to follow in the solution the problem is as follows:
1. Determine the position and depth of the outlet drain or 'tap' drain by using trial holes to locate
the depth of ballast or the soft area.
2. Excavate and remove the 'soft spot' and foul ballast. The lower level of the trench for any sub
drains used must be graded longitidinally at least 1:100 toward the outlet drain. Sub drains
should be lined or covered with a geotextile fabric and filled with clean new ballast.
3. Cess drains are also upgraded so that surface water will not penetrate the treated area upon
completion of the work. Where possible, they should be widened and graded uniformly to the
mouth of the cutting. This will help in allowing the water to run freely away.
4. If the capping layer has been disturbed it is then restored with crossfall angled towards the
drains.
5. The track is restored with 'clean' new ballast and resurfaced.
C6-4.6
Scours and Washaways

During heavy and prolonged rain, the normal drainage channels provided may not be able to deal
with the extra water flowing through them, with the result that flooding occurs.
In flat country, embankments may become submerged and saturated. If the water level rises
uniformly on both sides of the bank, there will not be a great amount of water flow. As a result, little
damage will occur. If, however, the flooding is confined to one side of the line, bridge and culvert
openings will be liable to scour. Should the water run over the top of the track, very serious
damage can result. The amount of damage will be dependant on the velocity or rate of flow of the
water. Any steps taken to reduce the velocity will, therefore, assist in reducing damage.
The danger point is reached as water first commences to trickle over the formation. Scouring then
starts, first in the ballast and then in the formation. If there is a large difference in the water levels
on the two sides of the bank, the velocity will be high and damage extensive.
C6-4.6.1
Temporary Repairs
During heavy flooding, washaways may be numerous. They may range from small sections of
ballast washed away to deep cuts where the whole embankment has been removed. The method
of affecting temporary repairs will depend on the nature and size of the washaway and also the
materials and equipment available.
If the ballast only is scoured out and it is not possible to get ballast to the site, quick repairs may be
made by redistributing the remaining ballast. This will lower the track into a long 'slack' and is only
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a temporary measure to restore traffic. More permanent repairs must be completed as soon as
possible.
Where shallow scouring of the formation occurs, continuous sleeper pigsties may be used. For
deeper scouring, pigsties, trestles and temporary beams will be required.
Permanent repairs will then require the closure of the track and reconstruction of the embankment.
C6-4.7
Slips
This type of earthwork failure comes within the experience of nearly every person associated with
track maintenance. They need not be large to cause serious damage and are very dangerous in
that they can occur suddenly and without warning.
It is desirable, in the initial construction of the track, to avoid unsuitable soils. However, track staff
are generally involved with tracks constructed for many years. As such, conditions must be dealt
with as they are found.
Terracing and flattening of slopes will assist in bringing about stable conditions. Cuttings, in soft
material or in slopes liable to fail, may be widened to provide space for falling debris clear of the
track. Material removed from cuttings should not be placed on or pushed over embankment sides
without prior investigation of the embankment stability. Embankments can only be widened using
the correct procedures.
Advice on the appropriate batter slope, terraces and procedures for the widening of embankments
should be sought from the Geotechnical Services Section.
Small slips may be foreseen and prevented by the removal of loose material or the building of
some form of protective structure.
The removal of only the 'toe' of a slip will lead to increased
sliding. When it is necessary to clear the toe, only the minimum quantity to permit the passage of
trains should be removed. Mud flows, which result mainly from heavy rainfall, cannot always be
foreseen and prevented but continual maintenance of top drains will assist in reducing their
incidence.
Slips may be of several types or include features of each type.
C6-4.7.1
Flow Movements
The soil material of a hillside or side slope may become so saturated with water that it moves
downward in the form of a mud flow. The rate of flow may be slow or rapid depending on the
degree of saturation and type of material. The slopes from which the flow starts need not be steep
if excess water is present.
The potential effect of this type of slip is to cover the track, push it out of line or destroy any form of
support or retaining wall.
C6-4.7.2
Shear Failure
Sometimes an embankment or hillside is composed of soil without any great strength or cohesion
between its particles. It may be standing too steeply and cracks may develop which will permit the
entrance of water.
Movement or a large part of the slope takes place slowly at first but can become very rapid as
complete failure takes place.
This type of slip may occur at any time, even many years after the railway is constructed. The
effect on the track is seen as a depression if the movement is minor or a total loss of support if
major movement occurs.
C6-4.7.3
Slope Adjustment
This is a natural occurrence due to erosion. Quantities of spoil or rock fall away from the sides of
cuttings and fall onto the track. They may be composed of fine material or rocks that are large
enough to derail trains.
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Protection against the damage can be afforded by periodically removing any loose stones and by
the provision of a wide bench at the toe of the cutting in which debris may collect clear of the track.
C6-4.8
Platforms
The main problem associated with platforms is the ponding of water that consequently causes
formation failures, exhibited as poor track alignment, pumping sleepers and bog holes.
The solutions available depend upon the severity of the problem. These are:

Clean all sumps and pipes
Install a suitable drainage system in the six foot
Recondition track and install subsurface drainage system
Completely excavate problem area and replace with densely compacted fill up to the next
formation level, then provide a 150mm compacted granular capping layer and 300 mm of
ballast cover. During reconstruction install a subsurface drainage system.
Also at stations with island platforms there is often a problem with water ponding at the ends of the
platform. This can be remedied by placing a sump in the six-foot connected to an existing drainage
system or suitable outlet.
Note: Runoff from station buildings and platforms may be piped into sumps. This provides relatively
clean water which can be used to help flush drainage systems.
C6-4.9
Turnouts
With the increased axle loads and cyclic forces exerted on turnouts it takes very little water for
them to start pumping mud up through the ballast, consequently fouling the ballast and
compounding the problem.
Some solutions to this problem are as follows:

Deepen and widen the cess drains on each side to drain water from the ballast and keep it
clear of the formation
Install subsurface drains under problem areas during turnout reconditioning or renewal. Major
problem areas are under heel blocks and crossings. These are points where the most
pounding (greatest impact load) tends to occur.
In come cases during turnout and crossing renewals asphaltic concrete has been used as a
capping layer to help increase the impermeability of the formation thus giving it a longer life.
C6-4.10
Yard Drainage
The problems associated with yard drainage are similar to those of any other track work except on
a larger scale. Where on most lines the drainage must cater for between one and four tracks in
yards there are usually many more. Also yards tend to be constructed on very flat areas, thus there
is very little fall available for surface and subsurface drainage systems.
The simplest solution for any drainage problems in yards is to clean and regrade cesses and
provide regular outlets in the form of sumps such that the best possible grades can be applied to
the surface drains.
The most effective method is to have the formation graded as shown in Figure 31 below.
Figure 32 - Typical "saw tooth" formation used in yards

Subsurface drains are located at the low points. If large flows are expected it may be necessary to
install carrier pipes. Carrier pipes may be placed at a deeper level thus allowing the grades of
subsoil drains to be increased between sumps.
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Subsurface drains
Carrier pipe
Figure 33 - Carrier Pipe Arrangement
C6-4.11
Bridge abutments and retaining walls

Unless adequate weep holes are installed during construction and kept clear by routine
maintenance, weep holes tend to block, trapping water behind the abutment or retaining wall. This
causes saturation of the earth (fill) behind the walls, which can lead to further consolidation and
settlement of the fill.
Weep holes are required at and above the capping layer level as well as at the base of a wall.
Weep holes should also be located at regular intervals down the wall, thus if the bottom holes
become blocked the upper ones can still allow some water to escape.
Existing weep holes should be cleared during routine bridge maintenance. New holes should be
bored through the wall if no holes exist or the existing holes are inadequate, especially if there are
no weep holes present above the capping layer level.
C6-5
Preparation for Flooding
C6-5.1
General
Each Region is to have an emergency plan for dealing with major flooding that would effect train
operations.
Major flooding can occur with little warning and quick action may be necessary without time to
prepare.
The "Flood Plan" is to be documented and regularly updated. Copies are to be issued to each
Team Manager and other senior staff. In particular, a copy is to be part of the "Handover Notes" for
relief officers.
The Regional staff should be the railway source for forecasting the effect of a flood on railway
facilities and be the adviser to Network Control. The Civil Maintenance Engineer is to arrange this
service when a flood is forecast.
C6-5.2
Historical information
The collection of data during flooding is most valuable in planning measures which will reduce or
avoid damage by future floods.
The heights of water levels at bridges, culverts and on railway embankments should be marked so
that flood levels may be recorded.
At large bridges, the water level may be different at each end or on up and down stream sides.
Levels at all of these points should be recorded. Any appreciable difference in the up and down
stream flood levels at a bridge may indicate an inadequate waterway.
The records of previous floods in each river in the Region are to be kept up to date.
Frequency and severity of flooding are usually available on Working Plans and office files. Other
instructions require all flood heights to be recorded.
Local Councils and other local bodies can provide a wealth of information on flood heights that will
allow up river peak height information to be related to timing and severity of railway bridge flooding
levels.
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Local papers and local residents can also advise on the time the river takes to rise, water
movements and other essential local knowledge.
Bureau of Meteorology Rainfall patterns assist in assessing runoff rates, saturation figures as well
as river peaks and times.
From all available information a river flow chart should be prepared that will provide an accurate
forecast of the effect of future floods in the river systems on railway facilities once upriver reports
are received.
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Chapter 7 Documentation Requirements

C7-1
Introduction
The aim of this section is to provide a guide for external consultants in the preparation of design
drawings and hydrology reports for minor track drainage projects within the rail corridor. It also
covers external party development works discharging onto or through the rail corridor.
The requirements are also applicable to RailCorp field staff doing track drainage design.
This guide is provided to achieve standardisation of documentation associated with track drainage
design and external works discharging onto the rail corridor.
All documentation is to be retained on the project design file.
Minor drainage works within the railway corridor include open cess, pipes, pits, covers such as
lobster cage, and minor under track drainage openings.
C7-2
Review Process
When the drainage design/hydrology report is at minimum 90% completion, drawings/reports are to
be submitted to RailCorps Design Delivery Manager (DDM), who will forward them to the Bridges
and Structures Design Section for review.
The review will be conducted in two parts:
1.
Drawing review
2.
H
ydrology/hydraulic review.
The following documentation is required for this process:

Drawing review:

1 hardcopy set of prints - A3 size (or softcopy pdf files).
Hydrology/hydraulic review:

2 hardcopies of a Hydraulic/Hydrology report (or softcopy pdf files). Where the nominated
Civil reviewer determines that a full hydrology report is not required, then a summary
document shall be prepared as a minimum refer to section C7.4.
A softcopy of the hydrology/hydraulic computer design file (eg Drains drn file) or hand
calculations shall be provided.
The time for Railcorp to undertake the review is highly dependent on the availability of RailCorp
staff and their existing work commitments. Typically this may be 2-3 weeks but may extend up to 6
weeks in some instances. It may be a requirement for the Reviewer to undertake a site inspection,
in which case, it may be necessary for the consultant to attend an on site meeting.
The Reviewer will look at the information provided and highlight any changes/additions/comments
that may be needed to meet RailCorp requirements. Once acceptance has been given (and all
modifications incorporated), then the consultant/designer must provide final acceptance
documentation.
For acceptance and final sign-off, the following documentation will be required:

1 signed set of drawings (A1) size with all necessary signatures.
CAD drawing files in MicroStation Version 8 format and on labelled CD.
2 signed copies of the final hydrology report.
A softcopy of the final hydrology/hydraulic computer design file.
A senior member of the Bridges and Structures Design Section will sign the documentation as
accepted for use by RailCorp. The drawings will then be registered in the Plan room. The DDM
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can then arrange copies of the approved drawing for distribution to the Consultant and appropriate
RailCorp field staff.
RailCorp acceptance signatures on drawings prepared by Consultants designate only that the
drawings appear to be consistent with the requirements of the design brief and that the
presentation is satisfactory. No dimensional, drafting or design check will be undertaken by
RailCorp. The responsibility of the structural adequacy, safety, compliance with codes & legislative
requirements and dimensional accuracy remains with the consultant.
Note: Any costs associated with undertaking changes requested in the review process will be
borne by the Consultant.
C7-3
Drawing requirements
All drawings are to comply with the relevant sections of the RailCorp CAD and Drafting Manual
ED 0022P, ED 0026P and ED 0027P.
Typically, most rail drainage projects are site specific in that they have different site constraints,
varying terrain and unique rainfall catchments. For this reason, RailCorp has not developed
standard drawings. However, it is fair to say that many details of track drainage remain generic.
The following aspects are considered the minimum requirements that should be detailed on track
drainage drawings.
General

All drawings are to be completed using CAD (Microstation or AutoCAD). There is to be only
one drawing sheet per CAD file.
Drawings are to be detailed using standard RailCorp drawing sheets (A1 size). Electronic file
of the standard RailCorp drawing sheets in dwg format will be provided to the Consultant
Each drawing is to have a unique RailCorp drawing number (CV Nos). These numbers will be
supplied on request. Note: if more drawings are required than originally requested, then
additional numbers must be requested. These numbers probably will not be a continuation of
numbers previously given.
The RailCorp drawing numbers shall be used for cross references and not drawing sheet
number or consultant internal filling numbers.
Title blocks are to be filled out to RailCorp Standard as detailed in the CAD Manual.
Plan
Drainage layout drawn at a minimum scale of 1:200 with Sydney shown on the left.
The layout shall include identification or marking of drainage pits/sumps eg pit P1, P2 etc.
All railway tracks (including turnouts, crossovers and sidings) to be shown and labelled eg
Main West - Down
Kilometrage marks to be shown along the track say at 20m centres. Text labelling at even
100m centres (20.100km). Note: OHWS structure numbers may not coincide with track km.
Show the North point.
Indicate and label railway boundary line.
Show the top and bottom of cuttings, embankments, drainage channels, depressions etc.
Show and label trackside furniture - if applicable (eg signal footings, signal troughing, air lines,
train stops, services, face of platforms, retaining walls, bridge abutments & piers etc).
Show and label any applicable surveyed items (eg trees, power poles, nearby buildings, edge
of roads or access roads etc).
Show locations of any external services (as determined from a dial before you dig requestsubmitted by the consultant).
Existing drainage to be indicated and labelled (dotted if they are to be removed).
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TMC 421
Proposed drainage with dimensions of extent, pipe size/type/class. Arrows indicating flow
direction. Each pit to be labelled (e.g. P1).
Extent of scour protection (dimensioned and labelled fully).
Pipe Jacking - temporary excavation lines shown and pipe jacking direction indicated.
OHWS shown with footing outline and structure number indicated. Note: OHWS comprise of a
pedestal and either piled or spread footing base. Normally only the pedestal is visible.
RailCorp Bridges and Structures Design Section personnel may be able to help determine the
footing size/type if a structure number is known.
The plan shall be drawn from and based on a detail survey. However, at the discretion of RailCorp
(due to time or budgetary restraints), a schematic layout such as a track diagram may be inserted
into the drawing. If a track diagram is used, then the following note is to be included alongside (in
a highlighting box):
1. This plan has been taken from track books and is not to scale.
2. The effects of track curvature and clashes with existing OHWS footings or trackside
furniture is to be confirmed on site prior to ordering materials and/or construction.
3. The possible effects of undermining of existing structures have been investigated
and are covered in the design.
Locality Map
Such as a street directory format showing the general area is to be included.
Label From Sydney & To Country at the edge of the map.
Show North point.
Circle and identify Site of Works
Typical Sections
Are to be drawn at a suitable and legible scale (usually 1:20 is adequate)
Show the track, ballast and cross fall of the track formation
Show nearest track and dimension the offset to the centreline of the drainage system.
Dimension the depth below rail of the pipe system and the pipe cover to ground surface.
Indicate width of trench, pipe type/size, geofabric type and fill and bedding material.
Dimension and label compaction layers.
If an open channel is adopted, fully dimension the channel and label any scour protection. A
table can be incorporated if the channel size varies along the length.
If different methods of pipe installation are covered, then a typical section is required for each
method (eg cess pipe installation different from undertrack pipe installation)
Longitudinal Sections (for pit/pipe & open channel)
A separate longitudinal section is required along all pipe/drainage lines.
Draw at a suitable scale (vertical exaggeration can be used to highlight grades)
Table along the bottom of the longitudinal section with headings indicating Track km, design
rail level (low rail), cess level and pipe invert level.
Indicate track km, rail levels and cess levels at a minimum of 20m centres and at pit locations.
Indicate pipe invert level at all pit locations.
Indicate grade and extent of pipe runs/open channel.
All levels nominated shall be to AHD. Where assumed level is adopted the assumed
benchmark must be clearly identified.
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TMC 421
Additional Details
Include any additional details that are essential for the construction of the project. These may be
individual details or separate drawings and may include items such as (but not limited to):
How new pipes are to be joined in with existing drainage.
Energy dissipating device details.
Scour protection details.
Pipe jacking collaring.
Detention basin details.
Lobster pot details.
Temporary support of existing structures.
Pit Table
A pit table is to be included and shall be set up in the following format
Pit No
Pit type
Riser
Top
P1
# 1/ 600 sq. x 1200

deep (internal)
# 1/ 300 high riser
1/ 150 high LID.
# 1/ 150 high riser
1/ HD galv. cast iron grate.

1/ Ballast Cage
# - designates step irons required in pit

Notes

Design Criteria (e.g. Design: Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) of 50years, Loading: pipes
designed for 300LA + DLA train live load etc.)
Pipe/pit notes.
Any other notes particular to the project (eg shotcreting)
References (Drawings)

The first drawing in the set is to reference all other drawings. The remaining drawings need to
refer to the first drawing and any other drawing that is referred to in the details on that sheet.
Typical Example Drawings

Examples of typical drainage design drawings are in Appendix 5.
C7-4
Hydrology/Hydraulic Report requirements

Where a hydrology report is required, the following format is recommended and the items listed are
considered the minimum requirements to be incorporated.

Document Control Table To incorporate the revision number, revision date, revision
details/change and the relevant QA signatures.
Table of Contents.
Executive Summary (for large reports only).
Site description & background.
Catchment Details provide a description of how the catchment has been divided up. For
large projects where multiple systems operate and/or catchment break-up is hard to define,
then an Illustration/map will be required.
Design Methodology Describe the concept of the design, the software program utilised and a
description of the other options considered.
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Hydrology Describe any relevant hydrology issues and include a table of the hydrologic
parameters adopted for the analysis.
Example
Hydrologic Parameter
Value
Design ARI
1 in 50 years
Typical hydrology parameters as adopted in the Drains software are: paved
(impervious) area depression storage, grassed (pervious) area depression storage,
soil type, Antecedent moisture content (1-4), Annual Recurrence Interval ARI, Storm
duration range considered, soil permeability %.

Hydraulics Describe any relevant hydraulic issues and include a table of the hydraulic
Parameters adopted for the analysis.
Example
Hydraulic Parameter
Value
eg RC pipe Mannings No
0.002
Typical hydraulic parameters as adopted in the Drains software are: minimum pipe
slope, minimum pit freeboard, minimum fall across pits, minimum pipe diameter, pit
blocking factor, minimum pipe cover, pressure loss coefficients, maximum ponding
depth, maximum ponding volume, pipe Mannings No).

Analysis Results Describe the results of the analysis and include a results summary table. In
some cases (such as external developments), it may be a requirement to compare various
Options or compare between the pre-development and post development scenarios.
Example
Drainage line
Total
Catchment
area
Peak
Discharge at
outlet
Max velocity
Storm event
Pipe 5
1500 m2
40l/s
1.2m/s
ARI 50, 45min

storm
(critical case)
The table heading and values should be modified to incorporate the type of system
being modelled and the critical output relevant to the project.

Conclusions.
Appendix A Output from computer modelling (from Drains this would both input data and
Results)
Appendix B Photographs of the site.
For the majority of hydrology reports the above details will be satisfactory. For more complex
hydrology scenarios, it may be required to incorporate additional information. Typical examples of
this may be when dealing with detention basins, considering backwater effects or examining
complex flooding interactions.
At the discretion of RailCorp (due to RailCorp time or budgetary restraints), a summary document
(report, letter or e-mail) incorporating major aspects of the items above, may be submitted in
preference to a report. This will be determined by the Design Delivery Manager (DDM) at the
commencement of the project.
C7-5
External party development discharging onto or through the rail

corridor
The Developer shall provide the minimum supporting documentation as detailed below:
C7-5.1
Hydrology/Hydraulics report
A hydrology/hydraulics investigation report shall be prepared by a professional services
organisation with the appropriate expertise. The investigation and analysis shall include any
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TMC 421
possible impacts of any additional discharge downstream or backwater effect upstream. This is to
include discharge into Council stormwater systems.
The report shall be set out as per C7-4, and shall be structured to compare between predevelopment and post-development scenarios.
The report shall look at an Average Recurrence Period (ARI) of 50 years and should investigate a
range of storms from 5 minutes to 24-hour duration. Note: RailCorp will accept reports done for ARI
100 years (as stipulated by some councils) as long as the results satisfy RailCorp requirements.
It is RailCorps policy to reject any submission where the development will adversely affect
discharge rates onto or through the rail corridor. To control this, the developer may be required to
incorporate a retention/detention system within the developers property. Such a system must be
covered in the hydrology/hydraulics report. It will also be the consultants responsibility to submit a
Long-term Maintenance Management Plan.
It is RailCorps policy to reject any submission where the development will increase scouring
potential within the railway boundary. A drainage solution particular to the site may be required to
effectively disperse flow. Alternatively, provision of scour protection may be required.
Where the existing track drainage is found to be inadequate to accommodate the site discharge,
the developer shall document the upgrade of the track drainage required at their costs. The costs
(to be borne by the developer) shall include of upgrading of the RailCorp drainage system.
C7-5.2
Drawings
Where upgrading of the RailCorp track drainage system is required, or additional drainage works
are required within the railway boundary, the documentation shall be prepared in accordance with
the requirements specified in C7-3.
Where the developer confines all drainage works to within their property, then a layout plan shall be
supplied that conveys the overall stormwater drainage system. This shall include any
pipes/pits/basins/channels/downpipes and is to include the outline of the proposed dwelling and
ground contour lines (including any ground level survey points taken). Any labelling of pipes and/or
pits shall conform to the labelling conducted in the hydraulics/hydrology report. All pipe inverts shall
be clearly identified in plan or on cross sections. Any non-related information shall be filtered out.
For construction works carried out within the railway boundary, work-as-executed drawings are to
be submitted once works have been completed.
C7-5.3
Long Term Maintenance Management Plan

Where a developer incorporates a detention/retention system to control discharge, then a Longterm Maintenance Management Plan will be required. This shall detail the actions and frequency of
inspection and maintenance tasks to effectively maintain the system over its design life.
Responsibility shall be clearly defined in the Maintenance Plan eg who is responsible for the
nominated inspection and who is responsible for carrying out the maintenance tasks.
Any costs incurred by RailCorp as a direct consequence of failure of the stormwater system will be
passed onto the developer/owner.
C7-5.4
Other considerations
The Developer shall seek the appropriate approval from the affected Council or other relevant
Authorities & parties.
The cost of design, documentation and construction for any works within the railway boundary shall
be born by the developer. The developer must ensure that works are carried out in accordance with
railway safety requirements with appropriate RailCorp safety accreditation for all workers.
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Appendix 1
TMC 421
Flow Charts
Flow Chart 1 Overall Design Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Design Investigation.
Objective
Information required
Collection & study of existing information
Site investigation
Catchment estimation
Drainage System capacity

1. Recurrence interval
2. Design system
Rational method
Section C4-4.3
Peak surface
runoff flow
Is the
drainage system required
a surface or subsurface
system?
Surface
Subsurface
Flow chart 2
Flow chart 3
Produce any drawings and tables

necessary for system installation
Design stage complete proceed to

construction phase
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TMC 421
Flow Chart 2 Surface Drainage Design

From C3.6 Calculate the peak flow rate QPF
Determine the local soil type such that the maximum permissible
velocity and roughness (Table 3) can be established.
Determine the slope from the preliminary investigation

survey (Standard is 1 in 100).
Select trial channel size from Table 4.
Calculate the maximum flow rate for the

selected trial channel size (Q1)
yes
Is Q1 QPF?
no
Check the water velocity (V1)
Is the
velocity less than the
maximum permissible
velocity? Table 5
no
Provide either a larger

channel or line the drain
yes
The channel size & water
velocities are satisfactory
If new lining was chosen, then the cost of the lining

versus a larger unlined channel should be compared.
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TMC 421
Flow Chart 3 Subsurface Drainage Design

From C4-6.1 Calculate the peak surface runoff (QR)
Is QS =0?
no
Carry out a hydrological study to

establish Qs or estimate a value
for QS
no
Estimate the value of QC from the

size of the upper drain &
approximately how full it flows
yes
Is QC =0?
yes
QPF = QS + QC + QR (equation 1)
pipe
Is the
subsurface drain a
pipe or aggregate
drain?
Determine the slope of

the drain
Determine the slope of the

drain (Standard is 1 in 100)
Size pipe for all pipe

materials (min dia 225mm)
Select pipes from Table 6
such that max flow > QPF
determined from eqn 1
Select the size of the

aggregate
no
Is the
flow rate in the
pipe acceptable?
yes
aggregate
Choose a value for K

from Table 7
Once the required flow is

known, the drain area
required can be calculated
using equation 8
Calculate the strength of pipe

required (C4-6.1)
Select other drainage components eg. fabric etc
(C4-2.3)
Compare
the
cost
and
availability of each type of pipe
Select a pipe
Rail Corporation
Draw up list detailing the items required and

quantity etc.
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Track Drainage
Appendix 2
TMC 421
Drainage Design Checklist

The following checklist is used by RailCorps Bridges and Structures Design Section when
undertaking track drainage design.
It provides a useful guide for consultants and RailCorp field staff.
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TMC 421
Checklist D06
Drainage Design & Investigation Checklist

Project Identification
Location
Line
Details
Project Number or
Identification
File
Design Delivery Manager
Delivery Plan prepared
YES
Target Dates
Documentation
In House
Deliverable requirements
Hydrology/Hydraulics Report
Detailed Design
Technical specification
Review of External design/report
NO
External
Investigation Report
Scope of Works
Prepared
by:
Scope of Work/Project Brief
What type of drainage is it? (i) Track (ii) Bridge UB/Culvert (iii) External Party
Development
Has a scope of works been provided for Civil Works?
Has a project brief been provided?
Have the key design parameters been defined in the scope/brief?
Are Mandatory Legislative or Regulatory requirements defined in the scope
/brief?
Have any validation methods been established in the scope/brief?
Is a Technical Maintenance Plan (TMP) required?
Has functional and performance requirements been identified by the client?
Have Interface requirements been scoped (see below)?
Are there any future proposals that has been identified (eg access road, embankment
widening, quadruplication, turnbacks, upgrades, track lifts etc).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Do installation or maintenance manuals need to be developed or changed?
YES
NO
Do you know what the operating conditions are?

Class of line
Speed
Maximum Axle load
Operation (inspection/maintenance regime etc)
Usage factors such as numbers of trains
Will the configuration change affect the conditions of operation?
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Is training required prior to the installation of the design?

Have all the stakeholders (both internal & external) been identified.
YES
YES
NO
NO
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Discipline Interface
Track
Impact on track vertical & horizontal alignment (eg Is there a need to lift or move the
tracks)?
Are design track levels (low rail) known?
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
Geotechnical
Are founding parameters required for drainage design?

Is there any possible stability concerns with adjacent structures or embankments?
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Survey
Is a detailed survey scope required?

Is additional survey required to define the catchment area (eg cross sections, additional
points)
Do existing drainage systems and services need to be identified?
Items required survey (cross out/add as appropriate) exist drainage, pipe sizes,
locations of pits, invert levels, inlet/outlet , cess levels, rail levels, existing
OHWS+footings, visible services, banks, ballast edge, road edge, site markers, survey
pegs, fenceline, trees, surface levels, define wingwalls, water level, local depressions,
sketches
Electrical
Are there any Electrical requirements such as electrolysis, transmission lines & other
services?
Services
Has RailCorp internal services searches been conducted?
Has Dial Before you dig external services searches been carried out?
Does it look possible that conflict will exist with structure footings
External Bodies?
Has external hydrology reports been carried out in the area (eg local Council/previous
reports)?
Are external bodies required to be involved? If Yes, then circle or itemise:
Local Council
development
Consultant
RTA
EPA
Water Authorities
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
Land Owner External
Will any proposed configuration changes

Impact on RailCorps accreditation with Minister of Transport?
YES
YES
Require approval from external bodies (EPA, RTA, Water Authorities, Local Councils
etc)?
Site Data
Site
Is the proposed works located in an (i) embankment, (ii) cutting or (iii) open track
Project type: (i)Renewal / (ii)Refurbishment (UB & Culvert) or (iii) Upgrading for Track
Drainage
Is there possible impact with existing structures OHWS, Signal Gantry, Bridges,
footings (eg alignment conflicts, undermining of footings, embankment stability
concerns)?
Site access is there an existing access road?
Is there surrounding drainage systems? Local Council, RTA, private parties
Is there possible scouring concerns or evidence of site scouring?
Are details (drawings) of existing drainage available?
(i)
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
(iii)
(iii)
What are the Physical Interfaces with Other Property Owners/Stakeholders
Road crossings (including private crossings)

Interface between earthworks and other properties
Drainage flow to other properties
Installations such as pipelines laid within the corridor
Private sidings and bridges
Other statutory authority requirements eg environment?
Hazard & Risk Identification and Analysis

Hazard sources from
Normal operation
YES
NO
Environment
YES
NO
Equipment failure
YES
NO
Improper use or maintenance
YES
NO
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TMC 421
Risks to
Maintenance or Construction staff
YES
NO
Public
YES
NO
Operators
YES
NO
Other equipment
YES
NO
Environment
YES
NO
Has the Design/Analysis considered the effect of potential hazards and risks during
Construction, including any temporary works required as part of the project
YES
NO
N/A
Maintenance
YES
NO
N/A
Operation
YES
NO
N/A
De-commissioning and disposal
YES
NO
N/A
YES
NO
N/A
Has a proper hydrology & hydraulics calculations been carried out by staff with the proper
Engineering Authority (including correct design parameters)?
YES
NO
N/A
For complex hydrology studies has an external service provider been nominated?
YES
NO
N/A
Have possible mitigation measures been identified and documented?
Design and Documentation Checklist

Hydrology & Hydraulics
Hydrology report / Investigations

Has the following information been documented
Document Control Table (revision no, date, details, signatures)
YES
NO
N/A
Site Description & Background
YES
NO
N/A
Options for refurbishment or renewal
YES
NO
N/A
Catchment Details
YES
NO
N/A
Design methodology
YES
NO
N/A
Hydrology Parameters adopted
YES
NO
N/A
Hydraulic Parameters adopted
YES
NO
N/A
Other design input (eg survey, recorded flooding, measured values, consultation with
councils or authorities)
YES
NO
N/A
Analysis Results
YES
NO
N/A
Conclusions & Recommendations
YES
NO
N/A
Recommendation and concurrence by stakeholders
YES
NO
N/A
Comments:
Detailed Design drawings

Has the following information been documented
Location & description and extent of the drainage works
YES
NO
N/A
Drawing sheets and title block to RailCorp current standards
YES
NO
N/A
Plan view (Sydney on the left, layout of drainage, existing drainage, banks/depressions,
all tracks labelled, nth point, boundary line, OHWS, services, scour protection, flow
direction, survey items etc)
YES
NO
N/A
Locality Map
YES
NO
N/A
Typical sections(offsets to rail, depth to rail, cover to pipe, trench details, compaction
layers, geofabric, scour protection, pipe labelled,)
YES
NO
N/A
Longitudinal Section along each pipe run (includes, track km, design low RL, cess level,
pipe invert levels, grades)
YES
NO
N/A
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TMC 421
Relevant notes design criteria, reference to appropriate Standards and manufacturers.
YES
NO
N/A
Drawing References
YES
NO
N/A
Additional details (join with existing, energy dissipators, scour protection, pipe jacking,
detention basin, lobster pots, temporary support etc)
YES
NO
N/A
Specific maintenance requirements eg retention basin responsibilities and frequency of

silt removal
YES
NO
N/A
Does the design document and the information it contains complies with the standards?
YES
NO
N/A
Does the design reflect sound engineering practice?
YES
NO
N/A
Have all known relevant project constraints have been considered?
YES
NO
N/A
Is this document fit for purpose?
YES
NO
N/A
Is it suitable for construction use?
YES
NO
N/A
Is it Suitable for record (plan room) purposes?
YES
NO
N/A
YES
NO
N/A
Are dimensions correct?
YES
NO
Is the drawing to scale?
YES
NO
Is the designer's intention clear?
YES
NO
Is sufficient information given?
YES
NO
Practicality
Can the work be constructed as efficiently as possible?
YES
NO
Consistency
Is the drawing consistent with existing drawings of the same type?
YES
NO
Does the design generally comply with the RailCorp track drainage guide?
Drawing Check (Reference Part 4.8 & 4.9 EM0323)
Accuracy
Clarity
If not, can the change be justified?
YES
NO
Standards
Have relevant drafting standards and practices been adhered to?
YES
NO
Is the drawing presentation consistent with RailCorp drafting standards
YES
NO
References
Are all the necessary cross-references included?
YES
NO
Status
Has the drawing status been updated? Eg from tendering & construction
YES
NO
Title
Is the drawing titled according to RailCorp practice?
YES
NO
Corrections
If corrections have already been marked on a previous check print held by

the checker, are they included in the current print?
YES
Distribution
Have the drawings been distributed to the relevant stakeholders by the

DDM?
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
N/A
N/A
Verification and Approval

The drawing has been signed by the drafter, drawing checker and designer
Drafting Checker
Signature
Printed Name
Date
I certify that I have completed

the drafting check
The drawings reflect the design intent, details and completeness.
Designer
Signature
YES
Printed Name
NO
Date

all required actions.
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TMC 421
Have independent actions have been taken to verify the design as detailed on the drawings
Independent Verifier
Signature
Printed Name
YES
NO
N/A
Date

an independent design check
The design, drafting and checking functions have been carried out by people with appropriate
Engineering Authority
YES
NO
The design and drawing reflect sound engineering practice
YES
NO
Reviews at progressive stages have been carried out with the client, to ensure that the
design takes into account the clients needs, the functional requirements and constraints of
all relevant codes, standards, regulations, practices and statutory requirements.
YES
NO
N/A
Comments:
The drawing is satisfactory for construction purposes
YES
NO
The design phase for the discipline is complete
YES
NO
YES
NO
Has the relevant information been entered in Bridge Management System (DAD)?
RailCorp Engineering Division objectives and standards have been applied
Approver
Signature
Printed Name
Date
Signature
Printed Name
Date
I certify that I have reviewed

the design and have approved
its issue
Accepted
I have accepted the design for
use by RailCorp
Rail Corporation
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Track Drainage
Appendix 3
TMC 421
Design Investigation Form

Date:___/___/____
Form 1 - Design Investigation.

Site Investigation Form. (To be filled out during site investigation).
1
Location. (ie Track Region and kilometrage).

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Track structure to be drained.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Condition of existing drainage system (if any).

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Length of drainage system.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Restraints? Inlet/outlet, existing adjacent structures, track curvature etc

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Estimate catchment area.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Site access.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Any specific site safety requirements.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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TMC 421
Conduct Services Search. Any visible services noted:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10
Other comments.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11
12
Photographs: to be attached
Site Sketch
Rail Corporation
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Appendix 4
TMC 421
Calculation of Capacity Required Form
Form 2 - Calculation of Capacity Required.
a).
Location
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________
(b)
Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)
(c)
Size of Catchment Area acting at section

under investigation
(d)
ARI
= 50 (All
RailCorp)
years
m2
Convert to km2 x10-6
km2
Critical Rainfall duration (tc)

Method 1: the normal procedure is to calculate the equal area stream slope by graphing the
catchment elevation, drawing a line between the start and finish of the catchment dividing
equally the area above and below the line. For ease of calculations below it is assumed this is
equivalent to the catchment slope.
Mainstream Length (L).
km
change in height from start of catchment to

point under consideration (h).
S =h/L
m/km
tc
mins
convert to hrs (/60)
hrs
tc
hrs
convert to mins
(x60)
mins
Catchment Slope (S)

tc = 58 L / (A 0.1 S 0.2) from AR&R (2001) book4
eqn 1.3
Method 2: using the basic formulae (for Eastern New South Wales).
tc = 0.76 A 0.38 (where A=km2) from AR&R
(2001) book 4 eqn 1.4
e).
Hydrology constants. These are looked up on contour style maps from AR&R Volume 2.
2
MAP 1.7 1hr duration, 2 year ARI
i 1hr
mm/hr
i 12hr
mm/hr
i 72hr
mm/hr
50
i 1hr
mm/hr
50
i 12hr
mm/hr
50
i 72hr
mm/hr
MAP 8 Geographical factor F2
F2
MAP 9 Geographical factor F50
F50
Figure 5.1 Runoff coefficient for a 10 year

ARI
C10
i 6min
MAP 7c skewness factor G
Calculate 6min duration, 2 year ARI.
mm/hr
From AR&R (2001) book 2 formulae B(3.1).

2
i6m = F2 ( 2 i 1hr )0.9
Rail Corporation
Page 74 of 82
Version 1.2

Track Drainage
TMC 421
50
Calculate 6min duration, 50 year ARI.
i 6min
mm/hr
From AR&R (2001) book 2 formulae B(3.2).

50
i6m = F50 ( 50 i 1hr )0.6
(f)
Determine the critical rainfall intensity Icr,50 for the critical duration tc and an ARI of 50 years.
Method 1: Graphical method. Plot the points in e) on a Log-Pearson Type III Interpolation
diagram (see Diagram 2.2) and join lines between these 2-year and 50-year ARIs. Refer to
AR&R (2001) Volume 1,Book 2.
Method 2: Adopt AR&R Formulas that interpolate between rainfall durations. Determine
modified intensity values (I1hr,50, I12hr,50, I72hr,50) using skew lines at the bottom of the graph. Plot
these values as well as 50i6m on the Duration Interpolation Diagram 2.1 and read off the critical
50 year intensity, Icr,50. Refer to Section A.3 of AR&R (2001) book 2.
Method 3: Utilise computer software (eg IFD or Drains) by entering values from e).
(g)
C10
mm/hr
Determine the 50 year runoff co-efficient C50.

C10 - from previous (e)
Geographical zone. From Figure 1.2 AR&R
(2001) book 4.
zone
= zone B
(for Sydney
Metro area)
Determine Frequency factor (FF50). Using

Formulas or interpolating values given in Table
1.1 AR&R (2001) book 4.
FF50
C50
Calculate C50 = C10 FF50
(h)
Icr,50
Calculate the 50-year peak flow rate Q50 utilising the Rational Method. This represents the
amount of water that will flow on a catchment for the critical 50-year storm.
F
Conversion factor for formulae

F = 0.278 if A is in km
= 0.278
Q50 = F C50 Icr,50 A
Q50
m3/s
from AR&R (2001) book4 eqn 1.1

(i)
Determine the required drain capacity

To calculate I use Figures 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21 and equations 2.3, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.8 in AR&R
(1977).
QR = runoff quantity collected = Q50
QR
m3/s
QS = subsurface water intercepted
QS
m3/s
QC = watering entering from another system (eg

separate drainage line)
QC
m3/s
QPF
m3/s
QPF = QR + QS + QC =
Note: this procedure determines the amount of water passing at a single point based on the original catchment
area. If multiple catchment areas are incorporated into a system, then this process should be repeated for each
catchment.
Because of the repetitive and time-consuming nature of this procedure, it is recommended that such method be
entered into a spreadsheet, or computer program. Alternatively, hydrology software incorporating AR&R
methods may be a cost-effective method to use in preference.
Rail Corporation
Page 75 of 82
Version 1.2
Track Drainage
TMC 421
10
10
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
O.l
0.2
UJ
0.3
1-
:
1-
LU
0.
z
0.1 UJ
u:u.
0.5
(3
LU
u.
u.
UJ
(,)
0.6
0.7
::.:
(/)
(,)
([)
0.8
0.9
..
" .."' .;"'
~-
..
...
:!
Ott!hl dtl1~M by M)'~!tlltlty BrMicll,

Bvru~
oltftUOtllllltf,
MtllliMM,AIIJ!ttl!t
Back to
rable of Contents
HU~EAU
1.0
"" r
"
..."
N~ "
STANDARD DEVIATE ( YK)

fOR AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL Y YRS
FOR LOG Pe:ARSON TYPE ll[ DISTRIBUTION
OF
METEOROLOGY
LOG PEARSON TYPE Ill INTERPOLATION DIAGRAM

FOR STANDARD AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVALS (ARI)
Rail Corporation
DIAGRAM 2.2
Page 76 of 82
Version 1.2
Track Drainage
TMC 421
IIlO
800
lillO
600
SOil
500
100
100
llO
300
200
200
100
100
80
80
60
50
60
50
~ 30
30
..
~20
z
20
:!::
u.
:!:: 10
10
.8
.8
.6
.6
.~
.~
.3
511611
IIJI
201
3IJI
IH
211
3H
611
1211
21ft
\$1
7a1
.3
DURATION (minutes: Mand hours: H)
Back t o
Table of Contents
Rail Corporation
BUREAU OF
METEOROLOGY
DURATION INTERPOLATION
DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM 2.1
Page 77 of 82
Version 1.2

Track Drainage
Appendix 5
Rail Corporation
TMC 421
Drawings: Typical Examples
Page 78 of 82
Version 1.2
Track Drainage
TMC 421
r u,. ,.,.,
( !*ni MAtt!
ru.ll
PU1RlOH
ll.
l"5..~
R11S.11 CSWOI
'-to~~ (U': i
Pll P]
CROSS SECTION AT S6.65ftm !P2-P3)
CROSS SECTION AT SM78t !PI)
(._
TYPICAL SH l iON IP4-P7)
sou: 1:15
SU-lft1S
,...
SlOTTED FJ!C
SCAUi:Il
"" ""''
&AOi P\.ATFORH. ROAD
...
CotaTRll
SU
r n
NY'11
L lr
.._,
...,~
[JISTIIG
: . Q A'i$ 6
SI.OH(.$ A(
$>
UISIIUi tl'\1 llA
----f I!! ~H _!~ ,__-
R:.llUil
NOTES
~""'lliV11
IU.7U1
, I .L
11 ........ 11
TO [XI$f111Ci
ULvmJM
-'
"''<~IC
~1, P~
:H
t. &U. U t RS
PIT
_
L ~ SJIAU Je0T
l!.!!!l!
U6JiMii
Rl Hll
ill!!!!!.
--
AJ(
~ 1H
ClA>S '
8[
SOUD RiO.. TJIS IRAII'JrfC.
r '-UST'l.I.IJ.IJI IO:iiT ClATlll
WQ.
fRC Pft
Cl aSS~
II<Pft
REHRENCE:S-
CROSS SHTION AT SUHira
DEl AIL
!P8 -P~I
tuow. Ali:ffNiiOtofr _______________ CY lDDD
lULl \::M
"""'"
CONNECTilN OH AIL AT SU70to
TTPKAL SECTilN THR006H TRENCH 11'9-EXIST PO)

" I
MvW ~
;;
~
UP HAIW l
t. PPI: & 6FOOT
~c=;;;;;;;;:;4
AtTERMI.J'Po'E lOa. ZCIBi
066211 PlACED 11 M lltCl U TERS
A!l l CDti'ACT'ED TO t5'%. CF M talfBI (ott'A(fDN
mT El t IN AmROAHC \lfTM AS QU
LIS( ffJADU.S[
TYPICAL SECTION OF utllER LtiE CROSSNG

TTPICAL CROSS SEClKIII Of CENTRE DRAIN
SOL
SCAI..E1:)1
PIT
PIT IYPf
l!lSll!
PI
r " Wl)( I t)Oll:.; .JtltN,\lJI 9DO!Gt

600 all .."f[IHAU tOO flr.itt
61 SQ 8riTEIMAU too IQ.
. , SQ .'TDit.W tOO IIQI
V l iCIID set
.......
Pl
Rail Corporation
N/A
l/151 tWt IISD

V151115HIISO
TOP
1)0-KJ ,.,
CASl JIQI II) tiRATE
CAST fRQN IIJ liiRATl, ~POT
150-HJFIT (
!50-->CIAI
OST ~ II061i'A
lotSTER POT
CASlii<JliiO tiRA.lt
Page 79 of 82
Version 1.2
RailCorp Engineering Standard - Geotechnical
Appendix 6
ESC 420
Approved Track Drainage Products
Manufacturer
ADS
Version: 2.0 Draft A

Issue Date: May, 2009
Supplier
Type
Cubic Solutions High density polyethylene

(HDPE)
Rail Corporation 2009
Page 80 of 82

ESC 420
Page 81 of 82
Appendix 7
ESC 420
R Loading Configuration
The R vehicle is a rigid truck with the same configuration as the prime mover portion (first 3
axles) of the T vehicle and the numerical portion is the vehicles weight in tonnes.
Standard
T44
Vehicle
4.9
9.8
9.8
9.8
Axle Loads
(Tonnes)
1800
9.8
3700
1200
1200
Variable
3000-8000
To produce maximum loading effect
R20
Vehicle
Design Vehicle Configurations

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Engineering Manual

Principal Engineer Geotechnical

Approved by: John Stapleton

UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED

RailCorp Engineering Manual Geotechnical

C4.2.3.2: change to minimum pipe slope as per ESC 420; C4.6.1

First issue as a RailCorp document. Replaces RTS 3432 and RTS

Changes detailed in chapter revisions

Summary of changes from previous version

Change of format for front page, change history and table of

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change; changes to be consistent with ESC 420 V2.0

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

Format change only

UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED

RailCorp Engineering Manual Geotechnical

Introduction to Manual ............................................................................................................. 4

How to read the Manual.............................................................................................................. 4

Definitions, abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................................... 4

Types of Track Drainage .......................................................................................................... 6

Surface Drainage ........................................................................................................................ 6

Subsurface Drainage .................................................................................................................. 8

Design of Track Drainage....................................................................................................... 17

Design Criteria .......................................................................................................................... 17

Estimation of the Required Drainage System Capacity............................................................ 25

Surface Drain Design................................................................................................................ 27

Subsurface Drain Design .......................................................................................................... 33

Other Design Considerations.................................................................................................... 37

Construction of Track Drainage ............................................................................................ 38

Line and Grade ......................................................................................................................... 38

Site Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 39

Surface Drain Construction....................................................................................................... 40

Subsurface Drain Construction ................................................................................................. 40

Other Types of Construction ..................................................................................................... 44

Inlets and Outlets ...................................................................................................................... 44

Maintenance of Track Drainage............................................................................................. 46

Surface Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 47

Subsurface Drainage ................................................................................................................ 49

Typical problems and solutions.................................................................................................50

Preparation for Flooding ........................................................................................................... 55

Review Process ........................................................................................................................ 57

Hydrology/Hydraulic Report requirements................................................................................ 60

External party development discharging onto or through the rail corridor................................ 61

Drainage Design Checklist..................................................................................................... 66

Design Investigation Form..................................................................................................... 72

Calculation of Capacity Required Form ............................................................................... 74

Drawings: Typical Examples ................................................................................................. 78

Approved Track Drainage Products ..................................................................................... 80

UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED

RailCorp Engineering Manual Geotechnical

Chapter 1 Introduction to Manual

How to read the Manual

Installation & Maintenance Manual Track Inspection

Geotextiles Methods of test

Loads on buried concrete pipes